CHAPTER

TANGENTS AND NORMALS

6.1 SLOPES OF TANGENT AND NORMAL In chapter 4, we have learnt that the slope of the tangent to a continuous curve y=f(x) at a point P(xvy$ is equal to i \ ^ . Thus, if the tangent to the curve y =/(*) at point . AxvyJ (xv y^ makes an angle 6 with x-axis, then Therefore, Slope of the normal at P = Slope of the tangent at P 1 'df dx
v

\dyJP
y

6.2 EQUATIONS OF TANGENT AND NORMAL We know that the equation of a straight line passing through (xv y^ and having slope m is y - yx - m (x - Xj). Since tangent and normal to the curve y = f(x) at point and (*i/J/i) pass through P and have slopes dl dx u \ M/Vi) -1 respectively. Therefore, the equation of the tangent dx V Jxlfyl at (xi,yi) to y = / ( x ) is y-y\ tan8 = n\ JiXy^) (x - x{) = dx V J(XV yj) at (x\, y\) is

If the tangent at P is parallel to x-axis, then 0 = 0 => tan 0 = 0

v

The equation of the normal to y=f(x) -1 - (x y~y i = dR dx y (^yi) or, y-y i =

dx i.

J(xv y2)

= 0

If the tangent at P is parallel to y-axis, then 6 = - = > c o t 0 = O=>

= 0.

(X-X{)

){xvy J

\fVjXy yj)

REMARK 1

We know that the normal to a curve at a point P {x\, y\) is a line perpendicular to the tangent at P and passing through P.

V
v

dx

= oo, then the tangent at P (xv y^) is parallel to

y

y-axis and its equation is x = xv

5.16

MATHEMATICS FOR IIT-JEE

= 0, then the normal at P (xv y j is parallel to \ JP ip v y-axis and its equation is x = xv REMARK 3 The equations of tangent and normal to the curve having its paramaetric equations x =f(t)andy=g(t) are given by

REMARK 2

V dx

y-g

w =

(Equation of tangent) d^{x-f(t)\ (Equation of normal)

and, y-g(t) respectively.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES EXAMPLE L The slope of the curve 2y2 = ax2 + b at (1, -1) is - 1. Find a, b SOLUTION The equation of the curve is 2y = ax + b Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get Now, 41/4^ = J dx dy ax dx ~ 2y dy v k~
dx 2 2

= 3x2 - 1 1
=>

"

-i

= 12 = 2 = 2
3 y\ = 2 -

...(i)

[Using (i)]

Xi = 2 y = ( - 2) - 1 1 ( - 2) + 5 = 19 [Using (i)]

i)

It is given that the slope of the tangent at (1, - 1) is - 1. Therefore, - = - ! = > = 2. Since the point (1, - 1 ) lies on (i). Therefore 2 (-l) 2 = a(l)2 + b => a + b = 2. - Putting a=2 in a + b = 2, we obtain b = 0. Hence, a = 2 and b = 0. EXAMPLE2 Find the point on the curve y-x - llx + 5 at which the tangent has the equation y-x - 11. SOLUTION Let the required point be P(xv yx). Since (Xj, y2) lies on y-x Now, y = x - llx + 5 ? = 3X2-11 dx dx , , V J(Xy y j = 3xf-ll 11 is tangent at the point (xl7 y{). There- l l x + 5. Therefore, yi = x{-llxi +5 ...(i)

So, two points are (2, - 9) and (- 2,19). Of these two points ( - 2 , 1 9 ) does not lie on y = x - 11. Therefore, the required point is (2,-9).

EXAMPLE 3 The curve y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 5 touches the x-axis at P ( - 2,0) and cuts the y-axis at the point Q where its gradient is 3. Find the equation of the curve completely. [IIT1994] SOLUTION We have, y = ax3 + bx2 + cx+ 5
2 dx = 3ax + 2bx + c

Since the curve y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 5 touches the x-axis at P ( - 2,0). This means that the curve passes through P ( - 2,0) and x-axis is the tangent at P ( - 2, 0). 0 = - 8a + 4b - 2c + 5 =*8a-4b + 2c = 5 ...(i)

and, ' a l . o dx v yP 3a(-2f + 2bx(-2) +c =0 ...(ii)

12a-4b + c = 0 The curve y = ax+ bx +cx + 5 fleets y-axis at Q. Putting x = 0 in y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 5, we get y = 5 Thus, the coordinates of Q are (0,5). It is given that the gradient of the curve at Q is 3. dx = 3 JQ

Since the line y-xfore,

Slope of the tangent at (xv y2) = Slope of the line y = x - 11. iin dx = Slope of the line x - y - 11 = 0 J(x v yd

TANGENTS AND NORMALS

6.3

=> 3ax0 + 2bx0 + c = 3 c = 3 Putting c = 3 in (i) and (ii), we get 8a-4b = - 1 and 12a - 4b = - 3 1 3 Solving these two equations, we get a = - - and& = - - . Substituting the values offl,frand c in the equation of the curve, we obtain y = - ^ x 3 - f x 2 + 3x + 5 * 2 . 4 as the equation of the curve. EXAMPLE 4 Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = (1 + x) + sin" (sin x) at x = 0. SOLUTION We have, y = (l + xy + sin" 1 (sin 2 *) Putting x = 0, we get y = (1 + 0) + sin" => y = 1. Thus, we have to write the equation of the normal to (i) at P ( 0,1). Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get ^ = eylog(i + *) d { y l 0 g ( l &v rfx dx
+ y 1 y 1 2

x m -1 dx
/

The equation of the tangent at (xi, y\) is given by

f J \

y - j / i = .dx .
-b"

(X-Xj) 1 (x-xa)

\m-

or,

y-yj

OT/amyy^-1-amyr^ or, (bmx-l)x / m -1 \ _ 1 or, ...(i) or, V \ am

= -bm x-1 x + bm x = bmx^

+

[IIT 1993]

+ {amy~l)y

amx^ Dividing both sides by am bm . (.Tp y1) lies on (i) .

^ y? fj/T1! X+ y = + y bm m b v y y
X + J

(sin 0)

yr-1!
bm

y =

$- +yT .

= 1

Thus, the equation of the tangent to (i) at {x\, y\) is x m -1 x - + 0 v by a v y EXAMPLE 6 Pircd equation of tangent to the curve 2/3 273 2/3 x +y =a flf (xv ya). Hence, proi?e f/zaf the length of the portion of tangent intercepted between the axes is constant. SOLUTION We have, ^ / 3 + y 2/3 = a 2/3 ...(i) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 2 -i/3 + 2 - i / 3 ^ dx ^X rfx v y (*i,yi)
= = 0

x)) + . 1 4 j -^ (sin2 x) Vl-sin x 2 sin x cos x cosxl \ l + sin"x

Putting x = 0 and y = 1, we obtain v y dx

=

dx y 1

x0+lL+0 p

Hence, the equation of the normal at P (0,1) is y - 1 = - l(x-0) x v + *- = lat the point {xvy{). a b SOLUTION We have,
*m yl ^ + -Z= 1 am bm
m m

1/3 -1/3 1/
v -1/3

or, x + y = 1 y B ...(i)

EXAMPLE 5 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve

yi

1/3

\l/3 yi I

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get m

vm-1 x"* *

ym~1 +m^ m b
/

dy ^ -0 dx
\ m -

dx

am

y' Fig. 6.2

6.4

MATHEMATICS FOR IIT-JEE

The equation of the tangent at (xy y{) is y-y\ dy_ dx f

or

{x \!/3

Xx)

dx v / (*i< =>

djL = -sin(x1+y1)U + dx 1 ft)

1 --=-sin^+yj) sin(x 1 +y 1 ) = l Squaring (i) and (ii) and then adding, we get cos2 (x1 + y,) + sin 2 (x1 + y : ) = y t 2 + 1

y-yi y-y\

= -

y\
X

(x - xx)

