Genres

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Descriptive Text

The purpose of descriptive text is to describe someone, something, a place, or a animal with specific. Description text is to highligh one people/thing/place/animal specifically. Description text mostly give more information about particular people/thing/place/animal clearly, detailed, and can be visualized.

The structure of Descriptive text :

o

Identification, intoduce the subject or way that will be describe

Description , the information of subject the example are, physicology nature, behavior, appearance, quality, etc.

Description text usually use certain linguistic, they are :

o

Specific noun, example ; father, school, my dog

o Simple present tense

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Detailed noun phrase, example ; an intelligent tall student, a big large beautiful wooden house

Variaty of adjective that mostly describing, numbering, classiflying example ; three tall buildings, sharp white fang,

Relational process, use verb that describe the situation of participant or hint the owner, example ; My car has four doors, My father is really handsome

Figurative languange, use figurative languange like simile or methapore as way to give compare ilustration, example ; My throat is as dry as a dessert, Her skin is white as cloud, and smooth as water

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Example of Descriptive Text:

Kampung Gajah
Have you ever visited Kampung Gajah ? Kampung Gajah is the one of recretional park in Bandung. It located in Sersan Bajuri street kilometer 3.8 . This location is near Kampung Daun, and The Peak. It around 150 kilometer from Bekasi. It may take 3 to 4 hours to arrive there, when you are from Bekasi, and 1 to 2 hour from Bandung. Elephant statues are welcome you when visited there. This place are recommend for people from busy city to get relaxation. The beautiful scenary can be seen, while you rode there. In Kampung Gajah you can do anything as you want, such as ride horse, ride ATV, ride the balance transportation, ride bicycle, painted face, ride the smart car or you can just sit and eat your food with. The horse riding is good for kids. There is many different
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R I P T I O N

I F I C A T I O N

colours for the horses, there are the white horses, brown horses,and black horses . ATV riding is good for people that not to scared with a high acceleration. There is three kind of ATV, the small one ( for one person ), the medium one ( for two person ), and the large one ( for three person ), beside ATV in ATV arena there is one buggy car that much faster as formula car racing, than the ATV. Balancing transportation is good for people to practice thw balance, you must carefull when ride it to not fall down. Riding bicycle is good for all ages, from kids to adults. The bicycle was unique, you must ride it lie down, be carefull to not crash the cone, it will embarassed if you crashed. The painted face ! Your face will be painted as you want , such as make a flower on you face or make your face like a clown. Riding the smart car, if you want to feel how to ride an unpollution car. Sitting and eat something is good, because the building is in the central of the park. While you eat, you can see some activities from here, such as you can see the ATV riding, balancing transportation riding, and smart car riding. The food that you can eat it are variety from soup,
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potato, sausage, meatball, corn, etc. The price of food isnt too cheap and not too expensive, from Rp 10,000 Rp 50,000.
Writen by : Hendrocahyo

R I P T I O N

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The Biggest Loser

The Biggest loser is one of American reality show, that show a weight lost competition. This show is hold on October 19, 2004 by NBC network channel. The winner of the show, get $ 250,000 as the prize and $ 100,000 for the winner of eliminated contestant. Until this year, there are 9 seasons had shown on TV. This show is presented by Caroline Rhea ( season1 season 3 ) and Alison Sweeney ( season 4 season 9 [ current ] ) The contestant from The Biggest Loser has one purpose, that is to change their life from obese. From season 1 season 4 the competition is started by individual, but from season 5 season 9 ( current ) the competition is started by team and become individual. The team are consist of parentchild, wife-husband, brothers, sisters, or friends. Every weak they exercise to lost their weight as they can do, and every weak they have to weigh in to know how much weight are they lost. For the team or

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contestants that have a lowest percentage, they are below in the yellow line, that mean they are probabilty to be eliminated. The contestants are trained by trainers, they are Bob Harper ( from season 1 season 9 [ current ] ), Jillian Michaels ( from season 1 season 2, season 4 season 9 [ current ] ), and Kim Lyons ( from season 3 season 4 ). They trained the contestans in many ways, from exercise them in the gym, or exercise them by walking around. The trainers will be anger ( actually they motivated them by this way ) to them when they are starting cry. The trainers will upset, when on weigh in the contestants have gained the weight or in the other word, not losing any weight. In the history of The Biggest Loser there are a heaviest women, her name is Shay Sorrells with 476 pound, heaviest contestant, the name is Michael Ventralli with 526 pound, and heaviest team, they are James ( 485 pound ) and his twin John ( 484 pound ) with the total 969 pound. Beside the heaviest women, heaviest

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contestant , and heaviest team, there is the biggest loser contestant, the name is Daniel Cahill by losing 239 pound or 55.58 % from his body with his starting weight 430 pound.

R I P T I O N

Written by : Hendrocahyo

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Note of example descriptive texts : xxx = show simple present xxx = show noun xxx = show adjective xxx = show figurative language xxx = show relational process xxx = show detailed noun phrase

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Procedure Text
The purpose of procedure text is to give instruction about doing something how it is accomplish by some step, some method, or some ways. Procedure text also known directory.

The structure of Procedure text :

o

Goal, the purpose of activity Materials, the material that needed to make some thing or doing some activity, are optional

Steps, a series of step

Procedure text usually use certain linguistic, they are :

o

Imperative, command sentences, example ; go, sit, dont put, dont mix, you must go, you have to go, etc.

Action verb, verb that related with physic or intellectual activity, example ; mix, turn, dont, put, etc.

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Connective of sequence, example ; then, while, next, etc.

Numbering, numbers that shown the sequence of activity, example ; first, second, third, etc.

