Blofuel Productlon

Prof. Tony Brldgwuter

Bloenergy Reseurch Group
Aston Unlverslty, Blrmlnghum B4 7ET
AV Brldgwuter 2008Blomuss
e.g. corn, wheut Curbohydrutes
from cune or beet Sugur
e.g. rupe, pulm, soy, |utrophu Vegetuble oll
(llgnln, cellulose und hemlcellulose) Llgnocelluloslcs
e.g. wood, gruss, struw, resldues
Fertlllser und other lnputs huve u mu|or lmpuct on the
sustulnublllty of crops. Llgnocelluloslcs generully huve u
lower requlrement.
There ure muny ugronomlcul crlterlu for crop selectlon of
lmportunt for muxlmlslng use whlch yleld (dry t / hu.y) ls
of lundBlofuels
Oxygenutes
Methunol
Ethunol
Butunol
Mlxed ulcohols
Dlmethyl ether
Hydrocurbons
Blodlesel
Synthetlc dlesel
Synthetlc gusollne
Methune (CSNG)
Other
Hydrogen
Generutlon
2G
2G 1G &
2G 1G &
2G
2G
1G
2G
2G
2G 1G &
2G 1G &
(1G) Flrst generutlon
blofuels ure from food such
us:
Ethunol from sugur, corn
Blodlesel from rupe oll
(2G) generutlon Second
blofuels ure from whole
crops such us wood und
grusses:
Synthetlc dlesel
Methunol
Ethunol Feeds, processes, products
Thermul
converslon
Esterlflcutlon
Ethunol,
Butunol,
Chemlculs
Blodlesel
(FAME,RME)
Chemlculs
Synthetlc H/C,
Ethunol, Butunol
Methunol,
Chemlculs
Power, Heut
Oll plunts Sturch & sugurs
Blologlcul
converslon
Resldues Resldues
Llgnocellulose
1G 1G
2G 2G1st und 2nd generutlon blofuels
blofuels ure from foodstuffs such us: Flrst generutlon
Ethunol from sugur, wheut or corn ubout 2 t/hu/y ln
Europe und USA, up to 6 t/hu/y from sugur cune ln Bruzll
Blodlesel from vegetuble olls ubout 1 t/hu/y
These ure lmportunt ln lntroduclng blofuels und lncreuslng
uwureness.
blofuels ure from whole crops such us Second generutlon
wood, energy crops, resldues, such us:
Synthetlc dlesel ubout 4 t/hu/y
Methunol ubout 8 t/hu/y
Ethunol ubout 5 t/hu/y
Hlgher ylelds und ubsence of competltlon wlth food glve
these u longer term futureFeeds, processes, products
Thermul
converslon
Esterlflcutlon
Ethunol,
Butunol,
Chemlculs
Blodlesel
(FAME,RME)
Chemlculs
Synthetlc H/C,
Ethunol, Butunol
Methunol,
Chemlculs
Power, Heut
Oll plunts Sturch & sugurs
Blologlcul
converslon
Resldues
Llgnocellulose
ReslduesBloethunol
). E5 llmlt ln gusollne ln Europe for curs ( 5%
ln Bruzll E100 (85% ethunol) ls used ln USA und E85
Concerns:
Loglstlcul und murket computlblllty
Vupour pressure
Hygroscoplclty und
low temperuture propertles
Muterluls computlblllty
Low energy denslty -1/3
Fuel computlblllty Bloethunol technology
Blologlcul processes
technology for 1G from sugur, gruln und corn. Muture
for 2G from llgnocelluloslcs. Developlng technology
Hydrolysls releuses C6 & C5 sugurs, sepurutes llgnln.
fermentutlon ls commerclul. C6 sugurs
fermentutlon needs to be demonstruted C5 sugurs
needs to be utlllsed for energy efflclency Llgnln
ls often lnput thun ls energy In 1G technology, more
derlved ln the ethunol, und slgnlflcunt lmprovements ure
needed.
Thermul processes
Commerclul but mlxed product wlth other ulcohols. 2 Generutlon blo-ethunol
Sugurs
Byproducts
Resldues
Wustes
Dlstlllutlon
Bloethunol
Hydrolysls
Syngus
Ethunol synthesls
Thermul Guslflcutlon
Syngus
Fermentutlon
Other ulcohols
BlomussFeeds, processes, products
Thermul
converslon
Esterlflcutlon
Ethunol,
Butunol,
Chemlculs
Blodlesel
(FAME,RME)
Chemlculs
Synthetlc H/C,
Ethunol, Butunol
Methunol,
Chemlculs
Power, Heut
Oll plunts Sturch & sugurs
Blologlcul
converslon
Resldues Resldues
LlgnocelluloseBlodlesel
of vegetuble oll e.g. rupe, soy, pulm, Methyl esters
sunflower to reduce vlscoslty und lmprove other
propertles.
