Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Source: http://www.eur.nl/ub/english/instruction/skills/informationliteracy, used with permission David M. Kennedy under a creative commons license.
Everyone needs to become minimally ICT literate Creating people with specialist ICT skills to meet a countrys ICT sector and economy needs Creating a pool of talent which can use ICTs for sustainable social and economic development
Policymakers and Decision makers Planners and Project Designers Champions Trainers of Trainers University level studentstodays youth
anticipate future needs and developments in ICTD and create learning programmes designed to address human capacity building needs for such developments
Only a couple of academic programmes in the field of ICTD These are in developed countriesnone in the Asia Pacific There is also a severe shortage of learning materials
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Introduction to Development
Unevenness of economic and social change and development across the world Development understood in many ways depending on disciplines and perspectives The role of information and knowledge in making a difference to lives The importance of ICTs as development tools to enable information literacy
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Understanding Development
Difficult to define and understand Development is a highly complex concept, contradictory, and full of debates and discourses Means different things to different people, based on economic, geographic, political, social, cultural, religious and ethnic contexts. Can be viewed from the perspectives of a number of academic disciplines Extensively studied from the 2nd half of 20th C onwards The term became synonymous with growth, modernization, change, democracy, and many similar Western values and in the beginning was focused largely on economic development.
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Understanding Development
Three major dominant political perspectives to the study of economic development
Understanding Development
Planned economic approach with extensive state involvement in planning and management of economic systems
The collapse of the erstwhile Soviet Union and many changes in economic policies in China effectively ended this paradigm
The mixed approach with combines the first two followed by countries such as India until the early 1990s.
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Understanding Development
Teams of social scientists from different disciplines sought to understand the forces that would bring about change and development at an individual and a larger societal level Drew contrast between traditional and modern behaviour; and looked at modernization in stages Modernization and development for these scholars meant a move from traditional, community based, feudalistic societies to ones that stressed innovativeness, education, political participation and access and exposure to information that changed peoples way of thinking.
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Understanding Development
Neither mutually exclusive nor exhaustive Criticisms of these approaches emerged
Macro level statistics did not reflect ground reality Economic growth did not necessarily lead to poverty reduction High growth rates alongside large scale poverty and deprivation, inequalities, social disorder and environmental degradation.
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Managing Development
Principles upon which current perspectives of human development build
Inclusivenessa pattern of growth that allows all people to contribute to and benefit from the development process Equalitythat all citizens are equal but there are inherent inequalities in any society. Therefore, a policy which enables systematically disadvantaged and vulnerable groups to share in development through positive discrimination is necessary to ensure that benefits reach them. Qualitythat is not just the provisioning of services, but ensuring that these services are of good quality Accountabilitythat citizens are partners in the development process and that governments need to engage with them and be held accountable to the citizens.
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Timeline of ICTs
D ICT Tools
3000 B.C.-1600
E A . D .
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refers to the organized and systematic use of communication to support the development process, either at a national or location and project specific level it is the integration of communication (and in todays parlance) the use of ICTs as part of the planning, design, development, delivery, and evaluation of developmental projects
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A History of Use
From the middle of the 20th century Keeping pace with technological change Two factors spurred interest in last two decades
Technology convergence and the Internet Global development goals as expressed in MDGs
Linkages for complex planning processes Coordination across sectors Enable increased information sharing, Outreach and monitoring of services Scaling up access to education Linking communities to markets Creating disaster warning and decision support systems Provide a direct link with citizens by providing greater access to information and communication ensuring a greater degree of accountability and good governance.
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THE USER
Supporting Environments--physical --Power and energy sources --Buildings: telephone exchanges; telecentres; access points --Internet and Internet access devices
Supporting environmentspolicy and legal and regulatory financial --Licensing arrangements for telecom operators, tariff structures --Standards (network operations, switching, transmission, languages --Licensing for broadcasters and the media --Competition regulation
G2G=Government to Government; G2B=Government to Business; G2C=Government to Citizen; B2B=Business to Business; B2C=Business to Citizen; C2C=Citizen to Citizen
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Attributes
Familiarity Reusable Can provide depth Allow economies of scale Allow uniform content and standards L
Limitations
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Attributes
Interactive Lost cost per unit Allow economies of scale Uniform content and standards possible Can be updated easily Problem and location specific User Friendly Unbundling of content possible Local content possible Computer literacy not essential for use
Limitations
Limited by physical constraints such as signal strength Limited by social factors inhibiting access to and ownership of instrument
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Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) Web 2.0 The Internet of Things
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Adaptability Leverage Ease of mastery Accessibility Affordability Participatory Transferability Generative capacity
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In Conclusion
The use of ICTs for development is not new ICTs use is only limited by the imagination and human capacity to use But, based on the experience of two decades of experimentation, there is a better understanding of what works, what does not, and why, in ICTD This primer series in general, and Issue 1 in particular is meant as a learning support for students and faculty in the Asia Pacific region Use it as you think appropriate; experiment with ICTs and enjoy the pleasure of innovation and success.
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THANK YOU
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