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UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (COET)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAME: Masters of Science in Renewable Energy

SUBJECT: EN 617 - OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY SYSTEMS ASSIGNMENT (Question 1)

LECTRURE: Prof. I. S. N. Mikilaha

SUBMITTED BY: Baslio Zeloso Salvador Tamele Reg. #: 2009-06-00758

SUBMISSION DATE: 27th of June of 2010

Contents
1. 2. 2.1. 2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.3. 2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.4. 2.4.1. 2.4.2. 2.5. 3. 3.1. 3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.3. 3.1.4. 3.1.4.1. 3.1.4.2. 3.1.4.3. 3.2. 3.2.1. 4. 5. 4.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 2 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................... 3 Biogas .............................................................................................................................................. 3 Biogas production process ....................................................................................................... 3 Biogas Applications.................................................................................................................... 4 Advantages and disadvantages............................................................................................... 4 Solar Energy ................................................................................................................................... 4 PV module ................................................................................................................................... 4 Applications of solar energy (PV) ............................................................................................ 5 Advantages and disadvantages............................................................................................... 5 Wind Energy.................................................................................................................................... 6 Applications of wind energy...................................................................................................... 6 Advantages and disadvantages............................................................................................... 6 Mini-Hydro Power........................................................................................................................... 7 Applications of hydropower systems....................................................................................... 8 Advantages and disadvantages of hydropower plant........................................................... 8 Economical Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 8 Case Study.......................................................................................................................................... 9 Economical Analysis .................................................................................................................... 10 Wind energy .............................................................................................................................. 10 Solar energy.............................................................................................................................. 11 Bioenergy................................................................................................................................... 11 Hydropower ............................................................................................................................... 12 Hydropower (120Kw) vs Wind energy (80Kw)................................................................. 12 Hydropower (120Kw) vs Solar energy (80Kw)................................................................. 13 Hydropower (120Kw) vs Bio-energy (80Kw).................................................................... 13 Decision: .................................................................................................................................... 16 Difficulties: ................................................................................................................................. 17

Results discussion ....................................................................................................................... 16 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................... 17 References: ....................................................................................................................................... 18

1. Introduction Sub-Saharan Africa is the least electrified region of the world, with rural electrifications levels that are routinely below 5%. With the bulk of the regions poor residents in dispersed rural settlements, conventional grid electrification is considered too costly for most of rural Africa. The dispersion problem is more acute in Eastern and Southern Africa where in contrast to the village settlement patterns of West Africa, the majority of rural population resides in dispersed homesteads. (KAREKEZI and KITHYOMA, 2009). The transmission and distribution costs of extending grid electricity to dispersed homesteads is high, thus an ideal and decentralized energy technologies that better match the dispersed nature of sub-Saharan Africas rural population can be the solution. As a result, the region is perceived to be the ideal place for the deployment of new and innovative electrification technologies that will not only be cost effective but also environmentally sound. Renewable energies (solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, small hydro, tidal and wave) are often recommended as the most appropriate energy technology choice for much of rural Africa. The scenario of this project is a village situated in the equatorial East Africa with sufficient wind and solar energy resources which may be exploited. Besides, the about 2km from the village there is an exploited hydropower site which if harnessed could provide about 120Kw of electricity using turbine system. The village is characterized by agricultural and pastoral activities with sufficient herds of cattle that can provide biogas which if converted to electricity could meet the energy demands. There is no hope for grid connections in the near future and the electric power is mainly for lighting, radio, and television components. The maximum energy demand in this village is 200Kw with limited variations and the community has been promised a short grant to alleviate the power problem, thus this project is to help in decision making for better energy resource. The major issues when weighing up the pros and cons of energy source are cost, availability and environmental impacts (particularly green house emissions).

