The Border Security Force (BSF) is a border patrol agency of the Government of India.

Established on December 1, 1965, it is a component of the paramilitary forces of India (PMF) and its primary role is to guard India's international borders during peacetime and also prevent transnational crime. Like most paramilitary units of India, the BSF is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is one of the many law enforcement agencies of India. it is one of the world's largest border patrol forces. The current Director General of the BSF is Raman Srivastava. From independence in 1947 to 1965, the protection of India's international boundaries was the responsibility of local police battalions belonging to each border state, with little interstate coordination. Formation The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 demonstrated the inadequacies of the existing border management system and led to the formation of the Border Security Force as a unified central agency with the specific mandate of guarding India's international boundaries. The BSF was the brain child of its founding father Sh KF Rustamji,IPS, the first Director General of BSF. The BSF's capabilities were used in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 against Pakistani forces in areas where the Regular Forces was thinly spread; BSF troops took part in several operations including the famous Battle of Longewala. In fact, for BSF the war on eastern front had started well before the war actually broke out in Dec '71. BSF had trained, supported and formed

part of "Mukti Bahini" and had entered erstwhile East Pakistan before the actual hostilities broke out. BSF had played a very important role in Liberation of Bangladesh which Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Mujbir Rehman had also acknowledged. Counter Insurgency Operations Although originally charged with guarding India's external boundaries, the BSF has more recently been given the task in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations. When the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir broke out in 1989, the Jammu and Kashmir state police and the thinly-deployed Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) struggled to cope up with the spiraling violence, and the Indian government deployed the BSF to Jammu and Kashmir to combat Islamic militants. The BSF initially suffered casualties from insurgent attacks but later saw successes, including the arrest of militant leaders, after setting up an intelligence network and working with local civilians. The BSF killed Ghazi Babasecond-in-command of Jaish-e-Mohammed and the mastermind of the 2001 Indian Parliament attackin August 2003. The BSF raided Baba's hideout in Srinagar and he was killed in the ensuing gunbattle. Despite the BSF's success in a counter-terrorism role, many in the government felt that this additional burden was leading to a dilution of the BSF's mandate and degrading the force's ability to perform its primary role of guarding the country's borders. The Indian government has now decided to implement recommendations to restrict each security agency to its mandate. Thus the 16 BSF battalions in Jammu and Kashmir are gradually being withdrawn from counter-insurgency duties and sent back to guard the borders. They are being replaced by fresh units

from the Central Reserve Police Force that have undergone specialized training in counter-terrorism. But CRPF is yet to take over sensitive places like Tral. The 16 Battalions being withdrawn from J&K were supposed to provide R&R to the border deployed Battalions. But due to failure of specialized CoBRA battalions in combating Naxals, BSF once again has been asked to assist CRPF in controlling the Naxal menace. Organisation The Border Security Force has its Head Quarters at New Delhi and is known as Force Head Quarter (FHQ) headed by a Director General. Various Directorates like Operations, Communications & IT, Training, Engineering, General, Law, Provisioning, Administration, Personnel, Medical, Finance etc. function under the DG. Each Directorate is headed by an IG. The Eastern Theater is looked after by Spl DG HQ at Kolkata and the Western Theater is looked after by Spl DG HQ at Chandigarh.Field Formations in BSF are headed by an IG and are known as Frontiers Head Quarters (FtrHQ). There are 10 such Frontier under which Sector Head Quarters (SHQ) function headed by a DIG each. There are 31 such Sectors. Each SHQ has under its command 4-5 Duty Battalions. Presently 186 Battalions are sanctioned to BSF. Five major training institutions and 10 Subsidiary Training Centres (STCs) are imparting ab-initio as well as in-service training to its ranks and other CPOs/SPOs including IPS Probationers. BSF is the only Indian paramilitary force to have its own Air Wing, Water Wing and artillery regiments, which support the General Duty Battalions in their operations.