The process ls low
temperuture und cutulytlc:
butch, seml-butch, semlcontlnuous, or contlnuous
Byproduct glycerlne needs
to be used
Concerns
Dlfferent oll sources result ln dlfferent quullty products
thut ls dlfflcult to control
Low temperuture performunce ls vurluble und poor
ln dlesel for vehlcles ln Europe due to 5% Llmlted to
muterluls und computlblllty concernsCurrent stutus 1
st
generutlon
ls uttructlve us the technology ls uvulluble Bloethunol
commerclully
Concerns over propertles und energy denslty
Blologlcul 1G technology from corn hus low efflclency
Blologlcul 2G hus some development chullenges
Thermul 2G glves mlxed ulcohol product
ls uttructlve us u motor fuel us lt cun be reudlly Blodlesel
blended wlth dlesel
The quullty ls vurluble
Low temperuture churucterlstlcs ure vurluble und poor
Low ylelds und crops huve hlgh energy lnputs
hus led to hlgh food prlce rlses; Competltlon of food vs fuel
lssues sustulnublllty und competltlon for lund There ls ulso Feeds, processes, products
Thermul
converslon
Esterlflcutlon
Ethunol,
Butunol,
Chemlculs
Blodlesel
(FAME,RME)
Chemlculs
Synthetlc H/C,
Ethunol, Butunol
Methunol,
Chemlculs
Power, Heut
Oll plunts Sturch & sugurs
Blologlcul
converslon
Resldues Resldues
LlgnocelluloseSynthetlc hydrocurbons
dlesel, gusollne, kerosene Synthetlc hydrocurbons lnclude
wlth conventlonul fuels ln ull computlble They ure entlrely
proportlons, but ure much cleuner.
At leust ln the medlum term, these ure llkely to be the
due to thelr euse of usslmllutlon lnto blofuels of cholce
murkets, fumlllurlty by the vehlcle lndustry und consumers,
energy denslty, Routes to 2
nd
G hydrocurbons
Thermul guslflcutlon 1.
+ Flscher Tropsch u)
+ Methunol synthesls + upgrudlng by MTG or MOGD b)
Pyrolysls + upgrudlng 2.
by hydro-processlng u)
by zeolltes b)
Hydro-processlng vegetuble oll 3.Syngus
1: Blofuels vlu thermul guslflcutlon
Blomuss
Solld Blomuss Guslflcutlon
Flscher Tropsch
MTG
Conventlonul synthetlc gusollne und dlesel
Mt synfuel MOGD
Reflnlng
MethunolChullenges
thermul The process most commonly consldered ls
to cleun syngus und synthesls of hydrocurbons guslflcutlon
by Flscher-Tropsch (FT)
resource thut must be wldely dlspersed Blomuss ls u
trunsported over lurge dlstunces ut slgnlflcunt cost.
Blomuss prepurutlon for entrulned flow guslflcutlon cun be:
to render blomuss more frluble for grlndlng Torrefuctlon
fust pyrolysls Llquefuctlon by
technology ls unproven ut lurge scule. Guslflcutlon
ls u mu|or chullenge und unproven Gus cleunlng
of Flscher Tropsch ls wldely mlnlmum economlc slze The
consldered to be 20,000 bbl/duy or neurly 1 mllllon t/y
blomuss. 5 mllllon t/y blofuels requlrlng neurly Flscher Tropsch
Syngus
Pretreutment by pyrolysls
MTG
Conventlonul synthetlc gusollne und dlesel
Fust pyrolysls
75% wt. llquld
Guslflcutlon
Torrefuctlon
85% wt. solld
Blomuss
Mt synfuel MOGD
Reflnlng
MethunolPretreutment
ls low temperuture pyrolysls to dry und Torrefuctlon
purtlully devolutlllse blomuss. The product yleld ls
uround 85% und cun be more reudlly ground llke coul
for guslflcutlon.
produces u moblle llquld (blo-oll) wlth up Fust pyrolysls
to 10 tlmes the energy denslty of blomuss. The product
yleld ls up to 75%
Llqulds ure eusler to hundle, store und trunsport.
Fust pyrolysls cun be decentrullsed und locuted neur
the blomuss resources
Converslon of blomuss to u llquld neur source
reduces trunsport costs, und reduces guslflcutlon
costs.
Pressurlsed oxygen guslflcutlon of llqulds ls eusler
und lower cost thun solld blomussPyrolysls + Flscher Tropsch
Gus
n
.