Example of Procedure Text:

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How to Play Bekel

Can you play bekel ? If cant, here is some ways to play this game. Goal The materials that you need are: 2 or more player Materials

6 pieces of biji bekel

A bekel ball

First thing that you must do it is hompimpa to determine the order of play. The winner of hompimpa is the first player. The game is started by the first player held the biji bekel in the hand and are dropped as the ball is allowed to bounce one time. After that, the first player must pick up one biji bekel and catch the ball before it bounce twice, pick one again until you pick all of the biji bekel and throw them in the floor at the same time and catch the ball in that time. Next, you must pick two biji bekel and catch the ball before bounce twice, pick two again until you pick all of biji bekel and throw

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them in the floor at the same time and catch the ball in that time. Then, do same ways to pick three biji bekel until five biji bekel. After you do until catch five biji bekel, you must pick up the biji bekel one at a time without disturbing any of the other biji bekel within the time that it takes the ball to bounce once. If you succesfully pick up all of the biji bekel , then drops them again and starts the second set of the game. In this set you must make one
S T E P

bye one biji bekel in pit postion, and catch one biji bekel like the previous ways. Make a pit position and catch two biji bekel like the previous ways, do the same ways and catch the biji bekel like the previous ways ( that is catch three catch all of the biji bekel, but in pit position ). If you succesfully pick up all of the biji bekel in the pit position, then drops them again and starts the third set of the game. In this set you must make one bye one biji bekel in roh position, this ways is same like the second set of the game. In this ways, make the biji bekel in roh position and catch one biji bekel before the ball bounce twice. Do this

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ways until you catch all of the biji bekel. If you succes you can do again from first ways. When you fail in the game change to the next player, the next player must do it from first ways. If
S T E P

the next player fail again change to the next player, and if it was you, you can continue the game from the ways that you fail, for example you fail in the catch 4 biji bekel, you must do this ways.

Writen by : Hendrocahyo

How to Make an E-mail in G-mail

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Have you already have an e-mail ? If not, this text would to tell how to make an e-mail in G-mail. Goal You must prepare your laptop or computer, a modem for connecting, and an internet software for Materials browsing, like Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, or Navigator Netscape. First, open your browsing software for example Google Chrome. After that, fill the address by www.gmail.com, and the screen will change into Gmail. Next click the Create an Account, and the screen will change into id filling.

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In here, you must fill your first name, last name, desired login name, your password, re-enter password, security question with the answer, and fill the code that listed in there, for example you fill the first name by Hendrocahyo, and the lastname by Hats, next you fill the desired login name by hendrohats, and the password you can write 1234 and it will be screen by **** dont forget to fill the re-enter password by the same password, the security question, you choose the question that have been serve example what was your first phone number ? and you must write the answer of that question example 12345, to fill the code is up to the write. After you fill all of them, you must click I agree, Create my acount. Congratulation you just make an e-mail in gmail.

S T E P

Writen by : Hendrocahyo

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Note of example procedure texts : xxx = show imperative xxx = show action verb xxx = show connective of sequence

Recount Text

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Recount text is kind of text that reported an event that happened to someone or someones experience. The purpose of recount text is to retell.

The structure of Recount text :

o

Orientation, the opening, such as introducing character, time, and place

Events, a series of event Reorientation, closing that show the event is finish

Recount text usually use certain linguistic, they are :

o

Noun as substitute people, example ; Otong Setiawan, Mike, Mickey, Amanda, etc.
o

Individual participant, focus to character story that specific

Past tense, use verbII, example ; went, ate, ran, etc.

Time connective and conjunction to sort events, example ; after, before, soon, then, after that, etc.

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Action verbs, verb that show event or activity, example ; stayed, climbed, killed, etc.

Adverb and adverb phrases to show place, time, and ways, example ; yesterday, last week, at home, slowly, carefully, etc.

N T A T I O N

Example of Recount Text:

Experience Before The Competition

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March 11TH 2009, it was my first paskibra competition. I was happy because I and my team had practice for a month and we got rank 5TH in the competition. In a month I and my team practice hardly with some event in it. Firstly, before the team are made, we got a selection, to choose 16 members, because there were too many members in paskibra. In a selection, I almost not to be choosen, because I do some mistake, and in the end of selection I had choosen, owww.... I so happy when I choosen. Day by day had passed, and I realize that when we were practice our team not completed yet, sometime it just 6, 7, 10, or 15, so it made our practice getting worse. Even it not complete, it didnt effect to our togetherness. The day when we were practice, was the day that I had my birthday, so I didnt tell to the other, because if someone had birthday she/he will be punked. That day, the practice went well without anybody knew that the day was my birthday, but in the end of practice, my friend Yuni, knew that the day was my birthday, I

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command she to not tell to the other. When I went to class to prepare my bag ( because it already finish ), unbeknownst to me, Yuni told to the other, so when we were gathering, I had been punked by splash me to a pond, Ooowww..... I getting wet, this event couldnt I remove in my memory. Two days, before the competition started, we practice so hard from morning to afternoon. Practice, practice, and practice, that we do in one day, and the next day was same with before. We were practice, practice, and practice in a whole day. It so tired, but this practice for us too, because we want to won in the competition. The day that all of us waiting for, would happen in the day, that was the competition. We were praying before we come perform. When we perform, we do some mistake, for example my friend Kresna he wrong against, and wrong run. Even we do some mistake, we got rank 5TH , we so happy because this was our first competition and we got a cup. Once again, I say, I couldnt forget the momment like this.
Written by : Hendrocahyo

