Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Prof. Kwang-Cheng Chen Institute of Communications Engineering National Taiwan University FAX: (02) 2368 3824 email: chenkc@cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw
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Outlines
Introductory System Construction GSM Architecture and Principles Physical Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer Testing
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GSM Phase 1 Services Category Services Comments Teleservices Telephony Full-rate 13 kbps Emergency calls Short-message: point-toAlphanumerical point and cell broadcastinformation Telefax Group 3 Asynchronous data 300-9.6 kbps Bearer Synchronous data services Asynchronous PAD access (packet switched) Alternate speech/data Supplement- Call forwarding ary services Call barring
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GSM Phase 2 Services Category Services Comments Teleservices Telephony Half-rate 6.5 kbps Short-message services Synchronous dedicated 2.4-9.6 kbps Bearer packet data access services Supplement- Calling/connected line ary services identity presentation Calling/connection line identity restriction Call waiting Call hold Multiparty comm. Conference call Closed user group Advice of charge On-line information Operator barringChen NTUEE Mobile Communications KC 4
GSM
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile. GSM (group special mobile) was first developed by the CEPT. GSM services follow ISDN and are classified as teleservices and data services. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) is a memory device storing ID, networks or countries for services, privacy keys, etc.
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Speech-related
EFR (enhanced full-rate) speech codec AMR (adaptive multi-rate) codec TFO (tandem free operation)
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Frequency band-related
GSM-400/700/850
HLR
VLR
AUC
SS7 MSC
Registration
When a mobile station is on, a scanning algorithm scans the whole GSM frequency band. If a network is detected, mobile station reads system information from (forward) base channel. If current location is not the same as it was when the mobile station off, registration procedure starts.
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Action channel request channel activation activation knowledge channel assignment location update authetication request authetication response comparison of authet. assignment of new area and TMSI ack. of area and TMSI entry area & ID into VLR & HLR channel release 10
MS
BTS
Mobile Action Originated channel request Call Establishment channel assignment call establishment request authentication request authentication response ciphering command ciphering complete and in function setup message call proceeding assignment of a traffic channel assignment complete & all messages on chann alerting (ringing) connect (call party accepted the call) connect ack. (two-way call) speech data
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MS
BTS
Mobile Action paging mobile station Terminated Call channel request Establishment channel assignment answer to paging & on the assigned channel authentication request authentication response request to transmit in the ciphered mode ack. of ciphered mode setup msg. for the incoming call confirmation assignment of a traffic channel ack. of traffic channel alerting (caller getting ringing sound) connect when mobile off-hook acceptance of connected msg. exchange of speech data
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Handover in GSM
The mobile station monitors the perceived power levels of neighboring cells that are provided by the base station. Measurement report is periodically sent back to the base station that might conduct measurements too. In case necessity of a handover, it can be performed without delay. GSM distinguished different types of handovers.
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GSM Authentication
KEY (in SIM) authentication algorithm SRES RAND (generated random number) (SRES) =?
Um Network Mobile Station Interface A set of (RAND,SRES) are stored in the HLR & VLR for the use of authentication center.
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Ciphering
The ciphering algorithms are usually based on certain one-way function. If a ciphering algorithm A5 is used to encipher a data stream in GSM system, the same algorithm is used to decipher. In current system, only A5/1 algorithm is used. But for non-COCOM countries, a simpler A5/2 is used. Both algorithms can coexist in western European countries.
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Dynamic Ciphering
MS Ki A8 Um Network RAND Ciphering Command
A5
A5
DATA
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To prevent an intruder from identifying a GSM user IMSI, TMSI is assigned to each subscriber using the network during the location updating and is used for reporting, calling, paging as long as remaining active. The assignment, administration, updating of TMSI is performed by the VLR. When MS off, it is stored on the SIM card.
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Handset HW
Power/Battery Management SIM Baseband Processor Multimedia Co-Processor IrDA Bluetooth WLAN WiMAX UWB FM DVB/DAB-T DVB-H DSC SD/MS MP3 MPEG, H.264 LCD Driver LCD Controller
RF
PA
Memory
Antenna
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Handset SW
Power/Battery Management SIM Baseband Layer 1/2/3 Processor MMI, drivers, Multimedia Middleware, Co-Processor Appl. SW IrDA Bluetooth WLAN WiMAX UWB FM DVB/DAB-T DVB-H DSC SD/MS MP3 LCD Driver LCD Controller
RF
PA
Memory
Antenna
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...