2. Literature Review 2.1. Biogas

Biogas is a combustible gas produced by anaerobic (absence of air) digestion of organic materials like animal dung, agricultural wastes, wood materials (such as straw, but pretreatment like chopping may be needed), and human excreta. During this process, methane (CH4 = 50 to 70%), carbon dioxide (CO2) and traces of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) are produced as by-products. The gas is only combustible if the quantity of CH4 in the mixture is above 50% (range between 50 and 70%). After these organic materials have been digested, they go out as bio-slurry, which is a rich fertilizer for agricultural production. 2.1.1. Biogas production process If degradable components of the waste are let out to the open environment, under anaerobic conditions lead to the release of methane which is a potential green house gases (GHG) and is one of the curtailed GHGs under Kyoto Protocol. In the process of biomethanation, the organic portion of the waste is being converted anaerobically by bacteria into a mixture of mostly methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which is called biogas. These two major components of biogas are potential GHGs. Although these are neutral emissions, by using an efficient technology could be converted into energy. (GADDE, 2006). The various biogas constituents must be cleaned to use biogas as feedstock in a motor (for example: CHP motor) technology. The components that are essential to be removed are: Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and Moisture. The sulphur that is present in the biogas would be cleaned by using biological sulphur removal (with 5 to 10% air/oxygen dosing to the biogas system) process. This technique is based on the biological aerobic oxidation of H2S to elemental sulphur by a group of specialized microorganism and is called thiobacillus bacteria, as shown in above reaction: The presence of moisture 2 H 2 S O2 2 S 2 H 2 O would reduce the calorific value of biogas, would restrict the free movement of gas by blocking the permeable area as well as reducing the surface area required. To remove/clean there are many techniques but the condensation technique is the best as well as silicon based compounds. And optimum temperature is required (about 30 oC). (GADDE, 2006)

The average calorific value of biogas is 1.95 Kw/m 3, with overall process conversion efficiency of about 30%, when all procedures for cleaning up the biogas a well taken (Ibid). Although, the major barrier in implementing this technologies is a relative high initial cost, especially in developing countries. Fuel is relative low costly because is abundant and local product. The ratio of mixture of water and manure (or animal waste) is 1: 1. And the conversions are made using 1m3 of biogas is equal to 1.95Kwh of energy. (SNV, 2010). 2.1.2. Biogas Applications Biogas like other fuels can be used for different applications such as: energy/power generation in biogas power plant, can be used for cooking in biogas stoves, for heating spaces, for lighting using biogas lumps, can be blend with gasoline to improve octane number, etc. 2.1.3. Advantages and disadvantages Advantages: unlike fossil fuels biogas is lower (or zero) emitting green house gases effect because is a CO2 sequester process and available; has high energy value; considerable long life time (about 15 years), can be implemented even in places where there is no hope to have electricity. Disadvantages: high investment costs required for plant installation, require large area of land to grow plants or animal which result in conflict in land use with food production, require more water for biogas generation, although is less emitting GHGs biogas emit some amount of gases. 2.2. Solar Energy

Solar energy or solar radiation is the energy from the Sun and can be transformed into either direct electricity (using photovoltaic cells) or heat (using solar water heater or solar thermal power plants). Solar thermal power plants generate electricity by using solar energy to heat water, which in turn provides steam to power a turbine. 2.2.1. PV module Solar cell is a device which converts solar energy of the sun directly into electricity, and each (silicon) solar cell generates about 0.5 Volts. And a parallel or series or series and parallel combination of solar cells results in PV module or commonly known as solar panel to satisfy the required energy. But sometimes, a PV module cannot match the load, thus more than one PV module can be combined to for array which is common used to supply more power, and the size depends in nature of the application. 3

The Main components of a PV System include: Module/array; Battery; battery control unit/charge controller; DC/AC inverter (where applicable) and the load (appliances). PV module is the main component of the system and transforms solar radiation into DC component and its cost is about 75% of total initial cost. (Seco fact Sheet N. 24). Battery is used for energy storage during the day when the sun is available and used at night when the sun is off, also can be used for load matching. Charge controller is a device used to protect the battery from over charging or deep discharging. And DC/AC inverter is used to convert DC component from the PV into AC component to the load. According to the demand, and solar radiation reaching the surface for the specific place, is possible to design/size the system, i.e. the maximum amount of energy that can be obtained there. The power output is directly proportional to the surface of the cells, and energy density is hence relatively large (0.02 Kw/m2). The conversion average efficiency of the system is about 20% which should not be compared with non-renewable energy systems due to its fuel. (Petries at al., 2009). This energy source is environmental clean but requires high initial capital and batteries maintenance costs. The average lifetime of PV is 20 to 25 years. 2.2.2. Applications of solar energy (PV) Typical applications of PV systems include: small systems installations (less than 10KW) on buildings rooftops or remote systems that can be converted into electricity grid; also can be used in standalone systems in a single household PV system to generate electricity (using battery storage) for lighting, to play radio, TV; for water pumping; in large power plants; etc. 2.2.3. Advantages and disadvantages Advantages: except their initial manufacture, solar energy source does not emit greenhouse gases; the fuel (solar radiation) is available at any time anywhere (and will never run out) and the cost is zero; the technology is mature and simple to implement; can be started up easy and rapidly; located near the load centre, minimizing losses in transmission lines. Disadvantages: although there are advantages, there also disadvantages, such as high initial capital especially for PV module and battery storage; constant maintenance is required (i.e. cleaning PV); solar energy tend to be more expensive than non4