E N T A T I O N

V E N T S

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Bad Easter
My bad Easter, was happened in April 4TH 2010. For the second time I couldnt celebrate the Easter in church. As people knew that Easter was celebrate 3 days after Good Friday and it celebrate in the early morning. One day before it held, I prepare my self for went to church in the early morning. I had take a nap, and drink a coffee. In the night I was playing games in my laptop till the midnight. When I was playing games, I didnt realize, that I must sleep early, so I could wake up early. I saw the clock and I was surpiresed, that was 00.00 A.M, so I started to sleep, before I went to sleep, I set my alarm to wake up in 3.00 A.M . Oh no... I was oversleep, when I woke up it was 3.30 A.M, I saw that my parent had go, so I was sleep again. In the morning when I woke up, I was still thinking about what I did. I just hope this accident couldnt be repeat again.
Written by : Hendrocahyo

E N T A T I O N

V E N T S

N T A T I O N

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Note of example recount texts :

xxx = Noun as substitute people xxx = Individual participant xxx = Past tense xxx = Time connective and conjunction xxx = Action verbs xxx = Adverb and adverb phrases

Narrative Text

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Narrative text is kind of text that like a story or tale. The purpose is to entertain the readers. The main character of narrative is founded a problem and ways that taken to respond the problem. The content of narrative text can be a fiction story or real story.

The structure of Narrative text are :

o

Orientation, the foreword to introduce the character, place, and time

Complication, the beginning of conflict Resolution, the solve of conflict or ways that taken to respond the problem

Reorientation, the closing or expressions that show the story already finish

Coda, the change of characteristic that happen to character and moral message that exist in the story, but this part sometimes not appear in narrative

Narrative text is usually use certain linguistic, they are ;

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Some noun as substitute people, animal, and thing in the story, example ; stepmother, household, etc.

Individual participant, focus to character story with specific

Past tense, use verb II, example ; walked, read, stood, etc.

Time connective and conjunction to sort events, example ; then, after that, soon, after, before, etc.

Action verbs, verb that show event or activity, example ; climbed, digged, killed, etc.

Saying verb and thinking verbs, verb that show reporting or speech, example ; said, told, promised, thought, understood, etc.

Example of Narrative Text:

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Hats Family
A long long time ago, before human knew a technology, There were a family that live in the middle of city, that was Hats family. The members of Hats family were five, they are ; Su as the father, Hai ni as the mother, Hentaochi as the brothers, Araika as the sister, and Taianita as the youngest sister. They were a happily family. One day Su ( the father ) went to the bank, to borrowed a lot of money. He borrowed it because he wanted to make a surprise for his family. Su planned, that he would bring their family to had a holiday. At the home, his son asked to Su. Hi dad, what do you bring in those bag ? said Hentaochi. Oh...nothinganswered Su while he went to bedroom. It made Hentaochi curious, and he told to his sisters and his mom about what just he saw .

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N T A T I O N

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 Really !!!said Araika and Taianita at the same time. Yes, I saw dad bring a big bag, I think dad try to hide something. said Hentaochi. Dont think like that Hentaochi. Maybe in the bag it just his task from the office.said Hai ni. I guess its not his task maybe something like a money. replied Hentaochi. Okay to make sure it, we can spy dad, are you agree girls ? asked Hai ni. Yes we agree mom said Araika and Taianita. How about you ?asked Hai ni to her son. Absolutelyanswered Hentaochi. Ok. This is our plan, when mom engage dad to
I C A T I O N

O L U T I O N

have a talk, all of you, go to dad bedroom, and try to find the bag, when you get it, bring the bag to mom when mom have a talk with your father, understand ? said Hai ni to her children. Yes mom !said Hentaochi, Araika, and Taianita. Time to did their planned, Hai ni started her action
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Dad, can we have a litlle talk ?ask Ha ni. Sure.answered Su.

O L U T I O N

Lets talk in family room.said Hai ni. Now the children started their action. Cmon go to dad bedrooms. said Hentaochi Ok.replied Araika and Taianita. In dad bedroom...... Do you find it Araika ?ask Hentaochi.

O L U T I O N

Hmm... nope, I dont find anything.answered Araika How about you Taianita ?ask Hentaochi again. Hmm...I find so many bags in here, can both of you help me to find the real bag ?replied Taianita. Ok.replied Hentaochi and Araika. Which one is the bag that you had saw it before ? ask Taianita to Hentaochi. Hah...that...that is the bag.said Hentaochi loudly.

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Now, lets bring this bag to mom and dad. Said Araika. Yeah, cmon. replied Hentaochi and Taianita. And in the family room...... Hi mom! We found the bag.said Hentaochi, Araika, and Taianita at the same time. Thank you kids. And now, dad can you explain the contents of this bag. ask Hai ni seriously. Okay, Im being catched. This bag contents a lot of money, see.... And I would to use this money for our holiday.said Su with some surprised talk Really !!! Yeah.. we will have a holiday.said Hentaochi, Araika, and Taianita excited. Wow, youre a great dad.said Hai ni Thanks honey.said Su to his wife.

I E N T A T I O N

I E N T A T I O N

A day letters they had their holiday. They went to Maxy city by ship. Maxy city was famous by the
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beautiful beaches. They had a fun and enjoy time in there.

Written by : Hendrocahyo

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A Silent Love
Once, there was a couple who love very much each other. From the very Begining, the girl's family objected strongly on her dating this guy. Saying that it has got to do with family background & that the girl will have to suffer for the rest of her life if she were to be with him.

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Due to family's pressure, the couple quarrel very often. Though the girl love the guy deeply, but she always ask him: "How deep is your love for me?"
T A T I O N

As the guy is not good with his words, this often cause the girl to be very upset. With that & the family's pressure, the girl often vent her anger on him. As for him, he only endure it in silence.

After a couple of years, the guy finally graduated & decided to further his studies in overseas. Before leaving, he proposed to the girl: "I'm not very
T A T I O N

good with words. But all I know is that I love you. If you allow me, I will take care of you for the rest of my life. As for your family, I'll try my best to talk them round. Will you marry me?"