V ^

=>

or,
or

or, or,

y\'3 -1/3,2/3 _ m -1/3 x 2 / 3 ^ 2 / 3 xx1 yyi = i +y i -1/3 _ .2/3 xx.-1/3. Wl

x- x vV3

= => (ii)

l=I/i2 + l
yi

= 0

1 [. (xv y{) lies on (i) /. x 2 / 3 + y f / 3 = a2/3-j

Putting yi = 0 in (i) and (ii), we get cos x2 = 0 and s i n x j = 1 =>

=

Suppose the tangent at P (xi, y{) meets the coordinate axes at A and B respectively. Putting y - 0 in (ii), we get _ ,2/3 xx-1/3 = a x = a2/3 1/3 So, the coordinates of A are (a2/3 x / / 3 , 0 ) Now, putting x = 0 in (ii), we get yy{1/3 = *2/3 y = a2/3yl/3

[-,

-2n<x1<2n]

Hence, the points of contact are (ti/2, 0) and (- 3n/2, 0) The slope of the tangent is ( - 1/2). Therefore, equations of tangents are y - o - i
X

71 ~2

and y - 0 =

3n x+ Y

=> 2x + 4y-7t = 0 and 2x + 4y + 37t = 0 EXAMPLE 8 Determine the quadratic curve y = / (x) if it touches the line y-xat the point x = 1 and passes through the point (- 1, 0). SOLUTION Let the required quadratic curve be y = ax2 + bx + c ...(i) ...(ii)
3

So, the coordinates of B are (0, a2/3 yj / 3 ) AB = V ^ x ^ V + ^ y j )

2

= V

4/3

xa

2/3

t-.. ^

+ y2/3 = fl2/3]

It passes through ( - 1, 0). Therefore, 0 = a- b+ c Since the line y = x touches (i) at x = 1. Therefore, (Slope of the tantent at x = 1) = (Slope of the line y = x) in dx Jx=l
=

= fl, which is a constant. Hence, the length of the portion of the tangent intercepted between the axes is constant. EXAMPLE 7 Find all the tangents to the curve y = cos (x + y), -2n<x<2n that are parallel to the line x + 2y = 0. [IIT1985] SOLUTION Let the point of contact of one of the tangents be (Xy 1/2). Then, (xv y1) lies on y- cos (x + y) yx = cos(x 1 +y 1 ) ...(i) Since the tangents are parallel to the line x + 2y = 0. Therefore, Slope of the tangent at {xv y{) = (Slope of the line x + 2y = 0 dx I , 2

1 ...(iii) y = ax2 +frx+ c = 2ax +

2a + b = 1

Putting x = 1 in y = x, we get y = 1 Thus, passes through (1,1). 1 =a+b+c Solving (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
...(iv)

The equation of the curve is y = cos (x + y) Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dx = - sin (x + y). dx

1 1 1 A a = -,b u = and c = -

Substituting these values in (i), we get x2 x 1 y = - + - + as the required quadratic curve.

TANGENTS AND NORMALS

6.5

EXAMPLE 9 Determine the constant c such that the straight line joining the points (0, 3) and (5, -2) is tangent to the curve c y ~x + l' SOLUTION The equation of the line joining (0,3) and (5, - 2) is

EXAMPLE 10 Prove that all normals to the curve x = a cos t + at sin t,y -a sin t -at cos t are at a distance a from the origin. SOLUTION We have, x = a cos t + at sin t and y = a sin t - at cos t % = at cos t and ^ = at sin t at at <k dy dt at sin , . => = = = tan t dx ax at cos t dt [IIT1983]

or, y - 3 = - x or, x + y - 3. c Suppose it touches the curve y = Now, c V = x+1 dldx -c (Xl +1) 2 at (;q, yi).

The equation of the normal at any point t is given by 1 {x - (a cos t + at sin t)} y - (a sin t - at cos t) = tan t cos t y-(asintat cos t) = {x - {a cos t + at sin t)} y sin t - (a sin t - at sin t cos t) = - x cos t + a cos2 + x cos + y sin t = a Length of the perpendicular from the origin to (i) sin t cos t ...(i)

But, x + y = 3 touches the curve at (x\, y\). Therefore, Slope of the tangent at (xv y{) = - 1. -1 ^ => - c (x + 1)2 ...(i)

10 cos t + 0 sin t - a I -=a Vcos21 + sin 2 t Hence, all normals to the given curve are at a distance a from the orgin. EXAMPLE 11 Find the points on the curve 91/2 = x3 where normal to the curve makes equal intercepts with the axes. SOLUTION Let the required point be {xv y{). The equation of the curve is Since (x\, yi) lies on the curve. Therefore, r 3 9yi 2 = X1 Now,
3 9^ = x

(*! + l) 2 = C

Since (*i, y{) lies on the line and also on the curve. Therefore, ...(ii) *i+yi = 3 and, J/i =
+1

...(hi)

...(i)

From (i) and (iii), we obtain x1 = VT - 1 and yl = c Substituting these values in (ii), we get Vc~-lVc = 3

dx

=> l4c = 4 => 4c = 2 c = 4 ALITER The line x + y = 3 touches the curve y = fore, x+ t = 3 or, x -2x + c-3 x+l
C
9

dx x y ( v yx)

X2 63/ 2 fL

Since the normal to the curve at (x\, yi) make equal intercepts with the coordinate axes. Therefore, Slope of the normal = 1
X+ l

Theredx

1 (*i/yi)

= 1

= 0 must have equal roots

:. 4 - 4 ( c - 3 ) = 0 = > c = 4.

'if dx v y

= 1

6.6

MATHEMATICS FOR IIT-JEE

= 1

Suppose this normal meets the coordinate axes at A and B respectively. Then, the c o o r d i n a t e s of A a n d B are A (2a sin t, 0) and B (0,2a cos t) respectively. AB = W sin 2 + 4a2 cos 2 t = V4^2 (sin2 t + cos2 0 = 2a. Hence, the length of the segment intercepted between the coordinate axes is constant. EXAMPLE 13 Find the points at which the tangents to the curves y = x3 - x - 1 and y = 3x2-4x + l are parallel. Also, find the equations of tangents. SOLUTION Let y = mx + c be tangent to y = 3x2 - 4x + 1 at point (xy yx). Then, 3x2 - 4x + 1 - (mx + c) = 0 must have equal roots.

x1 = 6 y1 x24 = 36 y2 x r = 36 V = 4*2 [Using (ii)]

v9y v ,

(x1 - 4) = 0 = 0,4 Putting Xi = 0 in (i), we get 9yi

2

= 0 =>

Vl

= 0

=> 3x2 -x(4 + m) + l - c = 0 must have equal roots => (4 + m)2 - 12 (1 - c) = 0 => m2 + 8m + 4 + 12 c = 0 c= (m2 + 8m + 4) 12

Putting x\ - 4 in (i), we get 9y, = 4

2 3

But, the line making equal intercepts with the coordinate axes cannot pass through the origin. Hence, the required points are (4,8/3) and (4, - 8/3). EXAMPLE 12 Prove that the segment of the normal to the curve x = 2asint + asmt cos2 t, y --a cos 3 1 contained between the coordinate axes is equal to 2a. SOLUTION We have, x = 2a sin t + a sin t cos2 t and y = -a cos 3 1 o 9 dx = 2a cos t + a cos t - 2a cos t sin i dt = 2a cos t (1 - sin 2 t) + a cos 3 t = 3a cos 3 t and, at = 3a cos2 t sin t

Since y = mx + c touches y = 3x2 - 4x + 1 at (x\, y\). Therefore, dx - m (*ryi) m+4