renewable and other renewable energies; solar energy is not available at night and the amount of energy vary during the day depending on weather conditions. 2.3. Wind Energy

Moving air (wind) can be used to rotate turbine which is connected to a generator and generating power. The economics of wind energy depends upon location and there for can vary dramatically (Module 7, Forms of energy generation). Wind speed of 5m/s or above is considered as suitable for small power generation plant. A wind power system is basically compound by the wind turbine which includes: rotor, generator, turbine blades, and drive or coupling device. The wind turns the blades, the rotating blades turn the shaft to which they are attached, and the turning shaft turns a generator which produces electricity. The selection of a suitable site is a key to the economics of wind energy. In general, winds exceeding 5m/s (11mph) are required for cost effective applications of small gridconnected wind machines, while wind farms require wind speed of 6m/s (13mph). For applications that are not grid connected these requirements may vary, depending on the other power alternatives available and their costs. The average lifetime of wind power plant (i.e. turbine system) is 25 years. Although storage is required because wind vary in time, thus for load matching a storage device is needed. Typical electrical conversion efficiency of the system is in mean 25%. (Karekezi & Kithyoma, 2009). About 75% of the total capital cost is for turbine system. 2.3.1. Applications of wind energy Aplications of wind energy include: water pumping systems using wind mills; power generation either in standalone or grid connected wind power systems (to supply power for different devices such as: radio, refrigeration, lighting, computer, TV, etc.) 2.3.2. Advantages and disadvantages Advantages: wind energy fuels cost is zero (i.e. wind); is available anywhere at any time and will never run out; wind turbines do not release greenhouse gases or any other air pollutant; wind power is well-established and proven technology; Disadvantages: Wind vary from one place to another, also with time so power generated will vary (there is a specific wind speed required for different sizes of power to be generated); at the present wind power tends to be more expensive when compared with non-renewable energies because of environmental issues; some people dont like the look of wind 5

farms; require large land (or farms for lager power plant) what can generate conflict with other users. 2.4. Mini-Hydro Power

Moving water from run-of-river or dams can be harnessed to provide electricity (called hydroelectricity). Hydroelectricity uses moving water power to rotate turbines connected into generator which in turn generate electricity. Unlike other sources of energy, hydropower fuel (i.e. water) available at any given time is fixed and fuel costs are essential zero. Has highest energy conversion efficiency (about 80 to 90%) and hydropower unit can be placed on-line rapidly and can respond quickly to changes in loading (ETSAP, 2000). Forced outage rates are very low and (between 2 and 4%) and the average availability (which includes scheduling and maintenance) is about 95%. Hydropower projects can be classified either according to the head of water (Low, medium and high head) or storage system (run-of-river or mini-hydro, storage or reservoir plant and pump storage plant). Run-of-river hydropower plant utilizes the water flow as it runs through the year, also known as low head hydro. Has no significant storage/dam for power generation and is typically for mini-hydro scheme (suitable for low consumption at remote areas). Typical size generating power range is about 10 - 1600 kW (Karekezi & Kithyoma, 2009). Storage/reservoir plants are large size reservoirs (dams) for large generation capacity, commonly for commercial power generation. Pump storage plants are used only for short duration time, i. e. to meet peak load. The water storage is obtained by pumping back from tail race, usually utilizing low value, off-peak power (usually surplus) to improve overall efficiency & reliability of system grid. In developing countries and emerging economies the construction of hydropower plants usually involve substantial civil work (dams, deviation of rivers, etc.), the cost of which largely depends on labor costs, which is substantially power than in industrialized countries. Combined power systems are more efficient which consist in combining two or more alternative energies but become more cost effect. Existing hydropower is one of the cheapest ways to generate electricity. Most plants were built long time ago and the initial investment for dams and hydro-geological infrastructure has been fully amortized. After the amortization, remaining costs are associated to operation and maintenance (O&M) and possible replacement of main 6