The girl agreed, & with the guy's determination, the family finally gave in & agreed to let them get married. So before he leave, they got engaged.

The girl went out to the working society, whereas

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the guy was overseas, continuing his studies. They sent their love through emails & phone calls. Though it's hard, but both never thought of giving up. One day, while the girl was on her way to work, she

I C A T I O N

was knocked down by a car that lost control. When she woke up, she saw her parents beside her bed. She realised that she was badly injured. Seeing her mum crying, she wanted to comfort her. But she realized that all that could come out of her mouth was just a sigh. She has lost her voice......

The doctors says that the impact on her brain has caused her to lose her voice. Listening to her parents' comfort, but with nothing coming out from her, she broke down. During the stay in hospital, besides silence cry,.....it's still just silence cry that companied her. Upon reaching home, everything seems to be the same. Except for the ringing tone of the phone. Which pierced into her heart everytime it rang. She does not wish to let the guy know. & not wanting to be a burden to him, she wrote a letter to him saying that she does

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not wish to wait any longer.

With that, she sent the ring back to him. In return, the guy sent millions & millions of reply, and countless of phonecalls,.. all the girl could do, besides crying, is still crying.... The parents decided to move away, hoping that

I E N T A T I O N

she could eventually forget everything & be happy. With a new environment, the girl learn sign language & started a new life. Telling herself everyday that she must forget the guy. One day, her friend came & told her that he's back. She asked her friend not to let him know what happened to her. Since then, there wasn't anymore news of him.

O L U T I O N

A year has passed & her friend came with an envelope, containing an invitation card for the guy's wedding. The girl was shattered. When she open the letter, she saw her name in it instead.

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When she was about to ask her friend what's going on, she saw the guy standing in front of her. He used sign language telling her "I've spent a year's time to learn sign language. Just to let you know that I've not forgotten our promise. Let me have the chance to be your voice. I Love You. With that, he slipped the ring back into her finger. The girl finally smiled.

Adapted from: www.elraz.co.cc

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Note of example narrative texts :

xxx = noun as substitute people, animal, and thing xxx = Individual participant xxx = Past tense xxx = Time connective and conjunction xxx = Action verbs xxx = Saying verb and thinking

Exposition Text

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The purpose of exposition text is give some suggestions / opinion / idea / argument of the writers to a topic / event / problem / phenomena. There are two kind of exposition text : 1) Analytical exposition 2) Hortatory exposition In analytical exposition, the writers give he/she opinion / idea / suggestion to a topic / event / problem / phenomena that must have attention, review, or explain without it effort raised to affect the readers to have a pro-contra to a topic. Meanwhile, in hortatory exposition, the writers give he/she opinion / idea / suggestion to a topic / event / problem / phenomena to affect the readers to have a pro-contra to a topic.

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The structure of analytical exposition are:

The structure of hortatory exposition are:

Thesis, the statement of writers to a topic / phenomena Argument, consist of point of the topic or the explain of topic so become concern and elaboration Reiteration, to strengthening the statement

Thesis, the statement of writers to a topic / phenomena / issue, that being a problem Argument, reason why there are concerns, and leads to the suggestion or recommendation. Recommendation, the statement about how something must or musnt appear or not

Analytical exposition usually use certain linguistic, they are :

General noun, example ; pollution, car, etc. Abstract noun, example ; policy, government, etc. Jargon , example ; species, mammal, etc. Modals , example ; must, should, etc. Evaluative languange, example ; necessary, important, significant, valuable, etc.

Hortatory exposition usually use certain linguistic, they are :

Abstract noun, example ;

policy, government, etc.

Jargon, example ;

species, mammal, etc.

Modals, example ; must,

should, etc.
Evaluative languange ,

example ; necessary, important, significant, valuable, etc. Passive voice

Thinking verb, example ; I

Passive voice

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Example of Exposition Text:

Swine Flu
Swine flu is one of dangerous disease that happen in the world, and it can causes a death. Swine flu was first proposed to be a disease related to human influenza during the 1918 flu pandemic, when pigs became sick at the same time
E S I S

with human. On 1930 swine flu was founded in pigs, and on 1976 swine flu was founded in human by H1N1 virus. For several years this disease can make 2 million people die and around 40 million people are infected. This disease can attached many people, even she/he young, old, rich, pour, or weak. The possible people that easily attached to this disease, are the people who work in poultry and for you which have a weak body immunity. This symptomps is same as a regular influenza such as cough, fever, cold, tired and headache. But the prabably someone got swine flu is, if he/she get

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respiratory failure. Beside of respiratory failure, the probably symptomps of someone got Swine flu are; pneumonia, high fever, dehydration, electrolite
G U ME N T

imbalance, and kidney failure. Swine flu is causes of influenza A. The subtypes of influenza A are H1N1, H1N2, H2N3, H3N1, and H3N2. H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 are the viruses of Swine flu that almost attacked human. Swine flu is the top rank of disease that happen in the world. There are million people are infected. Until now the doctors cant find the medicine for this disease, so we just can prevent it. When go to a poulty we must use some equipment that protect us from the virus, and when we meet people who got swine flu and at the same time they cough, dont forget to use handkerchief or tissue and use hand sanitizers or washing your hand when you shaking hand with she/he.

T E R A T I O N

Written by : Hendocahyo

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School Cleanness
To improve comfort and cleanliness at our school, a number of dustbins and school rules should be increased. When we look at classrooms, school corridors, and school yards, we can find many papers, drink bottles, plastic, etc. With this condition we will feel uncomfortable, and when teacher teaching us, the teaches didnt run as well, because the teacher will demand us to clean our class. Beside that, this condition can make some students being sick especially for students that have an allergy, it will

G U M E N T

H E S I S

make he/she flu, or headache, and with this condition it will be many mosquito breeding, and we proabably infected the dengue fever. If this condition getting worse, the colourfull of wall painted dont mean

anything if there are still many rubbishes inside of school.