6x1 -4 = m
x

Since, (xv y2) lies on y = 3x2 - 4x + 1. Therefore, yj = 3 x2 - 4 x1 +1 Vi = 3 A2 m+4 -4 m+4 +1

dy _ dy/dt dx dx/dt 3a cos t sin t 3a cos3 t tan t

m2 - 4 3/1 = 12 Thus, y = mx + c or, y = mxm2 + 8m + 4 is tangent to the 12 m+4 m - 4 12

The equation of the normal at t is given by y J + a cos3 t = - , ] , (x -2asint-a dy/dx sin t cos2 t)

curve y = 3x - 4x + 1 at the point

2 y + a cos3 t = - cot t (x - 2a sin t - a sin t cos t)

3 , cos t , . , . , 2 v + a cos = - --- (x -2asmt-asmt cos fN t) sin f

It is given that the two curves have parallel tangents. So, slope of the tangent to the curve y = x3 - x -1 is also m. Let the point of contact of the tangent of slope m be (x2, yi). Then, *L =m dx . . v J(x2, y2)

x cos t + y sin t = 2a sin t cos

TANGENTS AND NORMALS

6.7

3X2 - 1 = w x0 = Now,

From (i) and (ii), we get

fc2-

" '

m 3+ 1 and m > - 1 v
3/2
= x

9 9 = sin ft + cos ft vy /z2

(^2/ 3/2) li e s on y = x 3 - x - 1. 2 ~ x2 ~ 1 m+1 -1

= > i t 2 f t 2 + ^ = ft2
=> ^2ft2 = ft2-^

, m+1 y2 = y2 = - i > m+1

3

m+1_ ^ m-2 3

m+1 y2 = - i V 3
y2 =
m - 2

Hence, (ft, /c) lies on the curve x2y2 = x2 - y2. EXAMPLE 15 Find the equations of the tangents drawn to the curve y2 - 2x3 - 4y + 8 = 0/rom fte pomf (1,2).
SOLUTION

Suppose the tangent drawn from (1,2) to the curve

y 2 - 2x3 - 4y + 8 = 0 touches the curve at (ft, fc). We have, y 2 - 2x3 - 4y + 8 = 0 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
J

V3 (m +1)

Thus, the points of contact of tangent of slope m to the curve y-x 3 ' 9 m > -1. The equation of the tangent at this point is 'if y-y 2 = dx (x - x2) -x-1 are , where

~(i)

dx

dx dy = 3x2 dx ~ y - 2 dx Xh,k) 3ft k-2

-Jm y + 1 - V 3 /r- + 1) = m f x + V - ^+1 ^ + m-2 (m y = mx

2V1 3+m

The equation of the tangent at (ft, /c) is y-/c = 3ft (x-ft) k-2 3ft (1-ft) Jt 2 = 3ft2 (l-/z) ...(iii) ...(iv) ...(ii)

EXAMPLE 14 Tangents are drawn from the origin to the curve y = sin x. Proi?e ffta ftdr poms 0/ contact lie on the curve ^ W - y
SOLUTION
2

It passes through (1,2). Therefore, 2-k =

Let (ft, A:) be a point of contact of tangents from the origin to the curve y = sin x. Now, y = sinx dy_ , = cosx dx = cos h The equation of the tangent at (h, k) is y-k or, y-k (x-h) = fk dx J(h,k) = cos ft (x - ft) -hcosh ...(i) ...(ii)

- (k-2)2

=> 3 f t 3 - 3 f t 2 - /c2 + 4/c-4 = 0 Also, (ft, /c) lies on (i). Therefore, /c2 - 2ft3 -4k+ 8 = 0 Adding (iii) and (iv), we get ft3 - 3ft2 + 4 = 0 => (ft - 2) 2 (ft + 1) = 0 => ft = - 1 , 2 . Putting ft = 2 in (iii), we get 24 - 12 - /c2 + 4/c - 4 = 0 => A2 - 4/c - 8 = 0 => k = 22V3" ft = - 1 gives imaginary values of k.

It passes through (0,0). Therefore, -k = => k h cos h Also, (ft, A:) lies on the curve. Therefore, k = sin ft

6.8

MATHEMATICS FOR IIT-JEE

Thus, the points are (2,2 2^3). Putting the values of h and k in (ii), we obtain the following equations of the tangent y - ( 2 + 2V3) = 2<3(x-2)
2 3

a 3 + b3 = c 3 ai 3 + bi3 = c 3

-(i) ...(ii)

and y-(2-<3)

= -2<3

(x-2).

EXAMPLE 16 Fznd f f e equation of the tangent

to x3 = ay1 at the

point A (at , at ). Find also the point where this tangent meets the curve again.
SOLUTION The equation of the curve is

x3 = ay2 Differentrating w.r.t. x, we get ^ dy _ 3x dx lay 'if dx . , V Xat, at)

2

and, Slope of the tangent = Slope of the line joining (a, b) and (i/ h) a2 h-b ...(iii) 2 a a b i~ From (i) and (ii), we get a 3 + b 3 = a 3 + b 13 => a3 -a3 = - (b3 - b3) a1-a b2 + bb1 + b2 a2 + aa1 + a2

...(i)

3 H 2a2 t3

3t 2

b,-b ^
a

_a2

+ aal + a2

\ ~ a ~ b^ + b b ^ b 2

...(iv)

The equation of the tangent at (at2, at3) is y-af y-at3 3tx-2y-at = = = 0 dx U2, a?) (x - at )

From (iii) and (iv), we get a2 + aax + a2

a 2

b2 + b\ + b2 ~ b2 => a? b2 + aa1 b2 + a2b2 = a2 b? + a2 bbx + a2b2 ...(ii) => a2b2 - a2 b2 = a2 bb-y - b2 aa^ (a\ b + abi) (a\ b - ab{) - ab (iab\ - ba{) =>
a

y(*-f2)

Let B (ati , ati) be the point where this tangent again meets the curve. 31 xat2 3 2 2

b + ab-y = -ab \ a
b

2atx3

-at
3

=0

[v Point B lies on (ii)]

=> 2t1 - 3 t 1 +1 = 0 (tl-tf(2tl + t) = 0 ti=-t/2.

i b

^ = t or, ^ = - 1 / 2 Since ^ = gives the point A itself. Therefore, Hence, the required point is B of 4
7

EXAMPLE 18 Prove that the portion of the tangent intercepted between the axes at any point on the curve xmyn = am + n is divided at its point of contact in a constant ratio. SOLUTION Let P (xv y^) be an arbitrary point on the curve xmyn = am + n. Now,
xmyn = am +

zaf 8

EXAMPLE 17 7/tfze tangent at (a, b) to the c e curve x3-\-y3 = c3 meet a, b, the curve again in (alf b{), prove that
SOLUTION

m log x + n log y = (m + n) log a m n dy - + =0 x y dx d}L dx

=

The equation of the curve is x 3 + y3 = c3. Differntiating w.r.t. x, we get 3x2 + 3y2& u dx =0 X i
2
.2

[Differentiating w.r.t. x] _mt nx

fy _ dx

dx x ~X*vyx)

n Xi " 1

The equation of the tangent at (xy y\) is

y~y\ =

dx (a,b) \ If the tangent at (a, b) cuts the curve again at (ay b\), then nx-i

(x - x{)

TANGENTS AND NORMALS

6.9

ft(y-yi) V\

_ _ '

m(x-x1)
x

So, the coordinates of P2 are Now, dx = 3 (- 21)2 = 1212

mx
x

ny V\

= m+n

Suppose it meets the coordinate axes at A and B respectively. Then, the coordinates of A and B are given by (m + n) xx m PA ,0 ,B 0, (m + n) y1