Central Industrial Security Force It was set up under an act of Parliament of India on March 10, 1969 with a strength of 2,800. CISF was subsequently made an armed force of the Union of India by another act of Parliament passed on June 15, 1983. Its current strength is 105,000.The strength will be raised to 145,000 by 23 years.CISF is the largest industrial security force in the world It is directly under the federal Ministry of Home Affairs and its headquarters are at New Delhi. The CISF provides security cover to 269 industrial units located all over India. Industrial Sectors like Atomic Power Plants, Space Installations, Defence Production Units, Mints, Oil Fields and Refineries, Major Ports, Heavy Engineering, Steel Plants, Barrages, Fertilizer units, Airports and Hydro electric/Thermal power plants, Currency Note Presses producing Indian currency are protected by CISF. Most of these installations are located in difficult terrains of the country with harsh climatic conditions. CISF also provides consultancy services to private industries as well as other organizations within the Indian government. The consulting wing has amongst its clients some of the renowned business houses and organisations of India including TISCO Jamshedpur; SEBI Hqrs. Mumbai; Vidhana Soudha,Bangalore; Orissa Mining Co.,Bhubaneswar; AP Assembly, Hyderabad; Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corp.; HIL Kerala; IARI, Delhi; NBRI, Lucknow and Electronics City, Bangalore. The scope of CISF's consulting practice includes security consulting and fire protection consulting.

Raising and Charter: It was set up under an act of the The Indian Parliament on March 10, 1969 with a strength of around 2,800 personnel and as the name suggests, it was created for the better protection and security of Industrial Undertakings. There was a limitation though, that industries to be provided protection should be wholly owned by the Central Government, which has since been modified so that the industries can now be a joint venture with the Central Government. However the role of CISF has undergone a diversification and it now also protects airports, seaports, metro rail networks, government buildings, heritage monuments (including the Taj Mahal and others), opium and alkaloids extractions, nuclear power plants, and space installations. It has also moved into the fields of VIP security as well as Disaster management. CISF to protect private sector:The Indian Parliament on 25 February 2009 paved the way for providing Central Industrial Security Force security to private and cooperative establishments across the country for a fee with the passage of the CISF(Amendment) Bill, 2008.The Bill, which was passed by Rajya Sabha on February 19 and Lok Sabha on 25 February 2009, also provides for deployment of CISF to protect Indian missions abroad and its participation in the UN peacekeeping operations. CISF has started providing security to Infosys Bangalore campus from July 31, 2009.

Airport Security:The CISF controls airport security at all commercial airports in India. Airport security, in the past, was under the control of the Airport Police (under the State Government). However, following the hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight 814 in 1999, the topic of handing over security of the airports to the CISF was first proposed. While this proposal lay low for the next two years, the Central Government woke up to the security threat after the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States of America and decided to implement the suggestion. The Jaipur Airport was the first airport that came under the CISF's control on 03rd feb 2000. Following this, majority of the commercial airports in India were brought under its purview.. As of now CISF is protecting a total of 54 international and domestic airports in the country. Security for Delhi Metro:Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), who have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007.Closed-circuit cameras are used to monitor trains and stations, and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms.Over 3500 CISF personnel have been deployed to deal with law and order issues in the system, in addition to metal detectors, X-ray baggage inspection systems and dog squadss which are used to secure the system.. Intercoms are provided in each train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the driver.. Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness of security agencies in emergency situations.

Uniqueness:CISF is unique as a Force in that it has a Fire Wing comprising 4,625 officers and personnel giving fire protection to 77 industries. As of 2009, it remains one of the largest paramilitary forces in India with strength of nearly 105,000. It is shaping up as an elite Force protecting the critical infrastructure of India Crime

Definition Define the crime is extremely difficult because the offense is one well-defined behavior under the criminal code, which is very different depending on which country we are. The outcasts behaviors called antisocial behavior and need not coincide. The one who commits a crime is not considered criminal, but one who repeatedly commits and is considered antisocial by society. An estimated one of every 9 U.S. children is brought to court before age 18. According to Gold, 88% of those under 18 have committed crimes, of which only 22% are un2% arrested and brought before a judge. Causes Of Crime One of the causes of crime are biological or genetic factors.

Besides differences were found in the nervous system and brain damage. There is a theory that the individual who has not had a healthy relationship with their parents has not been able to develop selfcontrol. It is said that we are is the result of our past, and that therefore the delinquent, it is because in the past has been successful doing it. Another theory says that is the result of a severance of ties with society through a neglect, school failure, ... Another theory that society provides emphasizes the success we aspire to instill a lot, but then not given the means to achieve it, causing frustration. It is an attempt to adapt frustrated. There are subcultures in which the most admired is the one who commits more crimes. It appears that even individual offender catalog makes that individual assumes the role. Factors Sex: There are more male offenders than female offenders. Skills: There are studies supporting the relationship between