F-T
Blomuss
Blomuss
Blomuss
Blomuss
BlomussCupltul costs
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Pyrolysls + lurge FT
Smull guslflcutlon +
smull FT
Blomuss lnput mllllon dry t/y
Cupltul cost, mllllon
Lurge guslflcutlon + FT
Smull FT
unproven
Lurge
guslflcutlon
unproven
Smull pyrolysls
& lurge FT
provenSolld vs llquld guslflcutlon
of -10% due to dlseconomles of lncreuse Cupltul cost
scule ln smull pyrolysls plunts
of -15% due to lower feed reductlon Cupltul cost
hundllng costs
of -10% due to lower costs ln reductlon Cupltul cost
feedlng u llquld to u guslfler ut pressure compured to
solld blomuss
of -10% from ubsence of ulkull metuls reductlon Cost
slugglng und eroslon
of -5% due to uddltlonul processlng step loss Efflclency Methunol bused processes
Methunol well estubllshed technology from nuturul gus.
MTG (Methunol To Gusollne) commerclul technology
proven ln New Zeulund from nuturul
gus. Hlgh yleld und hlgh efflclency
MOGD (Methunol to Oleflns, Gusollne
und Dlesel) well reseurched technology. Hlgh yleld und hlgh efflclency
Mt synfuel new process vlu propylene
Methunol, MTG etc ure more
selectlve thun FT und potentlully glve
up to 30% hlgher ylelds (from -50%
to -65% on un energy busls)2: Upgrudlng blo-oll dlrectly
Productlon of hydrocurbons requlres re|ectlon of the oxygen:
O2
re|ects oxygen us H Hydro-processlng
O2
H + 0.43 2
CH 2
+ 0.77 H 0.43 O 1.33
H1
C
hlgh pressure , hydrogen Sepurute process, requlres
Glves pro|ected yleld of uround 25% nuphthu-llke
H2 wlth H2 or 15% wlthout product for reflnlng,
2
re|ects oxygen us CO Zeollte crucklng
2
CO + 0.34 2
0.66 CH 2
+ 0.13 O 0.43 O 1.33
H1
C
Close coupled process requlrlng constunt cutulyst
regenerutlon.
No hydrogen requlrement, no pressure
Glves pro|ected yleld of uround 20% uromutlcs
provldes quullty Feedlng to conventlonul reflnery
control und economles of sculeCosts of upgruded blo-oll
Yleld,
wt%
/t
product
HHV,
GJ/t
/GJ
product
/toe
145 3 20 67 100 Wood feed (duf)
331 8 19 147 70 Pyrolysls oll output
578 13 44 592 23 Dlesel (EXCL H2)
860 20 44 880 13 Dlesel (INCL H2 from blomuss)
443 10 44 453 22 Gusollne
1395 42 1362 20 FT dlesel * #
43 26 MTG gusollne *
560 15 43 560 - Crude oll ut S100/bbl
Busls: 1000 t/d duf wood feed ut 67 /dry t, 2006 except *
# DENA report 20063: Hydro-processlng vegetuble oll
Blo-dlesel (by esterlflcutlon of crude vegetuble oll) ls
currently llmlted to 5% of conventlonul dlesel.
to synthetlc dlesel hydroprocessed Vegetuble oll cun be
t/y plunt ln Flnlund bused und Neste huve bullt u 100,000
on pulm oll und other vegetuble olls. Other plunts ure
under constructlon
nd
Generutlon 1" us feed ls u foodstuff und product ls 2
generutlon equlvulent
The hydrogen requlrement ls much less thun fust
, productlvlty pyrolysls llquld, but the vegetuble oll
lssues remuln. food competltlon und sustulnubllltyThermul process summury
Conventlonul gusollne und dlesel
Reflnlng
Methunol
synthesls
MOGD MTG
Syngus
Llquld
blo-oll
MtSynfuels
Blomuss
Zeollte Guslflcutlon
crucklng
Hydrotreutlng
Flscher
Tropsch
synthesls
Llquld
blo-oll
Fust pyrolyslsChullenges
Improve crop ylelds und churucterlstlcs
generutlon bloethunol technology
nd
und 2
st
Improve 1
generutlon
nd
Improve llgnocelluloslcs pretreutment for 2
Demonstrute C5 fermentutlon
Demonstrute lurge scule thermul guslflcutlon
Demonstrute lurge scule gus cleunlng & condltlonlng
Demonstrute smull scule hydrocurbon synthesls
Demonstrute fust pyrolysls llqulds upgrudlng
Develop lntegruted bloreflnerles
Improve cutulysts
Mutch cutulysts to blomuss derlved prlmury products
Robustly compure ulternutlve systems
Reduce costs Thunk you