26 Frames
8 Time Slots
Stealing Flag
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CCH
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH): stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH), slow associated control channel (SACCH), fast associated control channel (FACCH). bidirectional with the same format and function on both forward and reverse links.
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Frequencies: E-GSM
Additional 10 MHz bandwidth has been added to the bottom end of the duplex bands. It results in 50 more channels with numbers from 974 to 1023. Channel number 0 is returned for use in extended GSM and channel 974 serves as the guard band.
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DCS-1800 or PCN
Same signaling and messaging techniques as GSM. 1710-1785 MHz for uplink and 18051880 MHz for downlink. Duplex spacing is 95 MHz with 374 channels. Channel numbers are 512 to 885.
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PCS-1900/DCS-1900
Same DCS-1800 system for North America PCS. Lower frequency starts from 1850 MHz with 80 MHz duplex spacing. Channel numbers range from 512 to 810.
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hot spot
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hot spot
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0 1
3 4
TDD
no need for a dedicated duplex stage (duplexer); only requiring fast-switching synthesizer, RF filter paths, fast antenna switching increased battery life or lighter battery better quality and lower cost
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Normal Burst
Training S Coded Data T GP T Coded Data S 3 57 1 Sequence 26 1 57 3 8.25 148 bits = 0.54612 msec
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-70 10us 10us 147 bits 8us 0.5428 msec NTUEE Mobile Communications KC Chen
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Training Sequence
Let radios synchronize their receivers with burst, e.g. equalizer for multipath fading. 8 sequences ae defined in GSM. All radios in a particular cell share the same training sequence. An equalizer in GSM can compensate up to 16 micro-sec path delay.
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Frequency-Correction Burst
T 3 fixed bit sequence 142 148 bits = 0.54612 ms An all zeros sequence can meet the purpose of frequency correction due to the nature of GMSK. T 3 GP 8.25
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Synchroniation Burst
T Coded Data 3 39 Synchronization Seq. 64 Coded Data T GP 39 3 8.25
148 bits At beginning of mobile communicating to network, it only detects the frequency of base channel and needs to know the training seq. and system parameters. This is done by the synchronization burst. In this kind of burst, in addition to a longer synchronization seq., coded data contains the BSIC (base station information code) including BCC (BS color code) and NCC (national color code), and shortened TDMA frame number.
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Logical Channels
A logical channel carries signaling data or user data. It can be mapped into any physical channel (frequency and time slot). Once a physical channel is assigned to carry the content of a logical channel, the assignment shall not change. 7 combinations of logical channels. GSM distinguishes between traffic channels and control channels.
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Traffic Channels
TCH/FS (traffic channel/full-rate speech): 13 kbps net speech rate. TCH/HS (traffic channel/half-rate speech): future application without speech quality degradation. TCH/F9.6/4.8/2.4: data transmission at rates of 9.6/4.8/2.4 kbps. TCH/H4.8/2.4:
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Control Channels
braodcast channels common control channels dedicated control channels associated control channels
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CCCH support the establishment of a dedicated link between a mobile and a BTS. CCCH provides tools for call setups and can originate from the network or mobiles. Three types of CCCH.
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In downlink, a BTS transmits a reduced set of system parameters to keep mobile up to date on the latest changes in the system. In uplink, MS reports the measurement results. FACCH can carry the same information as SDCCH but FACCH replaces all/part of a traffic channel.
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Channel Combinations
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. TCH/FS+FACCH/FS+SACCH/FS TCH/HS(0,1)+FACCH/HS(0,1) +SACCH/HS(0,1) TCH/HS(0)+FACCH/HS(0)+SACCH/HS(0) +TCH/HS(1)+FACCH/HS(1)+SACCH/HS(1) FCCH+SCH+CCCH+BCCH FCCH+SCH+CCCH+BCCH+SDCCH/4 +SACCH/4 CCCH+BCCH SDCCH/8+SACCH/8
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Multiframe Structure
Each channel combination requires one single physical channel. Multiframe structure made of a fied number of TDMA fames allows logial channels to be ordered into time slots. 26-multiframe structure is used for the traffic channel combinations and 51-multiframe structure is used for signaling combinations.
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For combination I (TCH/FS), the first 12 fames for traffic data (speech & data), 13rd frame for SACCH, another 12 frames for traffic, and the last frame idle for MS to measure etc. 120 ms totally.
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not carrying any user data. more complex as incorporating 4 different channel combinations and structures.