low IQ and crime. Hyperkinetic syndrome (hyperactivity) Children very impulsive and non-reflective are more likely to commit crime. Egocentrism: They have great difficulty in visualizing the consequences of their actions (lack of empathy). Social class: the crime is associated with marginal classes. Family: parents is associated with little moral support coerce and punish a lot. The breakdown between parents and children early is a good predictor of crime. Class Of Offenders There are various classifications, we offer the Quay and Parsons (1960), for which they did numerous tests: Maladjusted immatures psychologically fragile young, lazy and undisciplined dreamers who do not get to sleep, normally unattainable, angry with the world. No socialized psychopath: He has not developed the self, has not assimilated norms or values. They are "moral imbeciles" by the lack of ethical criteria. Because they have no remorse, do not learn from the mistakes, do not mature. Neurotic upset: Individual loner who blames and suffers from depression too. Robbery, rape ... They suffer from depression

(something that would happen to the psychopath). Subcultural socialized: Has accepted norms of their subculture, but it turns out that these run counter to the general culture. What to Do with Lawbreakers? There are two types of punishment: A fine and imprisonment throughout the West, and these plus the death penalty in 100 nations, telling U.S.. From a sociological and psychological view is not the right way because punishment has always existed and always crime has increased. The punishment does not affect the way a criminal mind, for those who go to jail, if not honored, at least not embarrassing. In recent years it has created a new trend: Criminology, which tells us that the punishment does little or nothing, and that there should be psychological treatment, educational and social opportunities as well. The methods proposed by the various branches of psychology behavior modification through punishment only strictly necessary at times, social skills training, training in impulse control, in analyzing and solving problems, ethics, negotiation, .. . The method of punishment through community service to society as a system of rehabilitation is another proposal to reduce prison overcrowding. In the 70 tested diversification, remove and replace prison but failed institutions.

This is a very complex problem in our society requires more money than you invested. It is said that we will pay the consequences, because the placement exacerbates the problem, we know, and no action is taken Crime Against Women in India Over 32000 murders, 19,000 rapes, 7500 dowry deaths and 36500 molestation cases are the violent crimes reported in India in 2006 against women. There are many instances of crime especially against women go unreported in India. These are figures released by the National Crime Records Bureau recently. While Madhya Pradesh is worst off among the states, the national capital New Delhi continues to hold on to its reputation of being the most unsafe city in India. Delhi takes the top slot for crimes ranging from murders and rapes to dowry deaths and abductions. It reflects country's law and order situation when its capital is a cauldron of crime. Instead of leading the way in tackling crime, Delhi only seems to do worse year after year. For instance while the national crime rate declined negligibly by .02 % in 2006; Delhi's rate grew to 357.2more than double the national average of 167.7. Rape is the fastest growing crime in the country today and as many as 18 women are assaulted in some form or the other every hour across India. Over the last few months cases of rapes and assault have made it to the headlines with alarming frequency. Mumbai watched with shame as an ugly mob attacked women on New Year's Eve. In Latur a 14 year old was raped and killed by four young men. In Konark four men were

charged with dragging a woman out of a bus and gang raping her. It is an ordeal simply to file a police report and the investigations thereafter have been stories of apathy and down right humiliation meted out to the victims. Where convicted, punishments have ranged from capital punishments to a day in jail. Equally horrific are news reports of foreign tourists being sexually assaulted. Recently an American was molested in Pushkar, a British journalist raped in Goa, Canadian girls attacked in Kumarakom to list the few instances. It looks like that India as a nation has ceased to know how to treat women as human beings who have a right to dignity and safety. The crime against tourists is against our culture of "atithi devo bhava' Government has decided to meet and discuss with the state government the safety of women tourists as a reaction from the fear that such incidents will impact India's image. Despite the trauma women across all classes are reporting crimes such as rape and assault and do not feel helpless or abandoned by family or society as was the prevalent case before. Society is changing and government is forced to take action as it has run out of excuses such as society's mindset or class divide

