Chapter 7

True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 1. Peer-to-peer networks pass packets between multiple networks. 2. NetBEUI cannot scale into large internetworks because it cannot hold Network layer information in its network header. 3. IPX/SPX can be routed across the Internet. 4. Routers use metrics to determine which routes are better than other routes. 5. For the RIP (version 1) routing protocol, hop count is the sole metric used to determine the relative desirability of a particular path. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 6. ____ protocols have packet headers that can contain Network layer addresses. a. Routed c. NetBEUI b. Nonrouted d. NetBIOS 7. ____ is a proprietary protocol suite developed by Novell. a. NetBIOS c. IPX/SPX b. NetBEUI d. TCP/IP 8. An autonomous system (AS) uses ____ as routing protocols. a. Exterior Gateway Protocols c. Limit Gateway Protocols b. Border Gateway Protocols d. Interior Gateway Protocols 9. ____ routing protocols broadcast their entire routing table to each neighbor router at predetermined intervals. a. Link-state c. Distance-state b. Distance-vector d. Link-vector

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____ 10. ____ are often referred to as count-to-infinity problems because loops, without preventive measures, will cause packets to bounce around the internetwork infinitely. a. Hop loops c. Routing loops b. Routing hops d. Hop counts ____ 11. ____ controls what information a router will send out through a particular interface. a. Defining a maximum c. Defining a minimum b. Split horizon d. Split maximum ____ 12. ____, which are the packets used to send out LSAs, allow every router in the internetwork to share a common view of the topology of the internetwork. a. SPFs c. EGPs b. OSPFs d. LSPs

____ 13. ____ is a distance-vector routing protocol that broadcasts entire routing tables to neighbors every 30 seconds, out of every interface. a. RIP c. BGP b. OSPF d. EIGRP ____ 14. The Cisco ____ command turns on RIP routing for a network. a. rip c. routing rip b. network d. rip ip on ____ 15. You use the ____ command to display the routing table. a. show ip route c. show rip b. show route d. rip table ____ 16. The ____ is the time at which a route will be totally removed from the routing table if no updates are received. a. rip interval c. hop count b. administrative distance d. flush interval ____ 17. The ____ command displays real-time rip updates being sent and received and places very high processing demands on your router, which could affect network performance. a. show ip rip c. debug ip rip b. show ip protocol d. debug ip protocol ____ 18. The ____ command allows you to set the maximum hop count for IGRP. a. metric maximum-hops c. metric hops b. igrp maximum-hops d. maximum-hops ____ 19. Routers with only one route out are known as ____. a. static routers c. stub routers b. hub routers d. start routers ____ 20. Networks with one route to the Internet are called ____. a. hub networks c. start networks b. static networks d. stub networks ____ 21. Static routes are configured by a network administrator using the ____ command. a. static route c. static ip b. ip route d. stub route ____ 22. ____ are very powerful, as they allow administrators complete control over path selection. a. RIP routes c. Static routes b. Dynamic routes d. Stub routes ____ 23. The ____ command allows you to configure an administrative distance. a. ip distance c. adm distance ip route b. d. adm route ____ 24. A ____ route is a type of static route that the administrator configures. a. stub c. breakfall b. hub d. default ____ 25. When IP routing is enabled, you can use the ____ command or the ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 command to configure a default route. a. ip default-network c. ip network default

b. ip default

d. ip default 0.0.0.0

____ 26. Default routes are sometimes called ____ routes. a. fallback c. network b. break d. quad zero Completion Complete each statement. 27. Early networks were sometimes configured as ____________________ networks, in which computers communicate with and provide services to their peers. 28. ____________________ are protocols used by routers to make path determination choices and to share those choices with other routers. 29. A(n) _________________________ is a group of routers under the control of a single administration. 30. ____________________ is a state where all routers on the internetwork share a common view of the internetwork routes. 31. Routers configured with a link-state routing protocol use ______________________________ to inform neighbor routers on the internetwork. Matching Match each item with a statement below: a. NetBEUI b. Routed protocols c. Hop count d. Metric e. BGP ____ 32. a common technique used to stop routing loops ____ 33. the most commonly used distance-vector protocol ____ 34. developed to support networks consisting of multiple networks or subnetworks ____ 35. the number of routers a packet must pass through to reach a particular network ____ 36. value used to determine the reliability of the information regarding a particular route ____ 37. packets used to send out LSAs ____ 38. value used to define the suitability of a particular route ____ 39. an example of an EGP ____ 40. the most common nonroutable protocol Short Answer f. g. h. i. Hold-down timer Link-state packets RIP Administrative distance

41. Briefly describe NetBEUI. 42. Briefly describe Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). 43. How can you limit count-to-infinity problems by defining a maximum? 44. What are some of the drawbacks of using link-state routing protocols? 45. What are some of the attributes of RIP? 46. What is administrative distance? 47. Briefly describe IGRP. 48. What are the metrics that can be configured for IGRP? 49. How can you change a route administrative distance?