The equation of the tangnet at P2 (- 21, - St3) is y + St3 = 12 f 2 (x + 2t) The x-coordinates of the point where this tangent meets with the curve y = x 3 is given by x 3 + St3 = 122 (x + 2t) => x 3 - 122 x -16 3 = 0 => (x + 2tf(x-4t) => x = 4 = 0 [. x = - 2f corresponds to point P2]

-Vf^-x,
_ Vn2 x2 + m2 y2 m

+ ( y i - o )2

and, PB (m + n) y i ) | 2 X 2 J (o-^r+jyi--|

Putting x = 4f in y = x3, we get y = 64 f 3

_ ^n 2 x i 2 + n => PA : PB = n:m. Hence, P divides AB in a constant ratio. EXAMPLE 19 Tangent at point Px (other than (0,0)) on the curve y = x meets the curve again at P 2 . The tangent at P2 meets the curve at P 3 and so on. Show that the abscissae ojPv P 2 , Py GP. Also, find the ratio area A P1 P2 P3 area A P 2 P 3 P4
SOLUTION
3

Thus, the coordinates of P3 are Continuing like this, we obtain the coordinates of P4 as (- St, - 5\2t3). The abscissae of Pi, P2, P3, P4 f , - 2 f , 4f , - 8 f Clearly, they form a GP with common ratio - 2. Now,

are

, Pnform a

[IIT1993]

Aa = Area of AP 1 P 2 P 3 = - - 2 f At and, A2 = Area of A P 2 P 3 P 4 = |

f3 -8 3 (At3

1 1 1

Let P1 (t, t ) be any point on the curve y = x .

Now, y = x dx dx = 3z At,

- 2f - 8 r 1 4f 64f3 1 - 8f - 5123 1

The equation of the tangent at (t, t ) is y - f3 = 312 (X - t) => 3t2x-y is given by 32 x - x 3 = It3 => x 3 -3t2 x + It3 = 0 => (x-1) 2 (x + 20 = 0 => x = - It
3

= x - 2 x - 8

-2t 41

f - St3 (At3

= 2t3
3

...(i)

= 16 Aa.
=

This meets the curve y = x again at P2 whose x-coordinate [Putting y = x 3 in (i)]

OX

_1_ l 16 xm \F = I.

~ 16

Area of A P1P2P3 ' Area of A P 2 P 3 P 4

['. x = t corresponds to point P2]

EXAMPLE 20 Fznd f/ze condition that the line

Putting x = - 2t in y = x , we obtain y = (-21) 3 = - S t 3

x cos a + y sin a = p may touch the curve +

SOLUTION

We have,

6.10

MATHEMATICS FOR IIT-JEE

xm am mxm~1

v" bm

...(i)

(a cos a)m/{m~l) + (b sin a ) m / ( m " = p m/ ^ m ~ l \ which is the required condition. EXAMPLE 21 Find the condition that the line x cos a + y sin a = p may touch the curve xm yn = am + n. SOLUTION Suppose the line x cos a + y sin a = p touches the curve xmyn = am + n at (xv y1}. Therefore, xx cos a +1/1 sin a = p and Now, xy\ = am + n ...(i) ...(ii)

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get mym~l / \m- 1 dy = 0 dx

Kb Suppose the line x cos a + y sin a = p touches (i) at (xlf t/{). m a"1 and, '(k dx , V AxvyJ -bn / \ra - 1 m ...(ii)

dy dx

-bm nm

xmyn

= am +

m log x + n log y = (m + n) log a fi m n dy - +- j = 0 x y dx dy_ dx dx

=

A
(x-x2) Jb 1 (x - x2)
u y

The equation of the tangent to (i) at (x\, y\) is

_rny_ n x mVi n x-,'

y-yi m-1 yi

The equation of the tangent to xm x/1 = am + n at (xlf yi) is

yL ~ yi =

( y - y i) yy^"1

yi m

-XXm-1 m m 1 | yi a = 1 ...(iii) [Using (i)]

mV i / x 1 n x- (x - x . ) = (m + n)x1y1

or, or,

(my{)x + (nx{)y
/

.,. x r m - 1 yy i - 1 / \( X a a v y

m\ ly

v X

x+

f n_ \
v

y - m + n.

\m -1
v

v y

h by

If the line x cos a + y sin a = p touches xmyn = am + t at / yi)/ then this should be same as x cos a + y sin a = p. A yi sin a n y1 sin a m+n m+n P np (m + n) sin a

If the line x cos a + y sin a = p touches (i) at (x\, y{), then this line and (iii) must coincide. / 11 a
y

*1 cos a m x-, cos a

\m-1
v

\W - 1 h b
y

1 V \m - 1 Xi = 1 fr sin a V

cos a \tn-l
v

sin a a cos a and

mp (m + n) cos ayy\ ^

0 cos a

P \1/m - 1

Vi &y yi

Substituting the values of m and n in (ii), we get mp [ (m + n) cos a j => rnmnnpm

+n

and

ft sm a l / m - l > fr P ;

I np ] (m + n) sin a
+n

_ ^

= (rn + n)m + nam

( cos a) m (sin a) n .

Subsituting the values of ^ and ~ in (ii), we get a cos a

m / ( m

This is the required condition.

EXAMPLE 22 Fznd condition that the line Ax + By-1 may be a

-1)

b sin a

\m/(m -1) = 1

normal to the curve an ~1 y = x n .

TANGENTS AND NORMALS

6.11 SOLUTION The equations of t w o curves are

Let the line Ax + By = \ be normal to the curve a " y = X at point (x1, y{). Then, (x1, y{) lies on the curve as well as on the line and the slope of the normal at (xv is same as the slope of the line. Now,
SOLUTION
n 1 n a

y = f(x)
and, y = f ( x ) sin x Solving these t w o equations, w e get /(x) = /(x). sinx => sinx = 1

...(i)
...(ii)

y =
=

[... / ( x ) > 0 ]

rfy dx

n x" n /

x = 2nn + - ' n e Z nxn~l .y ... a ~ y = x 1 xn /. fl""1 = y ^

n 1 n

.72-1

dx ^L
=

x = (4n + l ) - ' n e Z. Differentiating (i) and (ii) w.r.t. x, we get

X m
x

= f'(x) and ^ =/'(*) sin x + /(x) cos x

dx

-ft)

i is

mi = Slope of the tangent to (i) at x = (4n + 1) 7l]

The equation of the normal at (xv

y-y i

(x - x a )

and, m2 = Slope of the tangent to (ii) at x = (4n + 1) = /' (4n + l ) ~ sin (4n + l ) ^ +/ (4n + l ) ~ cos (4rc + l ) ~

2 => xx1 + nyyl - ny2 + xl l

But the normal at (x\, y\) is given to be Ax-+ By = 1. Therefore, comparing these two, we obtain A /i B
n

y\ + x \ 1

= a , say
2

= / ' (4n + l ) -

xx = AX, y2 n B2X2

BX and ny n

+ xt2 = X

+A2X2 = X

Clearly, m\ = m2. Hence, the two curves have common tangents at common points. EXAMPLE 24 Find the equation of a straight line which is tangent to one point and normal to the other point on the curve x = 4t2 + 3,y = 8t3-l.
SOLUTION

(B2 + A2 n)X = n X= x,1 = A B +An An and Vi = 1 B + A2n B2 + A2n

2 2 2

The parametric equations of the given curve are

x = At2 + 3 and y St3 1

/. ^

dt

= St a n d f

dt

= 24f2

NT N

da

Since (x\, y\) lies on the curve an

y = xn. Therefore,

'dx

dy/dt 24 dxW = -W

= 3t

The equation of the tangent to the given curve at any point t is given by y - (St3 - 1) = 3t (x - 42 - 3) (4i2 + 3, St3 - 1 ) must satisfy it. St3 - 1 - (St3 - 1 ) = 31 (4 tx2 + 8 ( t - 1 3 ) = 121 (f a 2 -1 2 ) =>4 (tl- t) (2 (tx2 + t2 + ttx) - 31 (tt +1)} = 0 3-4t2-3) ...(ii)

an~l B B2 + A2 n
a"

\n An B 2 + A2 n = ( . A n f , w h i c h is the required

If this t a n g e n t meets the curve again at t\, then

n-lA Bum2_ A n)n (B2 +

condition.