machinery after several decades of operation. Small hydropower plants may be operated for some 50 years without substantial replacement costs. (Petries at al., 2008) 2.4.1. Applications of hydropower systems Hydropower applications include: flood control; irrigation and potable water reservoir; provide power for rural and/remote areas where never been expected to have electricity either in stand alone or grid connected systems, etc. 2.4.2. Advantages and disadvantages of hydropower plant Advantages: hydropower fuels cost is zero (i. e. water); require low operation & maintenance cost; is quick in starting up and quick respond to load variation; plant has longer lifetime; is less labor requirement; no emission; is reliable (i. e. less tripping) Disadvantages: requires high initial construction cost; located far from load centre; is dependent on water availability; Long construction time (in years for large and months and years for small hydro); is sensible for environmental issue (e.g. deforestation, sedimentation, fish and other aquatic species displacement); can generate water conflicts with other users like agriculture; people displacement; etc. 2.5. Economical Analysis

Several methods (such as time value of money; Payback period of energy investment project, et.) can be used to determine the financial benefits of a power system investment. The Payback method is commonly used and considered as a simple way to evaluate the economic merit of an investment. The payback period of energy investment project is defined as the number of years of energy-cost savings it takes to recover initial cost of an investment. To determine the payback, first estimates for the systems initial cost; annual energy cost savings; and annual operating (operating and maintenance) costs. Finally, for decision making estimates the yearly cost over the power system, which depends in initial cost, expected lifetime and annual operating costs. Also estimates a cost per Kwh of generation based in yearly cost over the power system. The best alternative is the one having lower annual cost and/lower generation cost if they are equal in annual cost. (MKILAHA, 2010) Disadvantages: the results are independent of the time-value of money, i.e. is useful over short time periods, because the value of money does not change much. For investment with long payback period, additional costs and savings must be considered (increases in energy costs relative to general inflation, interest paid on borrowed money, insurance, installations re-sale or salvage or scrap value). (Ibd.) 7

3. Case Study This analysis is based in a power demand of 200Kw for a rural village in East Africa with average solar radiation intensity of 1000W/m 2 per day and wind speed between 4.0m/s and 7.2m/s, representing clearly suitable conditions for power generation from these resources. Also 2Km away the village there is an exploited hydro which if harnessed can supply 120Kw and theres a potential animal waste that can generate the required power. To decide in a viable energy technology there are key elements that must be taken in consideration such as: technical performance (energy input and energy output, energy conversion efficiency, construction time, lifetime, maximum capacity, demand), environmental impact, costs (initial/capital cost, maintenance and operational cost, interest rate, total production cost, payback time). To carry out analysis, was assumed that: Energy need per day is 7 hours. First analysis is to carry out economic analysis for wind, solar and bio-energy separately considering each one as a unique energy resource; Second step is to consider 120Kw from hydro plus 80Kw from solar or wind or bio-energy; Finally compare the four possible alternative energies according to the const because the environmental aspects are not much sound when talk about a group of renewable energies. As a fundamental tool will be used Payback Period Method.
Table 1: assumed values for economical analysis, based in different information from various articles and web sites for Africa/developing countries and Europe. Type of Energy Alternative Wind Investment ($/Kw) O&M costs ($/Kwh) Electrical Efficiency (%) Energy Cost($/Kwh) Life time (years) 1000 0.012 25% 0.04 25 Mini-hydro 2500 0.06 80% 0.093 40 Solar PV system 6000 0.004 20% 0.2 25 Bioenergy 1200 0.08 30% 0.238 10

3.1.