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I think, the students must realize that this condition happen because they too, for example some of students throw rubbish in any place in school. The reason why they throw rubbish in any place in school, because the dustbins was difficult to finded. Yeah... maybe it just some responbility student who will throw rubbish in the dustbin. But, if there are some dustbins in each part of school, maybe they will throw rubbish in it. The equipped of dustbins is important, but dont forget for the rule. With the rule of throwing rubbish, the irresponsiblelity student who throw rubbish in any place will get a punishment. If there are some dustbins and the rule of throwing rubbish are existing, I think our school will comfortable and become a healthy enviroment.

M E N D A T I O N

Written by : Hendrocahyo

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Note of example exposition texts :

xxx xxx

= General noun = Abstract noun

xxx = Jargon xxx xxx xxx xxx = Modals = Evaluative languange = Passive voice = Thinking verb

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Report Text
Report text is analyze an obeservation, experiment, or a study about thing, animal, people, or place. Report text is usually general. The data that been served is a conclusion of the characteristic, presence, and conditon of participant. The purpose of report text is to describe the participant in general.

The structure of Report text :

o

General classification, the general statement that explain the report of subject, information, and classification

Description , the information of general characteristic that owned of subject, example the psychology character, appearance, quality, and habit

Report text usually use certain linguistic, they are :

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General noun, the word that refer to something in general, example ; Tigers are wild, Birds can fly, etc.

Relational process, use verb that describe the condition of participant, or hint of the owned, example ; Birds have wings, An elephant is a big mammal, etc.

o Simple present tense

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Example of Report Text :

Catfish
Catfish ( Clarias ) is kind of fish that live in freshwater. The skin of catfish is slippery. Beside the slippery skin, catfish has a long mustache. There are so many kind of catfish, among others ; Clarias batrachus ( also known as Kalang, Maut, and Pinet fish ), Clarias teysmani ( also known as Duri , Wais, and Wiru catfish ), Clarias nicuhofi ( also known as Lindi, Limbat, and Kaleh catfish ), Clarias loiacanthus ( also known as Keli, and Penang fish ), and Clarias gariepinus ( also known as King Catfish ). Catfish love to eat Pelet and water spinach. Pelet is kind of food that is eating by catfish that being a production, but for water spinach all kind of catfishes are eat it. The grow of catfish is somewhat fast, it grow up between 2 to 3 months.

R I P T I O N

L A S S I F A C A T I O N

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There are a differences between male and female catfish. The characteristics of male catfish are ; his head is smaller than the female, the colour is darker than the female, the movement of the male is mercurial, and it skin is softer than the female. The characteristics of female catfish are ; her head is bigger than the male,

the colour is lighter, the movement of the female is slow, and has a bloated stomach. Catfish has some benefits, for example it contain 20% of protein, so it good to consume, it can be an

R I P T I O N

ormanental fish, and it can prevent a diabetes.

Written by : Hendrocahyo

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Piano
Piano is one of musical instrumental, and the ways to play it is push the keyboards. The inventer of this musical instrument is Bartolomeu Cristofori. Piano is the shortened form of the word pianoforte. piano and forte are usually interpreted as soft and loud. Piano have more than 2 types, they are the grand piano, and the upright piano. Grand piano has horizontal string and frame. There is many sizes of grand piano, from size around 1 meter up to around 3 meters. The size of
I P T I O N A S S I F A C A T I O N

grand piano is affect to the sound of piano, the longer piano have a harmoni sound, and the smaller piano have inharmonicity sound. Upright pianos, also called vertical pianos, are more compact because the frame and strings are vertical. The hammers move horizontally, and are returned to their resting position

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by springs, which are prone to wear and tear. Upright pianos with unusually tall frames and long strings are sometimes called upright grand pianos. Beside those types, there is another type of pianos, that is toy pianos. Every year this type always change, for example in 1863 the player of this piano plays from the piano role, and between 20TH and 21ST
I P T I O N

century the piano change become a digital piano. Piano have some benefit for us, for example to get a relaxation from it sound. The sound of piano can make the feeling of someone can change, from sad become happy. The other benefit is as expenditure outburst. Because of that, the player can play the music as she/he want.

Written by : Hendrocahyo

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Note of example report texts : xxx = General noun

xxx = Relational process xxx = Simple

present tense

Explanation Text

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The purpose of explanation text is to explain the process how something appear, or made, or discuss a theory, phenomena, definition,or ideology. Explanation text is used to describe or explain function from tools.

Structure of Explanation text :

o

General statement, the general statement like an opinion of writers, or phenomena that happen in nature, or something general that been known

Explain of the process, why and how it can appear

Explanation text usually use certain linguistic, they are :

o

General, and abstract noun, example ; earthquake, chopping, speech, etc.

o Action verbs o Simple prsent tense o Passive voice

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S T A T E M E N T

Example of Explanation Text :

Planetesimal Theory
In school, we learned the chapter of Solar System. In this chapter, there is some explanation about How the Solar System may have formed. This explained by some theories. One of the theory is Planetesimal theory.

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That was proposed by a geologist Thomas C. Chamberlin and an astronomer Forest R. Moulton. The theory tells that one time a star cross the space in a high speed and the position of the star nearly to the sun. The power of star is so strong,
S T A T E M E N T

so in sun gasses, that were happen tide. The effect is, gass mass of the sun are thrown and started to orbitted. Because of the attract power of sun, gass mass of the sun are detained and move to arround the sun. When the gass mass become cold, the shape is change to a liquid that started to soiled. And the gass mass become a planet.