EXAMPLE 23 Prove that the curves y =f (x),(f (x)> 0) and y f(x) sin x, where f(x) is differentiable function, have common tangents at common points.

6.12

MATHEMATICS FOR IIT-JEE

4 ( ^ - 0 (2fj - ftj

t2}

4 (fj - ty (2fj + 0 = 0 f j = f or fj = - - . Since f j = t gives the point where tangent is drawn. Therefore, Now, (Slope of the normal at fj) = '

sec2 9

f 2 9f 2 + 1 6f
v

9t2 + 1 sec 0 = 6f
tan

9 + sec 0 =

9t2 - 1 61
+

9f 2 + 1 61

= 3t.

When x = - 2 and y = 2, we have 1 - 3t2 = - 2 and t - 3t3 = 2 4m. dx V A'j) -1 3U [Using (i)] => t = -1 Putting t = - 1 in (i), we have dx 1-9 = _ 4 6 ~ 3 4 y - 2 = - - (x + 2) or 4x + 3y + 2 = 0 Suppose this tangent meets the curve at f j i.e. at Q (1-3^,^-3^) 9t

Since line given in (ii) is normal at f^. Therefore, slope of normal at t\ = slope of (ii)

So, the equation of the tangent at P ( - 2,2),is

91 U

[.! = ~t/2]

4(1 - 3f a 2 ) + 3 (fj - 3<!3) + 2 = 0 - 9 fj 3 - 12t12 + 3t1 + 6 = 0

~ 3

Putting the values of t in (i), we obtain the following equations of the required straight lines. pr 89<2 . , nr 89^2 V2x-y = + \ and V2x+y = 27 1
=>

3 f j 3 + 4fj 2 -t1-

2= 0

(f1 + l ) 2 ( 3 f ! - 2 ) = 0 h = "Mi
-

2 3'

EXAMPLE 25 Show that the curve x = 1 - 312, y = t-3t3 is symmetrical about x-axis and has no real points for x > 1. If the tangent at the point t is inclined at an angle 0 with x-axis, prove that tan 0 + sec 0 = 3f. If the tangent at P ( - 2, 2) meets the curve again at Q, prove that the tangents at P and Q are at right angles. SOLUTION We observe that the expression for x does not change when t is replaced by -1. So, the curve is symmetrical about x-axis. Also, for x > 1, the equation x = 1 - 3f 2 gives imaginary values of f. So, the curve has no real points for x > 1. Now, x = 1 - 312 and y = t - 3t 3 ^ = -6t dt dy_ dx
=

Clearly, ^ = - 1 corresponds to point P. So, t} = - . Now, Wj = Slope of the tangent to the given curve at P
=

V 9 x ( - l) z2 - 1 _ - 4 6x- 1 ~ 3

[Putting f = - 1]

and, m2 = Slope of the tangent to the given curve at Q 9 x (2/3) - 1 6x2/3 [Putting t = t1=:,

and $ = 1 -<"2 -9f dt 1-9 r -61 ...(i)

dy/d dx dt 9t2 - 1 61

4-1 _ 3 4 ~ 4' Clearly, mi m2 = - 1 Hence, the tangents at P and Q are at right angles.
EXAMPLE 26 Show that the curve y = x sin3x touches the
2

tan 0 =

v The tangent makes an angle 0 with x-axis 9t

2

1 + tan 2 0 = 1 +

-1

61

parabolas y = x2 and y = - x2 alternately at infinite number of points. SOLUTION We know that two curves touch each other at a point of intersection iff their slopes at the point are equal.

TANGENTS AND NORMALS

6.13 2

First we find the points of intersection of y = x sin 3x and y = x2. At the points of intersection, we have x2 sin 3x = x2 => => sin 3x = 1 3x = 2nn + ^
X=

2nn

It is obvious that the sets of points given by x = + and 2nn n x = r - , n e Z occur alternately. 3 6 Hence, y = x2 sin 3x touches y = x2 and y = - x2 alternately at infinite number of points.
X

2nn n ^ + 6 '

n Z

Now, y = x2 sin 3x ax
r

EXAMPLE 27 For the function F (x) = J 2 \ t\ dt,find the tangent 0 lines which are parallel to the bisector of the angle in the first [IIT1995] quadrant. SOLUTION We have,
X

= 2x sin 3x + 3X2 cos 3x = 2 2 nn n* ~3~ + 6 Ann

7i

F (x) = J 2 111 dt ...(i) F(x)

X

dj? dx

2nn n

J 2 tdt o
X

, if x > 0 2tdt,ifx<0

and, y = ^ ^ = 2x dx ri \ 2nn m. =2 T dx atx =2rm + n V V

-J Thus,
+

n 6

Ann n T + 3
2

(ii)

F(x) = F'(x) =

jx 2
2

, if x > 0

[ - z , if x < 0

From (i) and (ii), we find that the curves y = X sin 3x and y = x2 have the same slope at their points of intersection. So, they touch each other. Let us now find the points of intersection of y = x2 sin 3x and y = -x . At the points of intersection, we have in3x = -x2 x sin sin 3x = -1 3x = 2nn ~2'ne 2nn n ~V~6'
Z 2

(2x , x >0 j - 2 x , if x < 0

CASE I When x > 0 In this case, w e h a v e

J2 y=x

dx

It is given that the tangent lines are parallel to the bisector of the angle in the first quadrant. ^ dx
=

1 = 2x = 1 =* X = i

n e Z

1 2 1 Putting x = - i n y = x z , we get y = So, the equation of the tangent at ( 1 / 2 , 1 / 4 ) is * A x-: y

=

X =

Now, y = x sin3x dx atx v and, y ~ ~x 'dy) dx |fltX = 2nn ? , ~ n 2 nn 3 n^ 6 -Ann 3 n 3 2nn _ n

3 ~6
r

x--

= -2

2rm

n"

Ann

...(iii)

CASE II When x < 0.

In this case, we have

- 2

...(iv)

Since the tangent lines are parallel to the bisector of the angle in the first quadrant.

. <k = l = > - 2 x = l = > x =

dx 1 2 1 Puttingx = - iny = - x , w e g e t y = - - .

From (iii), (iv), we observe that the curves y = X2, sin 3x and y = -x2 have the same slopes at their points of intersection. Hence, they touch each other.