Economical Analysis

Assuming a demand in power of 200Kw, the total capacity of the power plant should have 20% in reserve to be used in high demand time and/for system efficiency, as shown in equation below:

Installed capacity 200 Kw ( demand ) 20 % * 200 Kw ( reserve ) 240 Kw


The system will operate seven (7) hours per day, what means that per year will operate 2555 hours.

7 hours / day X 365 days / year 2 ,555 hours per year


Annual output is given by multiplying the total installed capacity by total operating hours per year:

Annual Output 240 Kw X 2555hours / year 613,200 Kwh / year


These values are valid for all energy alternatives to be considered here. And for decision making basically will be used investment costs, payback period, life time and rate of return. 3.1.1. Wind energy Considering the values in the table 1, total capacity of 240Kw; investment cost of 1000$/Kw; operating time of 7 hours per day = 2,555hours/year; operating and maintenance (O&M) cost of 0.012$/kwh; energy cost of 0.04$/kwh, we have:

Total Investment 1000 $ / Kw X 240 Kw $ 240,000


O & M cos t per year Annual Output X O & M cos t ($ / Kwh ) 613,200 Kwh / year X 0.012$ / Kwh $ 7,358 per year

Annual Energy Saving Annual Output X Energy Cost ($ / Kwh ) 613,200 Kwh / year X 0.04 $ / kwh $24,528 per year
Total Investment Annual Energy Saving Annual O & M cos t $ 240,000 14 years $ 24,528 / year $ 7,538 / year Payback Period
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Rate of Re turn

100 100 % % 7.15% per year Payback period 14

From these results is, for wind energy resource is necessary a total investment of $240,000, resulting in an output of 613,200Kwh per year, operating and maintenance costs per year of $24,528. The expected payback period of the investment value is 14 years within a rate of 7.15% per year. (See table 3) 3.1.2. Solar energy The same evaluations carried out for wind energy where are done, but considering investment cost of 6000$/Kw; operating and maintenance (O&M) cost of 0.004$/kwh; energy cost of 0.2$/kwh.

Total Investment 6000 $ / Kw X 240 Kw $ 1,440,000


O & M cos t per year 613,200 Kwh / year X 0.004 $ / Kwh $ 2,458 per year

Annual Energy Saving 613,200 Kwh / year X 0.2 $ / kwh

$122,640 per year


Payback Period $1,440,000 12 years $122,640 / year $ 2,453 / year

Rate of Re turn

100 % 8.35% per year 12 years

From these results, the total investment for solar PV system to supply 240Kw is $1,440,000 and operating & maintenance costs of $2,458. Annual energy saving is $122,640, with a payback period of the total investment of 12years within a rate o return of 8.35% per year. (See table 3) 3.1.3. Bioenergy The same evaluations carried out for wind and solar energy where are done, but considering investment cost of 1200$/Kw; operating and maintenance (O&M) cost of 0.08$/kwh; energy cost of 0.238$/kwh. 10

Total Investment 1200 $ / Kw X 240 Kw $ 288,000


O & M cos t per year 613,200 Kwh / year X 0.08 $ / Kwh $ 49,056 per year
Annual Energy Saving 613,200 Kwh / year X 0.238 $ / kwh $145,942 per year
Payback Period $ 288,000 12 years $145,942 / year $ 49,056 / year

Rate of Re turn

100 % 8.35% per year 12 years

From these results, total investment for bioenergy power plant is about $288,000 with an annual energy saving of $145,942. The required payback period of total investment is 3 years within a rate of return of 33.33%. (See table 3) 3.1.4. Hydropower For hydropower system, because cannot supply the required power demand alone, i.e. can only supply 120Kw representing a half of the demand. Thus is necessary to combine this with other power system. For analysis were considered all possible combinations of energy resources involved in this project (i.e. hydro with solar/wind/bioenergy) and the results are summarized in table 2. Each source was analyzed separately, based in 120Kw total capacity for each resource and finally combine each one of the three with hydro to have a total required capacity for the entire system. As assumption for hydropower the investment cost is 2,500$/Kw, operating and maintenance cost of 0.06$/Kwh, energy cost of 0.093$/kwh. Because this system is not new, i.e. is an exploited system and need to be harnessed. The entire system, the total cost is the sum of the combined energy resources costs. The formulas are the same for previous energy analysis (for wind, solar and bioenergy resources). 3.1.4.1. Hydropower (120Kw) vs Wind energy (80Kw)