P R O C E S S

T H E

Written by : Hendrocahyo
P R O C E S S T H E

O F

DNA - RNA
In recent years, scientific and technological developments have drastically changed

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human life on our planet, as well as our view both of our selves as individuals in society and of the universe as a whole. Perhaps one of the most profound developments of the 1970s was the discovery of recombinant DNA technology, which allows scientists to introduce genetic materials (or genes) from one organism into another.

In its simplest form, the technology requires the isolation of the piece of DNA, either directly from the DNA if the organism under study or artificially synthesized from an RNA template by using a viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase.

This piece of DNA is then legated to a fragment of bacterial DNA which has the capacity to replicate itself independently. Then recombinant molecule thus produced can be introduced into the common intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli, which can be grown in very large amounts in synthetic media. Under proper conditions, the foreign gene will not only replicate in the bacteria, but also express itself, through the process of transcription and translation, to give rise to large amounts of the specific protein coded by the
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foreign gene. The technology has already been successfully applied to the production of several therapeutically important biomolecules, such as insulin, interferon, and growth hormones. Many other important applications are under detailed investigation in laboratories throughout the world.
Taken from TOEFL Cliffs.
P R O C E S S T H E

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Note of example explanation texts :

xxx = General, and abstract noun xxx = Action verbs xxx = Simple prsent tense xxx = Passive voice

News Item

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News item is text that its content tell an event that the news is okay to be published in public. Actually, news item is part of recount text, but the difference of them are, that news item begin with date / place the event and sometimes followed by the media that report it. The purpose of news item is to make public know an important event.

The structure of News Item :

o

Newsworthy event, the point of event Background event, the background or something that make it happen, the elaboration of event, the involve people, the place, etc.

Sources, the comment of the witness, an opinion from writers, etc.

News Item usually use certain linguistic, they are :

o

Headline, the short information to the event Action verb, verb that show an activity, example ; innagurated, signed, killed, etc.

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Saying verb, speech verb, example ; said, witnessed, told, etc.

Example of News Item :

Most of RSBI Students in SMPN 1 Bekasi Didnt Pass the SMAN 1 Bekasi
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Bekasi, May 1ST 2010, is the day that most of participant wating for. They waiting the announcement of passed the SMAN 1 Bekasi. When the announcement is declared in website and in the SMAN 1 Bekasi, the amount of RSBI students in SMPN 1 Bekasi that passed the test not too much. Why it can be happen ? Maybe there is several factors that make some student of RSBI student in SMPN 1 Bekasi didnt pass to continue the schooling in SMAN 1 Bekasi. The first thing is, maybe she/he didnt study well, so it make she/he got difficult in test, just like a participant said The test is so difficult, I thought the test would be easily, but in the fact it different. I think I must study more, for to do something like that. The next factor is related of the job of the parents, sometimes the job of our parents also assessed, for example one of your parent job is a mayor, it automatically make he/she passed. This factor can be proved almost in every school .

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Another factor is related to the prestation of students when they are in junior high school, if you have a lot of prestation in high school he/she also automatically passed. A parent which they son/daughter didnt passed said that the reason why the students who has a lot of prestation passed, because the school need some students like that to get exist in public. This factor sometimes you would to finded, that is a luck factor. The following statement can be the key Yeah !!! I passed it, even I didnt study at home, maybe this day is my luck said a student who passed. The last factor is, there is a bribe between parent and the school. This factor is so familiar. This factor can be find almost in every school. Some parent who want their child could passed in the favorite school will do it, they do it just for prove to they friends or they dont be ashamed to their neighbour. Even, some of the RSBI students in SMPN1 Bekasi didnt passed to the SMAN 1 Bekasi, they sure that they can succes in another school.

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For the condition like this, we just can pray to God to help us and wish to Him so there isnt event like this happen again.

Written by : Hendrocahyo

Olympic skier Begg-Smith known as 'spam king'

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On Sunday night, Begg-Smith, who won the gold medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, lost the men's mogul competition to Canadian Alexandre Bilodeau. Begg-Smith won the silver medal; Bilodeau won the gold with a time of 23.17 seconds and a score of 26.75. Canada's Globe and Mail described Begg-Smith as a "Lamborghini-driving 24-year-old who made a fortune peddling invasive Internet spyware." The Australian newspaper cited Begg-Smith's companies as "the origin of spyware programs that can redirect a computer to porn sites or install software that floods the computer with pop-up ads." A New Zealand newspaper reported that his nickname was "spam king," and Silicon Alley Insider dubbed him the "Hated Internet Millionaire Olympic Mogul Champion." Begg-Smith's change of citizenship from Canadian to Australian (apparently the Canadians weren't as happy with his extracurricular activities) has left his

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original countrymen famously peeved and the Australians less than enthusiastic. Begg-Smith may have just become the most hated Olympic-level athlete since figure-skater-turned-boxer Tonya Harding.

Source: www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/17/tech/cnettechnews/main62 16340.shtml

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Note of example News Item texts:

xxx event

= Newsworthy

xxx = Background event xxx xxx = Sources = Headline

xxx = Action verb xxx = Saying verb

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Functional Texts

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Notice
Notice is a announcement or warning that publish briefly.

Exampe of Notice :

Dont Made by : Hendrocahyo Touch !

Dont Feed the Animal !
Made by : Hendrocahyo

Source : safety.nmsu.edu/resources/safety...igns.htm

Source : http://www.speedysigns.com/images/osha/large/NOTICE10.gif

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Greeting Card
A greeting card is an illustrated, folded card featuring an expression of friendship or other sentiment. Although greeting cards are usually given on special occasions, such asbirthdays, Christmas or other holidays, they are also sent to convey thanks or express other feeling. Greeting cards, usually packaged with an envelope, come in a variety of styles.