6.14

MATHEMATICS FOR IIT-JEE

So, the equation of the tangent at ( - 1 /2, - 1 / 4) is 1 = or, x - 3 + - = 0. y 4

a2 = 2a

v a2 * a]

So, the coordinates of P2 are ( - 2a, - 8a3 + 1) Comparing this with the coordinates of P\, we find that the coordinates of P2 can be obtained from the coordinates of Pi if EXAMPLE 28 Tangent at the point P1 = (a, a + 1), (a * 0) on the we replace a by - 2a. curve y = x3 + 1 meets the curve again at P2 The tangent at P2 meets Similarly, coordinates of P3, P4,... are In 2n the curve again at P3 and so on. Find E x (P() and y (P;), where P 3 (4a, (4a)3 + 1), P 4 ( - 8a, (- 8a)3 +1) and so on. i=i <=i x (P;) and y (P;) are the abscissa and ordinate of Pi respectively.
SOLUTION

Now,
2n

We have,

y = x3 + l dx 3a2.
V +1)

2 z (P,) = a - 2a + 4a - 8a + ... upto 2n terms !=1 =a

=

l-(-2)
1-2

2n

The equation of the tangent at Pi {a, a3 + 1) is y-(a3 +1) = 3a2 ( x - a ) (2,2 + 1). As P2 lies on (i), therefore a2 + 1 - (a + 1) = 3a (a2 - a) 2 => a2 -a (a2-a)2 = 3a (a2 - a) (a2 + 2a) = 0 EXERCISE 6.1 u -x/ " Show that the line + ^ = 1 touches the curve y- = ahe x/a : at a b the point where the curve crosses the y-axis. 2. Find the tangents to the curve y = (x3-1) (x-2) at the points where the curve cuts the x-axis. 3. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve x3 + y3 = 6xy at the point (3,3). 4. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve 2y = 3 - x2 at the point (1,1). 5. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the following curves at the points where ^-coordinates are a : (i) y 2 ( 2 a - x ) = x3 (ii) y 2 (a + x) = x2 (3a - x) 6. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve y (x - 2) (x - 3) - x + 7 = 0 at the point where it cuts the axis of x. 7. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve y = x3- 2x2 + 4 at the point x = 2. Find the equations of tangents to the curve 3x2 + y 2 + x + 2y = 0 which are perpendicular to the line 4x - 2y = 1. 9. Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve whose parametric equations are 1.
X =
3 3 2

1(1-4")

...(i)

and, S y (P;) = (a3 +1) + ( - 8a3 +1 + (64a3 +1) + ... 2n terms i=l = a* (I - 8 + 64+ ...) + 2n
2n

This meets the curve at P^ So, let the coordinates of P2 be

= y ( l - 6 4 " ) + 2 n.

2atz 1+f '

2 y =

2 at5 1+t2

at the point t = -

10. Show that the sum of the intercepts made on the axes of coordinates by any tangent to the curve Vx7 + Vy~ = V^ is equal tOfl. 11. Find the point on the curve y = x4 - 6x3 + 13x2 - lOx + 5 where the tangent is parallel to the line y = 2x. Show that two of these points have the same tangent. 12. Find the equation of the normal to the curve whose parametric equations are 3 cos ( - cos y = 3 sin 8 - sin 8 at any point 6. Also, prove that the normal at a point 8 = n / 4 passes through the origin. 13. If the t a n g e n t at any point (1,2) on the curve
7 y = ax2 + bx + be parallel to the normal at ( - 2,2) on the curve

y-x

+ 6x + 10, find the values of a and b.

14. Prove that the tangent at any point on the rectangular hyperbola xy = c2, makes a triangle of constant area with the coordinate axes.

TANGENTS AND NORMALS

6.15

15. Prove that the segment of the tangent to xy = c intercepted between the axes of coordinates is bisected at the point of contact. 16. Find the equation of the normal to the curve x 3 + y 3 = 8xy at the point other than the origin where it meets the curve y1 = 4x. 17. If a, (3 are the intercepts made on the axes by the tangent at any point of the curve x = a cos 8,y = b sin 8, prove that *2 a
+

between the point of contact and the x-axis is of length a. 26. If ax + by = 1 is a normal to the parabola y2 = 4cx, prove that ca3 + 2ab3c = b2 27. If x, and y1 be the intercepts on the axes of X an Y cut off by the tangent to the curve
,

a v /'

^ | = 1, then prove that

2 = 1 b f x\
n

\n/n

-1

= 1.
yi

18. Show that the tangent to the curve point (a, b) is ^ + ^ = 2.

a vy

2 at the -

19. Find the abscissa of the point on the curve ay2 - x3, the normal at which cuts off equal intercepts from the axes. 20. Find the equations of tangents to the curve y = x4 which are drawn from the point (2,0). 21. Show that two tangents can be drawn from the point A (2a, 3a) to the parabola y2 = 4ax. Find the equations of these tangents. 22. Find the condition that the line x cos a + y sin a = p may touch the curve
2 2

VV V 7 28. If (x-|, y,) be the parts of the axes intercepted by the tangent s2/3 / >2/3 at any point on the curve 'x + a = 1, prove that a 1.

V1

(ii) a \n/n - 1

, yi/n - 1
X

n/n
+

-1

a v / yi/n-1

,fl

- i

29. The tangent at any point of the curve x = a cos t, ri y = a sin t meets the axes in P and Q. Prove that the locus of the mid-point of PQ is a circle. 30. If pj and p2 be the lengths of perpendiculars from the origin on the t a n g e n t and n o r m a l to the curve v-2/3 + y 2 / 3 = a2/3 respectively, prove that 4 p 2 + p = a2. 2 31. Show that the normal to the rectangular hyperbola xy = c at the point P ctvd Q ct2, , if U t 2 = - 1.

(iii)

= 1

meets the curve again at the point

23. Find the abscissa of the point on the curve xy = (x + c) , the normal at which cuts off numerically equal intercepts from the axes of coordinates.

24. For the c u r v e w h o s e p a r a m e t r i c e q u a t i o n s are 2 3 2 J a 2t x = a cos t + log tan and y = a sin t, show that the portion 33. If the tangent at the point (at , at ) on the curve ay = x meets the curve again at Q, then prove that the coordinates of f at 2 of the tangent intercepted between the point of contact and the at" Q are x-axis is of constant length. 25. Prove that the portion of the tangent to the curve y2 + 9 ^ g 1 a-^-y a+
2

32. Show that the normal to the curve 5x - lOx +x + 2y + 6 = 0 at P (0, - 3) meets the curve again at two points. Find the equations of tangents at these points.

34. Find the equation of the straight line which is tangent at one point and normal at another point of the curve x = 3 t2,y = 2t3.

ANSWERS 2. 3. 4. 5. 3x + y = 3,7x-y = 14 Tangent: x + y = 6, Normal x - y = 0 Tangentx + y = 2, N o r m a l x - y = 0 (i) At (a, a) Tangent: 2x - y - a = 0, Normal: x + 2y - 3a = 0 At (a, - a) Tangent :2x + y - a = 0, x-2y-3a = 0 (ii) At (a, a) Tangent: x - 2y + a = 0, Normal: 2x + y - 3a = 0 At (a, - a) Tangent :x + 2y + a = 0 , 2 x - y - 3 f l = 0 6. Tangent: x - 20 y - 7 = 0, Normal 20x + y -140 = 0 7. Tangent: 4x - y = 4, Normal: x + 4y = 18 8. 3x + 6y + 13 = 0 , x + 2y = 0 9. Tangent: 13x - 16y = la, Normal: 16x + 13y = 9a 11. (1,3), (2,5) (3/2, 65/6) 13. a = 1, b = 19. 4a -1 16. y-x = 0 =4 3 v / X--

20. y = 0, y

3 vy

13

6.16

MATHEMATICS FOR IIT-JEE + a = 0, x - 2y + 4a = 0 a cos a + b

2 2 2 2

21. x-y
22. (i)

(iii) (p - a cos a - b sin a)" = (a cos a) n + (b sin a)" 23. x = <2 34. y = V2*-2V2 ,y = -<2x + 2<2
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

sin

(ii) (a cos af + (b sin a)" = pn

30. Write tangent and normal at any point (a cos 0 , a sin 0) on the curve x 2 / 3 + y2/3 = a2/3 31. Euqate the slope of the normal at P to the slope of line PQ

32. The equation of the normal at P (0, - 3) is x + 2y + 6 = 0. The points of intersection of this normal and the curve are given by 5X5-10X3 = 0 or, x = 0, V2. x = 0 gives the point P. Hence, the normal meets the curve again at two points.