For hydropower, with a capacity of 120Kw we have:

Total Investment 2500 $ / Kw X 120 Kw $ 540,000


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O & M cos t per year 306 ,600 Kwh / year X 0.06 $ / Kwh $ 18,396 per year
Annual Energy Saving 306,600 Kwh / year X 0.093 $ / kwh $28,414 per year
Payback Period $ 540,000 30 years $ 28,414 / year $18,396 / year

Rate of Re turn

100 % 3.37% per year 30 years

Using the same procedure were evaluated for wind with a capacity of 120Kw, and the assumed costs per Kw and Kwh are the same used for a single hydro system with a capacity of 200kw. For the entire hydro vs wind power system is required a total investment of $420,000; operating and maintenance costs of $22,075 per year. Is expected an annual energy savings of $40,778; payback period of the investment of 22 years within a rate of return of 4% per year. (See table 2) 3.1.4.2. Hydropower (120Kw) vs Solar energy (80Kw)

Also, for solar the same procedures used before in 200Kw were used for evaluations in a capacity of 120Kw, and the assumed costs per Kw and Kwh are the same. Combining hydro (120Kw) with solar (120Kw), a total investment of $1,020,000 is reqired; also an operating and maintenance costs of $19,622 per year. Is expected an annual energy savings of $89,834; payback period of the investment of 15 years within a rate of return of 7% per year. (See table 2.) 3.1.4.3. Hydropower (120Kw) vs Bio-energy (80Kw)

The same procedure in 200Kw bioenergy system, were carried out evaluations for bioenergy with a capacity of 120Kw, and the assumed costs per Kw and Kwh are the same used for a single bioenergy system with a capacity of 200kw. For the entire hydro vs bioenergy power system is required a total investment of $444,000; operating and maintenance costs of $42,924 per year. Is expected an annual energy savings of $101,485; payback period of the investment of 8 years within a rate of return of 13% per year. (See table 2) 12

Table 2: Summarized results of combination of 120 Kw hydropower plant with 120 Kw solar/wind/ bioenergy plant with intent to supply 200Kw power demand. The assumption is that the system to operate in a optimum efficiency requires a total capacity of at least 200Kw plus 20% of this power. All analysis were made using MS-Excell 2007.

Hybrid system Characteristic Hydro Plant Capacity (Kw) Power demand (Kw) Operating hours per day per year 120 80 7 2,555 300,000 306,600 0.06 18,396 0.093 28,514 30 3.37 Hydro vs wind Wind 120 120 7 2,555 120,000 306,600 0.012 3,679 0.04 12,264 14 7.15 Entire System 240 200 7 2,555 420,000 613,200 0.072 22,075 0.133 40,778 22 4 Hydro vs Solar solar 120 120 7 2,555 720,000 306,600 0.004 1,226 0.2 61,320 12 8.35 Entire System 240 200 7 2,555 1,020,000 613,200 0.064 19,622 0.293 89,834 15 7 2,555 144,000 306,600 0.08 24,528 0.238 72,971 3 33.33 Hydro vs Bioenergy bioenergy 120 120 Entire System 240 200 7 2,555 444,000 613,200 0.14 42,924 0.331 101,485 8 13

Total Investment ($) Annual Output (KWh/year ) Op.&Maint. cost ($) per KWh per year

Energy cost ($/Kwh) Annual E. Saving ($/year) Payback period (years) Rate of Return

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Table 3: Economical analysis results for different renewable energy resources, assuming that the power plant capacity should be the 200Kw of demand plus 20% of this value because a power plant should not operate at 100% capacity for more efficiency.