50. How can you configure a default route?

Chapter 7 Answer Section

TRUE/FALSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: F T F T T PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: 1 1 1 1 1 REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: 172 172 173 175 178

MULTIPLE CHOICE 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: A C D B C B D A B A D C A C D B C B D A D PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: 173 173 175 176 177 178 178 180 182 182 183 184 186 187 187 187 188 188 189 189 189

COMPLETION 27. ANS: peer-to-peer PTS: 1 REF: 172 28. ANS: Routing protocols PTS: 1 REF: 174 29. ANS: autonomous system (AS)

autonomous system AS PTS: 1 REF: 175 30. ANS: Convergence PTS: 1 REF: 176 31. ANS: link-state advertisements (LSAs) link-state advertisements LSAs PTS: 1 MATCHING 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: F H B C I G D E A PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: 178 179 173 174 183 178 174-175 176 172 REF: 178

SHORT ANSWER 41. ANS: Several nonroutable protocols exist in todays networking world, but NetBEUI, short for NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface, is the most common. NetBEUI ships with all Microsoft Windows operating systems. In small, peer-to-peer networks, NetBEUI is easy to configure and use. It is also fast and efficient. Unfortunately, NetBEUI cannot scale into large internetworks because it cannot hold Network layer information in its network header. Without this information, packets cannot be routed between multiple network segments. Therefore, if you try to use NetBEUIor any nonroutable protocolin a network with multiple networks, communication between the networks will fail. PTS: 1 REF: 172 42. ANS: EIGRP is a hybrid routing protocol developed by Cisco to overcome some of the limitations associated with IGRP, in particular, and distance-vector routing protocols in general. As a hybrid routing protocol, EIGRP combines the best attributes of both distance-vector and link-state routing protocols. Additionally, EIGRP, when used with the no auto summary command, can support variable-length subnet masking (VLSM). EIGRP, like IGRP, is Cisco proprietary and can only be used between Cisco routers. IGRP has been replaced by EIGRP in the most recent versions of the Cisco IOS. PTS: 1 REF: 175

43. ANS: Defining a maximum is one of the easiest ways to limit count-to-infinity problems. If you assign a packet a maximum hop count, it cannot bounce infinitely around the internetwork. RIP, one of the most common distance-vector protocols, defines a maximum hop count of 15. Therefore, if a routing loop did occur on a RIP internetwork, the packet would only travel through 15 routers before the packet exceeded its TTL and was dropped. In other words, the 16th router that the packet tried to cross on a RIP internetwork would see that the packet had exceeded its TTL and would drop the packet. PTS: 1 REF: 178 44. ANS: Using link-state routing protocols does have some drawbacks. Due to the complexity of the Shortest Path First algorithm and the need to hold a view of the entire internetwork topology, routers using link-state protocols must be configured with more memory and processing power than those using distance-vector routing protocols. In addition, link-state routing protocols such as OSPF are much more complicated to configure on the routers. This is why, for smaller scale internetworks, distance-vector routing protocols such as RIP and IGRP are typically used instead of OSPF. PTS: 1 REF: 179 45. ANS: RIP has the following attributes: It is a distance-vector routing protocol. It has a maximum hop count of 15. 16 hops is considered infinity. Hop count is the only metric available for path selection. It broadcasts the entire routing table to neighbors every 30 seconds. It is capable of load balancing. It is easy to configure. PTS: 1 REF: 180 46. ANS: Administrative distance is a value used to determine the reliability of the information regarding a particular route. Administrative distances range from 0255. The larger the number, the less reliable the routing protocol is considered to be. The more reliable routing protocol will always be favored over the less reliable and will therefore have its route installed in the IP routing table of the router. PTS: 1 REF: 183 47. ANS: IGRP is a proprietary distance-vector routing protocol created by Cisco to solve some of the problems associated with RIP. A larger hop-count metric allows IGRP to be used on larger networks. In fact, IGRP supports a hop count of 255, although 100 is the default if hop count is configured to be used as a metric. If, for example, IGRP is configured to use hops as a metric and 255 hops is the value configured, on the 256th hop IGRP will return an ICMP destination network unreachable message. In some situations you may actually want to reduce IGRPs hop count to speed convergence and route processing. The metric maximum-hops command allows you to set the maximum hop count for IGRP. You should set the hop count to the maximum number of routers within your network if you are going to use hops with IGRP. PTS: 1 48. ANS: REF: 186

IGRP does not use hops as a metric by default. The default metrics for IGRP are bandwidth and delay only. IGRP can also be configured to use load and reliability metrics. The metrics that can be configured for IGRP are: HopsNumber of routers between source and destination networks LoadThe load on a link in the path BandwidthThe speed of the link (default) ReliabilityMeasures reliability with a scale of 0 to 255 DelayThe delay on the medium (default) MTUThe size of the datagram PTS: 1 REF: 186 49. ANS: The ip route command also allows you to configure an administrative distance, which, as discussed previously, is a value used by the router to select the best route to a destination when there are two or more different routes to the same destination being reported from more than one source. Static routes have a much lower default metric than routes learned by dynamic routing protocols, because a static route is considered to be a preferred route since someone took the trouble to enter it. Of course, if you want the static route to be used as a backup route to one learned via a dynamic routing protocol, be sure to set the administrative distance of the static route higher than that of the default dynamic routing protocol. Remember, unless you add an administrative distance value to the end of your ip route command, the administrative distance will be 1. PTS: 1 REF: 188 50. ANS: When you connect a router to the Internet, as a practical matter, you cannot and would not want to enter all of the possible networks that are beyond your network. The table would be massive and difficult to maintain. Once you have the routing table set up to handle all of the networks that you care to configure, and you want all other packets to go to a specific location (usually a router that connects to the Internet), you can enter a default route for your router. When you do, all packets that are not defined specifically in your routing table will go to the specified interface for the default route. A default route is a type of static route that the administrator configures. Without a default route, all packets addressed to destinations on networks not specifically listed in the routing table will not reach their destinations. This is why most network administrators use a combination of dynamic routing protocols and static routes to maintain the routing tables on their routers. In the case of stub networks, very often only static routing is used. When IP routing is enabled, you can use the ip default-network command or the ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 command to configure a default route. PTS: 1 REF: 189