6.4 ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF TWO CURVES The angle of intersection of two curves is defined to be the angle between the tangents to the two curves at their point of intersection. Let Q and C2 be two curves having equations y =f(x) and y = g(x) respectively. Let PT\ and PT2 be tangents to the curves Cj and C2 respectively at their common point of intersection. Then the angle 0 between PT\ and PT2 is the angle of intersection of Ci and C2. Let v|/i and 1^2 be the angles made by PTj and dx yc
2

From Fig. 6.3, it follows that < = % > t tan < = tan (\|/1 - \|/2) > | tan d = > tan \|/j - tan \f/2 1 + tan dx tan i|/2 dx <k dx

tan 0 =

y
y

1 + <k dx
v

The other angle between the tangents is 180 - 0. Generally the smaller of these two angles is taken to be the angle of intersection.
Fig. 6.3

PT2 with the positive direction of x-axis in anticlockwise sense. Then ni\ = tan \|/i = Slope of the tangent to y =f(x) at P dx _ v / Cj and, m2 = tan \|/2 = Slope of the tangent to y = g(x) at P

ORTHOGONAL CURVES If the angle of intersection of two curves is a right angle, the two curves are said to intersect orthogonally and the curves are called orthogonal curves. If the curves Q and C2 are orthogonal, then 0 = n/2. m\ = -1 dx S<-2 C, Vdx
REMARK

The two curves Cj and C2 will touch each other at a point <k dx

<k P. if dx K

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1

Find the angle of intersection of the following curves : (ii) y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y and x2y = 12 ...(ii) (i) The equations of the two curves are xy = 6 ...(i)

(i) xy = 6 and x2y = 12

SOLUTION

From (i), we obtain y = ~. Putting this value of y in (ii), we obtain = 12 => 6x = 12 x = 2

TANGENTS AND NORMALS Putting x = 2 in (i) or (ii), we get y = 3. Thus, the two curves intersect at P (2,3) Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get xL + yv = 0 ax dx x m\ <k dx <k.
(2, 3)
=

6.17 From (iv), we have, dy dx v y'(4,4) Let 0 be the angle of intersection of the two curves. Then mi 2-(1/2) 3 tan 0 = 1 + 2 x (1/2) 4' 1 +m-lm2 m2
EXAMPLE 2

Differentiating (ii) w.r.t x, we get x2 + 2xy = dx ' dx = x = dx = -3

(2,3)

Let 0 be the angle of intersection of (i) and (ii), then -2 tan 6 = 1 +m1m2 0 = tan-1
11

and ySOLUTION
2

Find the acute angle between the curves y 31 at their points of intersection. Graphs of the two curves y= \x2-l\
y

1| and

-(3/2)+ 3 1 + ( - 3 / 2 ) ( - 3)

3 11

y = | x - 31 are shown in Fig. 6.4 "C

" \A \ (0,3)

u.
\ \ \ /T

V J (ii) The equations of the two curv.es are f = 4x and x2 = 4 y ...(ii) V V From (i), we obtain x = -^p Putting x = ^ in (ii), we get

0 \

\ U

x'

\ \X\ /
(yfi.O) -1,0) (-

(0.1) 0

\ * /1** \ i> / \
V p /

11

/ i,

/h'*

X
(1,0) \ (v/3.0)
2 y=-( < -i)

(A

= 4 y => y 4 - (Ay = 0 => y(y3 - 6 4 ) = 0=>y = 0,y = 4

v

v / From (i), when y = 0, we get x = 0 and when y = 4, we get x = 4. Thus the two curves intersect at (0,0) and (4,4). Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get - 4 _ n 2yM, - - -v i , =- 2 ax dx y Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x, we get
2x = 4

Fig. 6.4

...(iii)

J x ^ c k ^ x dx dx 2

...(iv)

Angle of Intersection at (0,0): From (iii), we have, dx (0,0) v Therefore the tangent to (i) curve at (0,0) is parallel to y-axis. From (iv), we have (dy) =0 Jx v y (0,0) Therefore the tangent to (ii) curve at (0, 0) is parallel to x-axis. Hence the angle between the tangents to two curves at (0,0) is a right angle. Consequently the two curves intersect at right angle at (0,0). m2 Angle of Intersection at (4,4): From (iii), we have m, = dx7 ( 4 , 4 ) 2 _ 1 4 " 2' m

Clearly, two curves intersect at P and Q. Point P and Q are the intersection point of y = x - 1 and y = -(xr - 3). Solving these two equations simultaneously, we get x = V 2 and y = 1. Thus, the coordinates of P and Q are (V2,l) and ( - ^ 2 , 1 ) respectively. Angle of intersection at (V271): The equations of the two curves are y = x2-l and y dy = 2x dx dx (x2-3) ...(i) ...(ii) [For curve (i)] [For curve (ii)]

and,

= - 2x

Let m\ and m2 be the slopes of the tangents at point P to curve (i) and (ii) respectively. Then, \ cj \ dy = 2\2 and m = dy = - 2 \ < 2 2 <1 dx v v dx Let 0 be the acute angle of intersection. Then, tan 0 = tan ( 1 + m1m2 2V 2 + 2V2 1 + 2 \ 1 x - 2 V2 4\2 7

6.18

MATHEMATICS FOR IIT-JEE

e , a n ' f f )

We have, mi = Slope of the tangent at P to (i) - b 2 y[T= a2 b ~f> 3/2 a3/2

Angle of intersection at Q (In this case, we have m1 = Slope of the tangent to (i) curve at Q = = -2V2 and, m2 = slope of the tangent to (ii) curve at Q = dx = 2V2 So, the acute angle 61 between the tangents is given by m 1 - m2 4V2 -2^2-2V2 7 1 + {-2<2)Y.{2<2) 1 + fflj m2 tanGj = => 0j = tan- 1 V
EXAMPLE 3

and, m2 = Slope of the tangent at P to (ii) = \dXjQ Let 6 be the acute angle of intersection at P. Then, m1 - m2 1 + ttij m2 (- b2 + a2) (1a + b) Jab b-a Jab [v b>a] -b3/2 a3'2

tan 0 =

+ -& 1
a

, [7 h

Find the angle of intersection of

x2 a

V2 2 = 1 and b

x2 + y 2 = ab.
SOLUTION

Similarly, we can find the angles of intersection at the remaining points also. EXAMPLE 4 Show that the condition that the curves 2 ...(i) ax" + by2 = 1 and a' x2 + V y2 = 1 ..(ii) 1 1 1 1 should intersect orthogonally is that ^ ~ ^ = a7 ~ J/'
SOLUTION

The equations of the two curves are

2 2

a2 and, x2 -ab b2 y2 _1 ab a2 x +y
2

b2
2

1 = ab

...(i) ...(ii)

Let (xv yT) be the point of intersection of the curves ax2 + by\ = I a' x\ + b' y\ = 1 ...(iii) ...(iv)

Then,

Solving (i) and (ii) by cross-multiplication, we obtain _

1

_ 1

1 a2~b2 a 2 b2 b2-a2

Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get 2 ax + 2 by ^ ii - _ ax dx by = 0

b-a1

(b-a

ab2 = V ^ T a n d y3 = V a + b """ ' 'a+ b Thus, the two curves intersect at four points given by a+b ' air a+b_

(&) dx
v y 2a'x + 2b'y^ dy _ dx a' x b'y dy dx =0

axj tyl

(v)

Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x, we obtain

Differentiating (i) and (ii) w.r.t. x, we get dx a y

2 2 vlngfe of intersection at P AJ a b ^ ab ] a + b ' a + b J'

a Xi (xv yj b'y l

...(vi)

TANGENTS AND NORMALS The two curves will intersect orthogonally, if m-lm2 = -1 flXj a' Xj -bb'y2 ...(vii) => 64 Xj = 3 a 2 y 3