Characteristic Plant Capacity (Kw) Power demand (Kw) Operating hours Total Investment ($) Annual Output (KWh/year ) Oper.&Maint cost ($) Energy cost ($/Kwh) Annual E. Saving ($/year) Payback period (years) Rate of Return (%) per KWh per year per day per year

Energy source(s) Wind 240 200 7 2,555 240,000 613,200 0.012 7,358 0.04 24,528 14 7.15 Solar 240 200 7 2,555 1,440,000 613,200 0.004 2,453 0.2 122,640 12 8.35 Bioenergy 240 200 7 2,555 288,000 613200 0.08 49,056 0.238 145,942 3 33.33 Hydro vs Wind 240 200 7 2,555 420,000 613,200 0.072 22,075 0.133 40,778 22 4 Hydro vs Solar 240 200 7 2,555 1,020,000 613,200 0.064 19,622 0.293 89,834 15 7 Hydro vs Bio 240 200 7 2,555 444,000 613,200 0.14 42,924 0.331 101,485 8 13

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3.2.

Results discussion

Using the results from table 3, we calculate the total annual cost (or yearly cost) over the system life time and the cost per generation.

Total Annual Cost

Total investment Annual Operating & Ma int enance cos t Expected lifetime

Generation Cost per Kwh

Annual Cost Annual Energy Savings

And de results using these formulas are summarized in table 4 below.


Table 4: Total annual cost and generation cost per Kwh, based in table 3. Energy System Characteristic Total investment ($) Annual O&M cost Annual Energy savings ($/year) Lifetime (years) total annual cost ($) Gen. Cost($/Kwh) Utillity cost K$/Kwh) Wind 240,000 7358 24528 25 16,958 0.69 0.04 Solar 1,440,00 0 2453 122640 25 60,053 0.49 0.2 Bioenerg y 288,000 49056 145942 10 77,856 0.53 0.238 hydro vs wind 420,000 22,075 40,778 25 38,875 0.95 0.133 hydro vs solar 1,020,000 19,622 89,834 25 60,422 0.67 0.293 hydro vs bioenerg y 444,000 42,924 101,485 10 87,324 0.86 0.331

3.2.1. Decision: From this table (table 4), comparing generation costs of 0.49$/Kwh with the assumed utility costs of 0.2 $/kwh, solar PV energy system but initial cost is high. Wind energy system is more viable than all others because has less total annual cost, $16,958.

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4. Conclusion In general renewable energies technologies are the best choice because they do not emit or emit less greenhouse gases effect. Although their they are not used in a desirable rate due to their high initial capital, when compared to other non-renewable energies, specially for developing countries like Africa. Between renewable energies technologies there is also differences in costs, thus is necessary to carry out a carefully economical and environmental analysis before deciding in viable technology. Also investment is a big problem, so is important to have a project which can be paid otherwise there is no way to develop. For the given problem and based in payback period analysis method, is viable for the East Africa village to develop wind energy system because of the lower annual costs. The expected initial investment is $240,000, with total annual cost of $16,958. Energy generation cost is about $0.69 per Kwh. Concerned to environmental impacts, wind is cleaner and there is a good wind potential in that region. 4.1. Difficulties:

During the elaboration of this project, the author faced some difficulties specially to define data related to energy cost because initial capital. Reading different literatures you also have different values. Each literatures data is based in specific country(ies) cost and for Africa is difficult to have such information.

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5. References: ETSAP-Energy Technology System Analysis (2010). IEA ETSAP Technology Brief E12.pdf. Website: www.etsap.org, at 23rd of June of 2010; GADDE, Butchaiah (2006). Economic Utilization of Biogas as a Renewable Energy Fuel Cell: 2nd joint international conference on sustainable energy and environmental (SEE), Bangkok. KAREKEZI, Stephan; KITHYOMA, Waeni (N/y). Renewable Energy Strategies for Rural Africa: is a PV Led renewable energy strategy the right approach for providing modern energy to the rural poor of Sub-Saharan Africa?, Nairobi. MKILAHA, I. S. N. (2010), EN 617 Optimization of Energy Systems: Economics of Energy Investment Options, Postgraduate Program UDSM, Dar es Salaam. PETRIES, Eduard M. at al.(n/y). Distributed Generation in Developing Countries, World bank.pdf; SECO Fact Sheet N.24. Estimating PV System Size and Cost Renewable energy the infinite power. Texas. Website: www.infinitepower.org., at 24th of June of 2010. SNV (2010). Biogas Support Program Fuels for Rural Household Energy Supply, Geneve.pdf. website: http://www.snvworld.org.pdf. , at 20th June of 2010

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