Example of greeting card :

Source : www.bls.gov/opub/ooq/images/2001/Fall/card1.gif

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Source :http://smsread.com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2009/12/Christmas-Greeting-Card1.JPG

Source : www.evangelsupply.com/ec17.jpg Source : 3.bp.blogspot.com

Invitation
An invitation letter serves the purpose of inviting a guest to a party, an event or a celebration while conveying more information than a traditional

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invitations card. It serves two purposes; one, to invite the individual to the event and two, to ensure that the person receiving the letter is going to attend.

Example of Invitation :

Sources : www.papercrave.com/images/blog-images/anna-bellaholiday-invitation.gif

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Source : theruleshavechanged.com/weddingfavors/images/wedding-invitation-01.gif

Source : www.kaushik.net

Source : www.guatadopt.com

Label
The term "product label" is a general term used to refer to printed information affixed to a product (typically retail products) communicated from the manufacturer to consumers or other users.

Purpose The primary purpose of a product label is to identify type, size, brand, product line, manufacturer and other

55

product-specific information in order to inform the consumer and encourage a purchase.

Foodstuffs The term "product label," when used in the context of foodstuffs, may also refer to nutritional information located on food packaging. In the United States, as in many countries, basic nutritional information and a list of ingredients must appear on the packaging.

Medicine Additional regulations exist for the product labels of pharmaceuticals. In most countries, information about active and inactive ingredients, concentrations of active ingredients and presence of habit-forming substances is required on the product label.

Materials Product labels can be made from a variety of materials. Common materials include: paper or cardboard (often attached with plastic, twine or metal staples), cloth, metal (often aluminum), and plastic.

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Example of Label :

Source : thefunctionaltext.blogspot.com/

Source : thefunctionaltext.blogspot.com/

Source : thefunctionaltext.blogspot.com/

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Source : thefunctionaltext.blogspot.com/

Advertisement
Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to take some action. It usually includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer, to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume that particular brand. Modern advertising developed with the rise of mass production in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Commercial advertisers often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services

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through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate related qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers. Different types of media can be used to deliver these messages, including traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, outdoor or direct mail; or new media such as websites and text messages. Advertising may be placed by anadvertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization. Non-commerical advertisers that spend money to advertise items other than a consumer product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations and governmental agencies. Nonprofit organizations may rely on free modes of persuasion, such as a public service announcement.

South Sulawesi Tourism Example of Advertisement :

You want see beautiful sunset in Losari Beach, see the Tongkonan and see traditional funeral in Toraja, or see the amazing waterfall in Bantimurung. Dont worry !!! Your dream will come true. You can trip there with us, Hats Family agency. Just call 02112345, and you will go there. For the 25 fastest caller, they will get a discount of price the trip, from Rp. 1,000,000 to Rp. 500,000.

Enjoy the trip !!!

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Made by : Hendrocahyo

Source : thefunctionaltext.blogspot.com/

Source : thefunctionaltext.blogspot.com/

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Source : thefunctionaltext.blogspot.com/

Short Message
Short Message is Short message that send by phone. Example of Short Message :

Sender : Mark Hey Joe, Do u know the math homework ? Please, reply it Made by : Hendrocahyo

Sender : Tiny Hi Tina ! Do u know ? that Sisca didnt come to school for several days, wuld u want to visitMade by :me ? her with Hendrocahyo

Sender : LT Sorry Nathan, 2day I cant to come to ur house 4 do our homework, beacause I would go to see my sister that had accident, a hour ago . Made by : Hendrocahyo

Sender : Hendro Hi Adit, Dont 4get to give your task to me, so I can combine it. Plis bring it in Monday

Made by : Hendrocahyo

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Announcement
An announcement is a statement made to the public or to the media which gives information about something that has happened or that will happen. An announcement in a public place, such as a newspaper or the window of a shop, is a short piece of writing telling people about something or asking for something.

Example of Announcement :

Source : thefunctionaltext.blogspot.com/

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Source : thefunctionaltext.blogspot.com/

The Paskibra Organization will compete a competition next week. To prepare it, all members that have selected have to attend the practice. Date : May, 24TH 2010 Time : 08.00 A.M Place : School field Please come on time.For the information contact me. Zaddely Renaldo Coach

Made by : Hendrocahyo

Source : thefunctionaltext.blogspot.com/

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Personal Letter
A personal letter is a type of letter which provides communicationbetween a small number of people, usually two. There are many types of personal letters and they are written for a wide variety of reasons:

One person wishes to attain information from an individual or a business.

One person wishes to tell somebody about themselves, as in pen pals.

One person wishes to present to an individual or a business a social note, such as a thank-you or acongratulation.

One person wishes to communicate with an acquaintance - friend or family, for example in order to maintain and reinforce the bond between them. Surviving personal letters are often an important source of information about the lives of historical figures.

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Example of Personal Letter :

Alfida street number 5, Halim Jakarta January,11TH 2010 Dear Albi, Hi Albi ! Long time no see ! Hows life ? I hope youre fine. Do you know ? I were from Bali, now I want to share my experience there to you. In Bali, I and my family went to many tourism object. First, I and my family went to Kuta Beach, the scenary of the beach was beautiful, and there was so many tourists, even it local or foreign. After that , we saw many fishes from boat. We could see clearly by the glasses that had been in the bottom part of boat. Next, we went to park, hmm... I forget the name, but that I know is, the park was full of monkey, maybe I will called monkey park. In there, you might not to wear jewellery set, with this way we can protect ourselves, from the monkey that would take it. In this place, you can feed the monkey. Then, we took a place for saw the traditional of Bali dance that is Legong. The move of the dancer is beautify. Enough from my story in Bali, maybe you have an excited experience like me ? I wish you could reply this message. See ya ! Your friend, Hendro