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CCCH 12-19
CCCH 22-29
This combination is normally used for cells with several carriers and a large amount of traffic on CCCH. It can be transmitted on any frequency available in time slot 0. The frequency here is a reference for neighboring cells.
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Combinations V VI VII
Combination V is the minimum for smaller cells with only one or two transceivers. It may assign up to 4 DCCHs. Combination VI is similar to IV but without FCCHs and SCHs for cases with a huge number of transceivers. Combination VII is to provide routine signaling. 8 DCCHs may be used to servce 8 parallel signaling links on one physical channel.
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78 bits
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9.6 kbps coding in terminal equipment => 240 bits a frame (at 12 kbps) By adding 0000, 244 bits. By r=1/2 K=5 convolutional code, 488 coded bits. Puncturing 32 coded bits, 456 coded bits.
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0000
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Speech Coders Waveform Coders Time Domain Nondifferential PCM Source Coders LPC Vocoders
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output
speech output
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Decoder
Decoder
Excitation
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Speech Coders Used in Various Mobile Radio Systems Standards GSM CD-900 IS-54 IS-95 IS-95 PCS PDC CT-2 DECT PHS DCS-1800 PACS Service Speech Coder Bit Rate (kbps) 13 16 8 8 14.4 4.5/6.7/11.2 32 32 32 13 32
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cellular RPE-LTP cellular SBC cellular VSELP cellular CELP PCS CELP cellular VSELP cordless ADPCM cordless ADPCM cordless/PCSADPCM PCS RPE-LTP PCS ADPCM
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GSM Codec
regular pulse excited long term prediction (RPE-LTP) combination of RELP (France) and MPE-LTP (Germany) 13 kbps complicated and power hungry
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Pre-processing
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STP
LTP
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RPE
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Transmission
Speech coder issues 260 bits every 20 msec. 50 bits out of 260 bits describe filter coef., block amplitude, LTP parameters and are class Ia under channel coding protection. 132 bits describe RPE pointers, RPE pulses, some LTP parameters and are class Ib. 78 bits contain RPE pulse and filter parameters and are class II.
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AMR NB (narrow band) with GMSK in rel98 Error correction is based on recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) coding with puncturing 6-bit CRC is used for detecting bad frames
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The receiving end uses information to select the best codec mode for prevailing channel condition
Codec mode indicator is sent over radio Codec mode might be different in up/down links but the channel mode (FR/HR) must be the same Network controls codec/channel mode, and MS follows AMR contains voice activity detection (VAD) and DTX
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U=Uplink D=Downlink
MIu S
MIu S MRd
MIu S MRd
MIu S
Abis/ter
MIu S
MCd
MCd
MCu
MultiMultiRadio MCu rate rate Channel Speech S Speech Channel MIu out NTUEE Mobile Communications(downlink) Decoder Decoder
Abis/ter
S MId
Gains 36 28 36 28 28 24 24 16 6
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Frame Format A
address field control length indicator field field fill bits
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Frame Format B
address field control length indicator information field field field & fill bits
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Bbis
Formats Abis and Bbis are equivalent to formats A and B but they are only used in the unacknowledged mode of signaling data transfer.
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Address Field
In GSM control channels, the address field is fixed at one octet. It is primarily used to addressed the service access point (SAP), a defined interaface which provides services to a layer 3 entity. GSM provides two SAPs on radio interface: for signaling and for short message.
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LPD=00 for link protocol discriminator SAPI=000 for layer 3 signaling 011 for short messages C/R=0 for mobile sending a command 1 for mobile sending a response E/A=0 for next octet is a part of address E/A=1 for GSM control channels
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Control Field
It consists of only one octet and is only in frame formats A & B. 3 types: I-frame: numbered and carrying numbered layer 3 information S-frame: control functions like I-frame ack., requests for repartitions, intermittent suspension of numbered inform. transfers. U-frame: unnumbered type frames offering additional data link functions.
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6 5 4 P 6 5 4 P/F S 6 5 4 U P/F U
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3 N(S) 3 S 3 U
1 0
S-frame
0 1 2 1 1 1
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U-frame
7 U
I-frame: This type of frames are numbered and carry numbered Layer 3 information. S-frame: Supervisor frames are control function like (a) I-frame ack. with fill frame (Format A) (b) request for repetitors (c) intermittent suspension of numbered information transfers U-frame: The unnumbered frames offer additional data link functions for Layer 2 and allow for the transfer of unnumbered and unack. information frames on control channels.
