Fluids Lecture 15 Notes

1. Uniform ow, Sources, Sinks, Doublets Reading: Anderson 3.9 3.12

Uniform Flow
Denition A uniform ow consists of a velocity eld where V = u + v is a constant. In 2-D, this velocity eld is specied either by the freestream velocity components u , v , or by the freestream speed V and ow angle . u = u = V cos v = v = V sin
2 2 Note also that V = u2 + v . The corresponding potential and stream functions are

(x, y) = u x + v y = V (x cos + y sin ) (x, y) = u y v x = V (y cos x sin )

V u

Zero Divergence A uniform ow is easily shown to have zero divergence V = u v + = 0 x y

since both u and v are constants. The equivalent statement is that (x, y) satises Laplaces equation. 2 = 2 (u x + v y) 2 (u x + v y) + = 0 x2 y 2

Therefore, the uniform ow satises mass conservation. Zero Curl A uniform ow is also easily shown to be irrotational, or to have zero vorticity. V = u v k = 0 x y 1

The equivalent irrotationality condition is that (x, y) satises Laplaces equation. 2 = 2 (u y v x) 2 (u y v x) + = 0 x2 y 2

Source and Sink

Denition A 2-D source is most clearly specied in polar coordinates. The radial and tangential velocity components are dened to be Vr = 2 r , V = 0

where is a scaling constant called the source strength. The volume ow rate per unit span V across a circle of radius r is computed as follows. V =
0 2 2 2

V n dA =
0

Vr r d =

r d = 2 r

Hence we see that the source strength species the rate of volume ow issuing outward from the source. If is negative, the ow is inward, and the ow is called a sink .

V r x

Vr x

Cartesian representation The cartesian velocity components of the source or sink are u(x, y) = x 2 + y2 2 x y v(x, y) = 2 + y2 2 x

and the corresponding potential and stream functions are as follows. ln x2 + y 2 = ln r 2 2 arctan(y/x) = (x, y) = 2 2 (x, y) = 2

It is easily veried that apart from the origin location (x, y) = (0, 0), these functions satisfy 2 = 0 and 2 = 0, and hence represent physically-possible incompressible, irrotational ows. Singularities The origin location (0, 0) is called a singular point of the source ow. As we approach this point, the magnitude of the radial velocity tends to innity as Vr 1 r

Hence the ow at the singular point is not physical, although this does not prevent us from using the source to represent actual ows. We will simply need to ensure that the singular point is located outside the ow region of interest.

Uniform Flow with Source

Two or more incompressible, irrotational ows can be combined by superposition, simply by adding their velocity elds or their potential or stream function elds. Superposition of a uniform ow in the x-direction and a source at the origin therefore has u(x, y) = x + V 2 + y2 2 x y v(x, y) = 2 + y2 2 x

or or

ln x2 + y 2 + V x = ln r + V r cos 2 2 arctan(y/x) + V y = + V r sin (x, y) = 2 2 (x, y) =

The gure shows the streamlines of the two basic ows, and also the combined ow.

The bullet-shaped heavy line on the combined ow corresponds to the dividing streamline, which separates the uid coming from the freestream and the uid coming from the source. If we replace the dividing streamline by a solid semi-innite body of the same shape, the ow about this body will be the same as the ow outside the dividing streamline in the superimposed ow. 3

Uniform Flow with Source and Sink

We now superimpose a uniform ow in the x-direction, with a source located at (/2, 0), and a sink of equal and opposite strength located at (+/2, 0), plus a freestream. = (1 2 ) + V r sin 2

y r1 1 l r2 2 x

The gure on the right shows the streamlines of the combined ow. The heavy line again indicates the dividing streamline, which traces out a Rankine oval . All the streamlines inside the oval originate at the source on the left, and ow into the sink on the right. The net volume outow from the oval is zero. Again, the dividing streamline could be replaced by a solid oval body of the same shape. The ow outside the oval then corresponds to the ow about this body.

Doublet
Consider a source-sink pair with strengths , located at (/2, 0). Now let the separation distance approach zero, while simultaneously increasing the source and sink strengths such that the product remains constant. The resulting ow is a doublet with strength . = lim sin = 2 2 r

=const.

y r x l

A similar limiting process can be used to produce the doublets potential function. = cos 2 r

The streamline shapes of the doublet are obtained by setting = sin = c = constant 2 r

where

r = d sin d = 2c

In polar coordinates this is the equation for circles of diameter d, centered on x, y = (0, d/2).

Nonlifting Flow over Circular Cylinder

Floweld denition We now superimpose a uniform ow with a doublet. = V r sin or where sin = V r sin 1 2 r 2 V r 2 R2 r2

= V r sin 1 R2 /(2V )

This corresponds to the ow about a circular cylinder of radius R.

The radial and tangential velocities can be obtained by dierentiating the stream function as follows. Vr = 1 R2 = V cos 1 2 r r

R2 = V sin 1 + 2 V = r r

Surface velocities and pressures On the surface of the cylinder where r = R, we have Vr = 0 V = 2V sin The maximum surface speed of 2V occurs at = 90 . The surface pressure is then obtained using the Bernoulli equation p() = po 1 Vr2 + V2 2

Substituting Vr = 0 and V (), and using the freestream value for the total pressure, po = p + gives the following surface pressure distribution. p() = p + 1 2 V 1 4 sin2 2 1 2 V 2

The corresponding pressure coecient is also readily obtained. Cp () p() p = 1 4 sin2 1 2 V 2