6.19

=> 64 Xj = 3o2 x 16Xf [_ (xv yj) lies on y 3 = 16 x :. y3 = 16 x^ => 4 = 3a2

aa' x\ =

=> a2 = 4/3. Show that the angle between the tangent at any point P and the line joining P to the origin O is the same at all points on the curve
EXAMPLE 6

Subtracting (iv) from (iii), we obtain (a - a') x{ = - (b - b') y{ Dividing (viii) by (vii), we get a-a' = b-b' aa' ~ bb' I_I = 1_1 a b a' b' x2 EXAMPLE 5 If the curves ~ +
2

...(viii)

SOLUTION

We have, logx 2 + j/2) = k tan

= 1 and y3 = 16x intersect at right

* angles, show that 2 = -. a 4 SOLUTION Let (Xj i/j) be the point of intersection of the two curves, 2 x2 Equations of two curves are ~ + = 1 and y3 = 16 x Differentiating these w.r.t. x, we get % + ^ ? = 0 a n d 3 y 2 ? = 16 2 4 dx dx a /j \ 16 and dx c, = a2 dx y 3y2 Let mj and m2 be the slopes of the tangents to the two curves at their point of intersection. Then,
m

Fig. 6.5

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 1 2 x +y 2 ' " 2 x + yMl dx) x-f--y dx -

-4 X
dx

dx _ v yc,

J-

at (Xpyj)

, 2x + ky = (far - 2y) 4 / dx dy _ 2x + ky dx kx - 2y

V 16 3y If the two curves intersect at right angles, then mj m 22 l m

m =

Let the coordinates of P be (x]7 yj). Then, dy' dx _ 2x1 + ky1 kxl - 2yx

If the tangent at P makes an angle 9 with x-axis, then tan 0 = 2 xl+kyx kxx - 2yx

- 1

"4*1 l/i

16 2 = -1 3yi

Suppose OP makes an angle 0 with x-axis. Then,

6.20

MATHEMATICS FOR IIT-JEE

tan 0 = Slope of OP =

y\ n

2x1 + ky1 tan a =

y1

Let a be the angle between OP and PT. Then, 0 = a +0 a = 0 - (J) tan a = tan (0 - <> f) tan a tan 0 - tan (> t 1 + tan 0 tan < tan a =

2x, + kyl y, 1 +-j r- X kxx - 2y1 x1 2x12 +fcx1y1 - kx-y yx+2y2

kx = 2

2 *

\ ~ * a y i + 2x 1 y 1 + ky1 k vv = constant.

a = tan- l

EXERCISE 6.2 1. Find the angle of intersection of the following curves : (i) x + y = <2a and x - y (ii) x = y and x = 4 - y (iii) y = 2x and x = 16y (iv) x +y = 2a and xy = a (v) 2x2 + y2 = 4 and y2 = 16x (vi) x 2 + y2 = 8ax and y2 (4a - x) = x 3 2. Show that the curves a + Xi and, a2 + A 2 intersect orthogonally. b + X\ b2 + X 2
=

= a

4. Show that the curves x 3 - 3xy2 = - 2 and 3x2y - y 3 = 2 cut orthogonally. 5. Find the acute angles between the curves y = 12x2 - 41 and y = j x2 - 51. 6. Show that the curves y 2 = 4ax and ay2 = 4x3 intersect each

other at an angle of tan" 1 and also if PGj and PG2 be the 1 normals to two curves at common point of intersection (other than the origin) meeting the axis of X in Gj and G2, then Ga G2 = 4a. 7. Prove that the curves y = e~ax and y = e~ax sin bx touch at ,1 . . (4n + l)n the points x = - ~ 8. Find the angle of intersection of curves

= 1

3. x2
2

Find the condition so that the curves ^ 2 + ^ 2 = 1 and a b , 2 = 1 may intersect orthogonally.

y = [ | sin x | + | cos x | ] and x + y =5, where [] denotes the greatest integer function.

ANSWERS

1. e =
(iv) 0

(ii) tan (v) 71

(iii) ^ and tan (vi) tan

1

3. a2-b2 8. t a n - 1 2

= A2- B2

5. tan- 1 ( & ) 23 v y

V2~

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

4. Let (Xj,}/]) be the point of intersection of the two curves. Then, dy dx r j..\ Clearly, m dx
v
x

i ~V\ and dx 2*i Vi v y c2 =-1

=
2

-^iVi -Vi
2'

7. Show that the values o f o b t a i n e d from the two curves at dx (4 n +1) 71 are equal. x= 2b 8. We know that 1 < | sin x | + | cos x | < V2~for all x e R :. y = [ | sin x | + | cos x | ] = 1

J&L
v

y C,

dx , _

Thus, the two curves are y = 1 and x2 + y2 = 5

TANGENTS AND NORMALS 6.5 LENGTHS OF TANGENT, NORMAL, SUBTANGENT AND SUBNORMAL Let the tangent and normal at a point P (x, y) on the curve y =f (x), meet the x-axis at T and N respectively. If G is the foot of the ordinate at P, then TG and GN are called the cartesian subtangent and subnormal, while the lengths PT and PN are called the lengths of the tangent and normal respectively. If PT makes angle \j/ with x-axis, then tan we find that Subtangent = TG = y cot \j/ = dy dx dy = dx . From Fig.6.6,
0

6.21

9 0 - Y \ ^P(X.Y)

/x*
T G

\ N

Fig. 6.6

dx dy dx Length of the normal = PN = y sec y = y \ 1 + tan 2 y y ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES dx v /

Subnormal

= GN = y tan \|/

-yfx

Length of the tangent = PT = y cosec V / | = y' V l + cot \|/ v

EXAMPLE l Find the lengths of tangent, subtangent, normal and subnormal toy1 = 4ax at (at2, lat). SOLUTION We have, y2 = 4ax

= 2a V f 2 + 1

? Length of the subtangent at (atz, 2at) = Length of the subnormal at (at2 , 2at) =
EXAMPLE 2

2at 9 = j j j - 2r 2 a f x y = 2a.

,*L = 2y-?~ = 4A dx dy _ 2a dx ~ y dx v Now,

at , 2at)

= = i ~ 2at t'

Prove that mth power of subtangent at any point on the curve xm + n = am'n y 2 " varies as the nth power of subnormal at the same point. SOLUTION We have, xm + " = am~n y 2 " n) logx =
(m - n)
0 +

log

Length of the tangent at (at , 2at)

dx dy dx 2at Vl + l/t 1 It = 2 at2

2

m + n X

2ndy y dx
X

V/ / j = length of the subtangent at (x, y) y dy dx and, l2 = length of the subnormal at (x, y) = y dy _ (m + n)y 2 nx dx 2nx (m + n)

dy dx

m+n 2n

Vt2 + 1 t

2 at V f 2 + 1

Length of the normal at (at , 2at) = y

dx

= 2tVl+i r

6.22

MATHEMATICS FOR IIT-JEE

Now,

' 2 nx (m + ri) and, hn =

yn
=

(2n)m + "x m + " a,m-n y2n

(2n) x

Z2"

(m + n)m (m + nf y2" (2k)"

(m + n)y 2nx

(m + n)m + V " _ (2 n)m + n + (m + n) m " = constant

Hence, l\ m varies as l2n. EXERCISE 6.3

If the subnormal of the curve xyn = an+ length, prove that n = - 2 . 2.

is of constant

x2 v2 For the ellipse ~ + , = 1/ prove that the length of the it b1 normal at any point varies inversely as perpendicular from origin on any tangent at the same point.

3. For the curve xmy" = am + prove that the subtangent at any point varies as the abscissa of the point. 4. Find the lengths of tangent and normal at point t = rc/3 on the curve x = a (t + sin t), y = a (1 - cos t). 5. Prove that for the curve y = a log (x -a), sum of the tangent and subtangent varies as the product of the coordinates of the point of contact.

ANSWERS 4. a, a!A3