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One octet is sufficient for GSM signaling. L stands for the length of Information Field in the remainder of the frame. M=0 either an entire layer 3 message included or the last part of segmented message M=1 another part of message following EL=1 the last octet in the length indicator field EL=0 not the last octet
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Layer 3
The network layer of GSM, also referred as signaling layer, uses a protocol to establish, maintain, terminate mobile connections. Three sublayer defined for Layer 3 (network layer): radio resource management (RR), mobility management (MM), connection management (CM).
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RR Sublayer
responsible for management of frequency spectrum, system reaction to radio environment changes, maintaining of a clear channel between PLMN and MS. including channel assignment, power control, time alignment, handover, etc.
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RR Sublayer Procedures
channel assignment procedure channel release channel change and handover procedures change of frequencies, hopping sequences or algorithms, frequency tables measurement report from mobiles power control and timing advance modification of channel modes cipher mode setting
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MM Sublayer
support of user mobility, registration, management of mobile data checking user & equipment identity checking allowed services for users support of confidentiality (e.g. TMSI) user security provision of MM connection, based on RR, to CM
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MM Sublayer Procedures
location update periodic updating authentication IMSI attach IMSI detach TMSI reallocation indentification
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CM Sublayer
managing all functions necessary for circuit switching call control in GSM PLMN call control responsibilities, which are amost identical to a fixed ISDN network, call control entity in GSM establishing, maintaining,and releasing call connection for communication links.
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CM Sublayer Procedures
mobile-originated call establishment mobile-terminated call establishment changes of transmission mode during an ongoing call call re-establishment after interruption of an MM connection dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) control for DTMF transmissions
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Transaction Identifier
TI is a pointer to distinguish multiple parallel CM connections and various simultaneous transactions. For RR & MM, TI is not relevant, TI=0000. TI flag indicates originator of a CM connection. It is set 0 by the originator and 1 when sent back.
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Protocol Discriminator
PD links Layer 3 protocol to the addressed entity and identifies 6 protocols: radio resource management (0110), mobility management (0101), call control (0011), short message services (1001), supplementary service (1011), test procedure (1111).
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Information Elements
Mandatory IEs have a reserved place in structure of message; optional IEs carry information element identifier (IEI) telling receiver the purpose of information contained. 4 possible IE types: mandatory fixed length (MF), mandatory variable length (MV), optional fixed length (OF), optional variable length (OV).
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Testing GSM
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Transmitter Measurements
RF power frequency error and phase error special transmitter power measurements: peak power, power-time template, burst timing measurements in spectrum: due to modulation, due to switching transients, spurious emissions, intermodulation attenuation
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BER, residual BER, frame erasure rate sensitivity cochannel rejection adjacent channel rejection intermodulation rejection blocking & spurious response rejection
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Test of Layer 1
synchronization and timing power control radio channel management
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Fading Environments
rural area (RA) hilly terrain (HT) typical urban (TU) equalizer (EQ)
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Test of Layer 2
establishment of an acknowledged data link error control during data link establishment seq. counting during ack. block transfer segmentation and concatenation loss of I-frame reaction to erroneous C/R in address field reaction to erroneous values in control field reaction to invalid frames
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Additional RF Tests on a MS
bad-frame indication performance intermodulation rejection transceiver test for spurious emission measurement in active & idle states.
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16 kbps transmitting D/A burst building unit speech circuits multiplexer codec modulator
64 kbps
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Briefing
66 LEO (low-earth-orbit) satellites in 6 polar orbital planes which 780 km above seasurface. Each has 48 L band beams for subscriber coverage. Constellation of satellites is controlled by the system control segment (SCS). SCS also decides frequency planning and routing information. It is a packet switching network.
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L-band
K-band
ISU
Iridium Gateway
MOC HLR VLR EIR M S C GMS
ETC
MOC: message origination controller GMS: gateway management system ETC: earth station controller EIR: equipment identity register
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INMARSAT
The only commercial satellite mobile communication system
3 geo-stationary satellites over Pacific, Indian, Atlantic oceans Supporting speech, data, video traffic Small VSAT and portable terminals Originally for marine-time applications
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What Is GPRS?
Conventional Way: Circuit Switched Data
PSTN HLR
CIRCUIT SWITCHED
MSC/ VLR
A
BSC
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What Is GPRS?
