MSE2034 Homework #4 Solutions 1) Use equations 4.1 and 4.

2: Nv = N *exp(-Qv/kT) = (NAAu/AAu) exp (-Qv/kT)

Metal Vacancy Formation Energy (eV/atom) 0.76 0.98 0.55 Melting Temperature (degrees C) 660.4 1064 327

2/8/11

Aluminum Gold Lead

Density (g/cubed cm) 2.71 19.32 11.35

Atomic Weight (amu) 26.98 196.97 207.2

First calculate N: N = (6.023*10^23 atoms/mol)(2.71 g/cm3))/26.98 g/mol N = 6.05*10^22 atomic sites/cm3 Next calculate Nv at the melt temperature for aluminum: Nv = (6.05*10^22 sites/cm3) * exp(-(0.76 eV/atom)/(8.62*10^-5 eV/atom-K) * (660.4 degrees C + 273)) Nv = 4.78 * 10 ^18 vacancies/cm3 The ratio for aluminum is therefore Nv/N=(4.78 * 10 ^18 vacancies/cm3)/(6.05*10^22 atomic sites/cm3) =0.000079 or 1:12654 Now repeat the calculation for gold: N = (6.023*10^23 atoms/mol)(19.32 g/cm3))/196.97 g/mol N = 5.90772*10^22 atomic sites/cm3 Nv = (5.9*10^22 sites/cm3) * exp(-(0.98 eV/atom)/(8.62*10^-5 eV/atom-K)* (1064 degrees C + 273)) Nv = 1.20*10^19 vacancies/cm3 Nv/N=(1.20 * 10 ^19 vacancies/cm3)/(5.9*10^22 atomic sites/cm3) =0.000203 or 1:4931

Now repeat the calculation for lead: N = (6.023*10^23 atoms/mol)(11.35 g/cm3))/207.2 g/mol N = 3.30 *10^22 atomic sites/cm3 Nv = (3.30*10^22 sites/cm3) * exp(-(0.55 eV/atom)/(8.62*10^-5 eV/atom-K)* (327 degrees C + 273)) Nv = 7.95 * 10^17 vacancies/cm3 Nv/N=(7.95 * 10^17 vacancies/cm3)/(3.3*10^22 atomic sites/cm3) =0.000024 or 1:41530.5 Thus, the rule of thumb correctly indicates an order of magnitude of about 10^4 for the ratio in all three cases. 2) I) - Copper and Aluminum are both FCC. -R% is less than 15% R% = ((0.143-0.128)/0.143) *100 = 10.4% RAl = 0.143 nm RCu = 0.128 nm -The electronegativities of 1.5 for Al and 1.9 for Cu are not very close together -The valences of +3 for Al and +1 or +2 for Cu are not the same Due to only meeting a subset of the four requirements Copper and Aluminum form a substitutional solid solution of incomplete solubility II) Magnesium and Lead are HCP and FCC respectively. - R% is less than 15% R% = ((0.175-0.160)/0.175) *100 = 8.6% RMg = 0.160 nm RPb = 0.175 nm - The electronegativities of 1.2 for Mg and 1.8 for Pb are not very close together - The valences are both 2+ for both elements Due to only meeting 2 of the 4 requirements and #2 in particular the elements for a substitutional solid solution of incomplete solubility III) Gold and Silver are both FCC -R% is less than 15% R% = ((0.144-0.144)/0.144) *100 = 0% RAu = 0.144 nm RAg = 0.144 nm -the electronegativities of 1.9 for silver and 2.4 for gold are not very close - the valences are both 1+ for the elements

Due to only meeting 3 of the 4 requirements and #2 in particular the elements form a substitutional solid solution of incomplete solubility IV) Aluminum and Nitrogen are both FCC -R% is more than 15% R% = ((0.143-0.07)/0.143) *100 >> 15% RAl = 0.143 nm RN= 0.07 nm Given the large size difference involved between the two types of atoms, it can be assumed that the elements form interstitial solid solutions V) Copper and Nickel are both FCC -R% is less than 15% R% = ((0.128-.125)/0.128) *100 < 15% RCu = 0.128 nm RNi= 0.125 nm -The electronegativities of 1.9 for Cu and 1.8 for Ni are close -The valences of 1+ for Copper (but can be 2+) and 2+ for Ni match They form a complete substitutional alloy VI) Irons atomic radius is more than twice that of hydrogen Therefore they form an interstitial solid solution VII) - Ti is HCP and Ba is BCC -R% is more than 15% R% = ((0.217-.145)/0.217) *100 > 15% RBa = 0.217 nm RTi= 0.145 nm -The electronegativity of Ba is 0.9 and 1.8 for Ti -The valences are 2+ for Ba and 4+ for Ti These two elements are completely insoluble VIII) Fe and Cr are both BCC - R% is more than 15% RFe = 0.125 nm RCr= 0.124 nm -The electronegativity of Fe is 1.8 and 1.6 for Cr -The valences can be 3+ for both They form a complete substitutional alloy A)Complete Substitutional Alloys are Fe-Cr and Cu-Ni B) Substitutional alloys with incomplete solubility are Cu-Al, Mg-Pb, Au-Ag C) Interstitial alloys are Fe-H, Al-Ni D) Completely insoluble are Ba-Ti

3) The Burgers vector and dislocation line are perpendicular for edge dislocations, parallel for screw dislocations and neither perpendicular nor parallel for mixed dislocations. For edge dislocations the dislocation line moves in the direction of the Burgers vector when an external stress parallel to the Burgers vector is applied. For screw dislocations, the dislocation line moves perpendicular to the stress direction when an external stress is applied parallel to the Burgers vector. For mixed dislocations the dislocation line moves neither parallel nor perpendicular to the direction of an applied stress parallel to the Burgers vector. 4) NOTE: This problem incorrectly calls the Cu-Zn alloy a bronze while it is actually brass (Bronzes are Cu-Sn or Cu-Ni alloys). This should not impact the answer you are asked to calculate. The atomic percentage of copper in a brass Cu-Zn alloy can be calculated using equations from section 5.4, which give the following results: (240 kg of Cu)(1000g/kg)(1 mol Cu/63.546 g Cu) = 3776.8 mol Cu (75 kg of Zn)(1000g/kg)(1 mol Cu/65.39 g Cu) = 1147.0 mol Zn Atomic % Cu = 3776.8/(3776.8+1147.0) x100% = 76.7 at% Cu (as compared to a weight or, more properly, mass percentage of 76.1% Cu, which is very close because of the similar atomic masses of the two species). 5) Interfaces are high energy sites in solids because they are associated with atomic mismatch between the two sides of the interface. Surfaces are high energy sites because the surface atoms are not bonded to the maximum number of nearest neighbors. Surfaces are of higher energy than domain walls. Essentially, the fewer bonds available across the interface, the higher the energy of the defect. In order of increasing energy (from lowest to highest): D) Stacking fault internal domain wall with no angle of misorientation C) Low-angle grain boundary internal domain wall with low angle of misorientation A) High angle grain boundary internal domain wall with higher angle of misorientation B) External surface surface is effectively a 180 grain boundary.

6) A twin in FCC metal looks like: | ABCABCBACBA | The reason this is a twin boundary is because the stacking sequence on one side of this position is mirrored on the other side. A stacking fault in FCC metal looks like: | | ABCABCBCABC | | The reason this is a stacking fault is because the BCBC region is HCP in terms of stacking sequence as opposed to FCC.