Made by : Hendrocahyo

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December 5, 2006 Frank and Joan LeRoy 245 Mansfield Drive Wiltshire, CT 06897 Dear Frank and Joan, As David's first birthday approaches, I wanted to take this opportunity to write to wish YOU a Happy Birthday as well. While a child hardly realizes the significance of a first birthday, to the parents it is a wonderfully joyous occasion as they pause and reflect on the events of the past year (and 9 months :-). I don't have to tell you, but profound changes have taken place in your life such as lost sleep, sacrifice of personal time, juggling of schedules, etc. With all of these changes though, it is so wonderful to have and to hold a child created in the image of God Himself. The Bible tells us in Genesis 1:26 "And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness..." What an awesome thought! That we are created in the image of God! He also assures us that He knows our future, and as a matter of fact has it all planned out if we will only follow that plan. Jeremiah 29:11 - For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, saith the Lord, thoughts of peace, and not of evil, to give you an expected end. It is my hope that as the years pass, you will continue to make the church an important part of David's life. This will serve to give him a Source : www.writinghelp-central.com/church-letter.html

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1735 Stanton Ave. Richmond, VA 22045 May 15, 2009

My Dear Cheryl, Loving you is so easy. There are so many reasons why I love you The little things you do, the simple gestures you make, the feelings and thoughts that you share with me. I adore the way you look, the way you move, and your infectious smile. There are so many things to love about you! Do you know I love it when you daydream and you think no one is watching? Do you know I love the way your eyes sparkle when you tell a funny story? Do you know that I love the shape of your ears? Do you know I love to watch you sleep? I could go on and on. It's important to me that you know that I love you and how much I love you. So whatever it is that you are doing, thinking or saying, as you go about your day -- know that I am there with you, loving you. Much Love, Nathan

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Source : www.writinghelp-central.com/love-lettersample1.html

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Source : www.writinghelp-central.com/letter-of501-4715 Ramona Avenue Stanstead, MN 55080 November 15, 2007 Cameron Moffatt Interim President Community Advisory Committee Stanstead General Hospital Stanstead, MN 55025 Dear Cameron: Further to our discussion after last week's meeting, this is to formally advise you that I will be stepping down from my position as Administrative Secretary of the CAC effective December 31, 2007. As I explained when we spoke, I have decided to pursue my Masters Degree and have been accepted at Northwestern University in Illinois, which means I will be living in the Chicago area most of the time for the next two years. Naturally, should I return to Stanstead when I have completed my program I would be pleased to serve with the Committee again if need be. When the Committee meets again in early January, I would ask you to please convey my regrets and farewells to the other members and advise them that serving as a member of the CAC for the past three years has been one of the most enjoyable and meaningful community service positions that I have held in my years of community service. In closing, I sincerely wish you and the other members the very best of luck with the future work of the Committee. I have no doubt that, under your able leadership, the CAC will be successful in achieving all of the fund-raising targets for Campaign 2010. resignation.html

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E-mail
Electronic mail, most is a commonly method of

abbreviated email and e-mail,

exchanging digital messages. E-mail systems are based on a store-and-forward model in which e-mail server computer systems accept, forward, deliver and store messages on behalf of users, who only need to connect to the e-mail infrastructure, typically an e-mail server, with a network-enabled device for the duration of message submission or retrieval. Originally, e-mail was always transmitted directly from one user's device to another's; nowadays this is rarely the case. An electronic mail message consists of two components, the message header, and the message body, which is the email's content. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an

originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually additional information is added, such as a subject header field. Originally a text-only communications medium, email was extended to carry multi-media content

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attachments,

which

were

standardized

in

with RFC

2045 through RFC 2049, collectively called,Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME). The foundation for today's global Internet e-mail service was created in the early ARPANET and standards for encoding of messages were proposed as early as 1973 (RFC 561). An e-mail sent in the early 1970s looked very similar to one sent on the Internet today. Conversion from the ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current service. Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the File Transfer

Protocol (FTP), but is today carried by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), first published asInternet

standard 10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of transporting e-mail messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a

message envelopeseparately from the message (header and body) itself.

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Example of E-mail :
Friday, March 3, 2006 With permission: ----- Original Message ----From: Kel To: buickman@generalwatch.com Sent: Saturday, February 25, 2006 4:57 PM Subject: Wagoner the Terminator Dear Buickman, A few months ago I discovered your General Watch website and have been hooked ever since. I work in the auto industry. In fact, I worked for General Motors for several years when I began my career more than 10 years ago. Having loved GM's products my whole life, Chevys in particular, I remember thinking back then that this was my dream job. I soon discovered otherwise. I found a company that was shockingly unenthusiastic about cars and shockingly enthusiastic about office politics and red tape. I remember one day when Rick Wagoner came to our facility in Southeast Michigan to speak to us about some forgotten topic. He was the President of NAO back then. I knew then and there that he was not the right person to lead GM into the future!! By the time I left the company, I believed in my heart, and still do, that GM would never learn its lessons or turn itself around until it was too late. As I've read your editorials, I've come to recall the scene in the movie "The Terminator" in which Kyle Reese explains to Sarah Connor in a parking garage the severity of her current situation. After he tells her that he's from the future, she tries to escape from the car in which they're sitting. He prevents this, so she bites his hand. Kyle Reese says to Sarah Connor, "Terminators don't feel pain. I do. Don't do that again." Sarah Connor attempts another escape, which Kyle Reese again prevents. Source : www.generalwatch.com/editorials/editorial.cfm?EdID=53 She struggles, and he says to her, "Listen, and understand!! That Terminator is out there! It can't be reasoned with! It can't be bargained with! It doesn't feel pity, or remorse, or fear! And it

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Source : thefunctionaltext.blogspot.com/

Source : www.mycardmaker.com/unsubscribe.html

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Source : www.technology4u.info/phishing-l...ures.php

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Another Collection Of Genre

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