Packet Switched Technology on GSM
PSTN HLR MSC/ VLR GGSN PSDN Internet
A
BSC
Gb Packet Data
SGSN
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node
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GSM BTS
PACKET SWITCHED
What Is GPRS?
GPRS VS Circuit Switched Data
Time Circuit Switched Data
TS1 TS2 TS3
GPRS
TS1
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0 5
1 6
2 7
3 0
4 1
5 2
6 3
7 4
0 5
1 6
0 5
1 6
2 7
3 0
4 1
5 2
6 3
7 4
0 5
1 6
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3 slots:
4th slot:
5th slot:
What Is GPRS?
GPRS Network Seen by IP Network
Host 155.222.33.55
Subnetwork 191.200.44.xxx
Source: Nokia
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Why GPRS?
Operators View
First attractive data service for GSM. Optimal support for packet switched traffic. First step to the 3rd generation. The possibility to offer new services. Better network efficiency. Higher revenue.
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Why GPRS?
Users View
A global and wireless access to the Internet ! All existing TCP/IP applications can be used. New and attractive services. Users stay on the line long but only pay for the capacity used. Data rate from 9.05 kbps up to 171.2 kbps.
9.05 kbps per channel by CS-1 (Channel Coding Scheme 1). 13.4 kbps by CS-2, 15.6 kbps by CS-3, and 21.4 kbps by CS4. Maximum date rate: 21.4 x 8 = 171.2 kbps.
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Services on GPRS
GPRS is only a bearer!
E-mail File transfer Shopping and ticket sales Banking and finance management News Web Traffic information Stock prices And many others...
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SGSN
GGSN
SGSN
New Interface ( IP ) New Interface ( IP/X.25 ) New Interface ( FR ) New Interface ( SS7 )
GGSN
Provides interworking with the PDN (e.g., the Internet). Looks like a router, when seen by the Internet. Connected to the SGSN via an IP-based backbone.
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MSC/VLR
Enhanced for co-ordination of GPRS and Circuit Switched services (e.g., combined location update, paging for circuit-switched calls via the SGSN ).
BSS
Supports flexible radio channel allocation, and supports a new interface to the SGSN.
Attach
BSS BSS
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Illustration - Activate an IP
Address
Internet HLR GGSN GGSN IP based backbone SGSN SGSN
Activate
BSS BSS
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Illustration
- Intra SGSN Routing Area (RA) Update
Internet HLR GGSN GGSN IP based backbone SGSN SGSN
BSS BSS
RA Up da te
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BSS BSS
RA
Up
da te
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Illustration
- Data Routing from the Internet to the MS
Internet HLR GGSN GGSN IP based backbone SGSN SGSN
BSS BSS
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Illustration
- Data Routing from the MS to the Internet
Internet HLR GGSN GGSN IP based backbone SGSN SGSN
BSS BSS
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Illustration
- MS to MS Routing via the same GGSN
Internet HLR GGSN GGSN IP based backbone SGSN SGSN
BSS BSS
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Illustration
- MS to MS Routing via the same GGSN
Internet HLR GGSN GGSN IP based backbone SGSN SGSN
BSS BSS
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Illustration
- MS to MS Routing via Different GGSNs
Internet HLR GGSN GGSN IP based backbone SGSN SGSN
BSS BSS
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Illustration
- Data Routing for Roaming MS
HLR Internet GGSN GGSN Operator 1 backbone SGSN SGSN Operator 2 backbone BG Inter-operator backbone BG
BSS
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Transmission plane
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Network Service
Frame Relay.
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BSSAP+: A subset of Base Station System Application Part ( BSSAP ) . It supports signaling for Mobility Management Functionality ( e.g. combined
RA/LA update )
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MAP: Supports signaling for Network-Requested PDP ( Packet Data Protocol ) Context Activation Procedure
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References
CHT Labs. Presentation GSM 03.60 Version 6.3.2 ( 1999-07 ) GSM 03.64 Version 6.2.0 ( 1999-05 ) Nokias White Paper on GPRS http://www.nokia.com http://www.ericsson.com http://www.motorola.com http://www.alcatel.com http://www.nortelnetworks.com
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EDGE
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Modulation Coding
8-PSK
270.833 kbps (as GMSK) 3 bits/symbol Payload per burst: 342 bits (vs 114 bits) Gross rate per time slot: 68.4 kbps (vs 22.8 kbps)
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Logical architecture
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Transmission Plane
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Data
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Network architecture
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