Crimes against women Police records show high incidence of crimes against women in India. The National Crime Records Bureau reported in 1998 that the growth rate of crimes against women would be higher than the population growth rate by 2010.[23] Earlier, many cases were not registered with the police due to the social stigma attached to

rape and molestation cases. Official statistics show that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of reported crimes against women.[23] Sexual harassment Half of the total number of crimes against women reported in 1990 related to molestation and harassment at the workplace.[23] Eve teasing is a euphemism used for sexual harassment or molestation of women by men. Many activists blame the rising incidents of sexual harassment against women on the influence of "Western culture". In 1987, The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act was passed[45] to prohibit indecent representation of women through advertisements or in publications, writings, paintings, figures or in any other manner. In 1997, in a landmark judgement, the Supreme Court of India took a strong stand against sexual harassment of women in the workplace. The Court also laid down detailed guidelines for prevention and redressal of grievances. The National Commission for Women subsequently elaborated these guidelines into a Code of Conduct for employers.[23] Dowry Main articles: Dowry, Dowry death, and Dowry law in India In 1961, the Government of India passed the Dowry Prohibition Act,[46] making the dowry demands in wedding arrangements illegal. However, many cases of dowry-related domestic violence, suicides and murders have been reported. In the 1980s, numerous such cases were reported.[38] In 1985, the Dowry Prohibition (maintenance of lists of presents

to the bride and bridegroom) rules were framed.[47] According to these rules, a signed list of presents given at the time of the marriage to the bride and the bridegroom should be maintained. The list should contain a brief description of each present, its approximate value, the name of whoever has given the present and his/her relationship to the person. However, such rules are hardly enforced. A 1997 report[48] claimed that at least 5,000 women die each year because of dowry deaths, and at least a dozen die each day in 'kitchen fires' thought to be intentional. The term for this is "bride burning" and is criticized within India itself. Amongst the urban educated, such dowry abuse has reduced considerably. Child marriage Child marriage has been traditionally prevalent in India and continues to this day. Historically, young girls would live with their parents until they reached puberty. In the past, the child widows were condemned to a life of great agony, shaving heads, living in isolation, and shunned by the society.[21] Although child marriage was outlawed in 1860, it is still a common practice.[49] According to UNICEFs State of the Worlds Children-2009 report, 47% of India's women aged 2024 were married before the legal age of 18, with 56% in rural areas.[50] The report also showed that 40% of the world's child marriages occur in India.
[51]

Female infanticides and sex selective abortions Main article: Sex-selective abortion and infanticide India has a highly masculine sex ratio, the chief reason being

that many women die before reaching adulthood.[23] Tribal societies in India have a less masculine sex ratio than all other caste groups. This, in spite of the fact that tribal communities have far lower levels of income, literacy and health facilities.[23] It is therefore suggested by many experts, that the highly masculine sex ratio in India can be attributed to female infanticides and sex-selective abortions. All medical tests that can be used to determine the sex of the child have been banned in India, due to incidents of these tests being used to get rid of unwanted female children before birth. Female infanticide (killing of girl infants) is still prevalent in some rural areas.[23] The abuse of the dowry tradition has been one of the main reasons for sex-selective abortions and female infanticides in India. Domestic violence The incidents of domestic violence are higher among the lower Socio-Economic Classes (SECs).[citation needed] The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 came into force on October 26, 2006. Trafficking The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act was passed in 1956.[52] However many cases of trafficking of young girls and women have been reported. These women are either forced into prostitution, domestic work or child labour.

Other concerns Health The average female life expectancy today in India is low compared to many countries, but it has shown gradual improvement over the years. In many families, especially rural ones, the girls and women face nutritional discrimination within the family, and are anaemic and malnourished.[23] The maternal mortality in India is the second highest in the world.[14] Only 42% of births in the country are supervised by health professionals. Most women deliver with help from women in the family who often lack the skills and resources to save the mother's life if it is in danger.[23] According to UNDP Human Development Report (1997), 88% of pregnant women (age 15-49) were found to be suffering from anaemia.[35] Family planning The average woman in rural areas of India has little or no control over her reproductivity. Women, particularly women in rural areas, do not have access to safe and self-controlled methods of contraception. The public health system emphasises permanent methods like sterilisation, or long-term methods like IUDs that do not need follow-up. Sterilization accounts for more than 75% of total contraception, with female sterilisation accounting for almost 95% of all sterilisations.[23] Notable Indian women See also: Category:Indian women and List of Indian film actresses Education

Savitribai Phule was a social reformer who along with her husband, Mahatma Jotiba Phule played an important role in improving women's rights in India during the British Rule. Savitribai was the first female teacher of the first women's school in India and also considered as the pioneer of modern Marathi poetry. In 1852 she opened a school for Untouchable girls.