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Subtraction By Addition
The link to a 5-video lecture on Subtraction by Addition:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7adGJMUBPk&playnext=1&list=PL0ECD3A8166DA66AB
Two questions can be asked in the subtraction: 15 – 7; what number added to 7 will equal 15, or
what number added to 7 will equal 9? The second question is the key to the Special Case:
what number added to the subtrahend will equal 9? In applying the Special Case, a student
thinking may go something like this:
The Special Case is valid in the ranges: Minuend, 10 to 19 and Subtrahend, 0 to 9; a range
that includes the facts in the Subtraction Table. Students that are initially learning
addition, when they acquire the skill necessary to add 2-basic numbers that sum to 9, they
can be taught to do subtraction by addition using the Special Case. Repetitive use of the
Special Case will instill in the students the facts in the Subtraction Table.
Subtraction Table:
Students initially learning addition are also learning subtraction by default; the Special
Case Algorithm enables students to construct or to verify the facts in a subtraction table.
The red subscripts are the sum of the minuend digits or the 9’s complement of the subtrahend.
Differences are found by addition of the red subscripts. For example, 112 – 36 = 2 + 6 = 8
M I N U E N D
3
–27 8 9
–36 7 8 9
–45 6 7 8 9
–54 5 6 7 8 9
–63 4 5 6 7 8 9
–72 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
–81 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
S
–90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
U
N
4
General Case of Subtraction by Addition valid for all numbers:
The Special Case transforms into the General Case by adding a zero to the Basic Equation.
Subtract 7 from 15: Difference = Minuend – Subtrahend + (99 – 100 + 1)= Zero
+15 – 7 + 99 – 100 + 1 <<< Adding a zero does not change the Difference
+92 – 07 <<< Subtract 07 from + 99
107 + 92 <<< Difference 92 is the 9’s Complement of 07
8 + 15 <<< Add the Minuend: 15
+107 <<< Intermediate Result
–100 <<< Subtract 100
+7 <<< Intermediate Result These 9-steps are reduced to 3 by adding the
+1 <<< Add +1 9’s Complement of the Subtrahend
+8 <<< Difference: directly to the Minuend. (See Note 1)
Final Step: transpose and add the left digit 1 to the right digit 7; = – 100 + 1
Examples: 1 to 5, Algorithm (SA) is the final form of the General Case valid for all numbers.
Example (1) Subtract 789 from 4567
4567 4567 <<< Subtrahend and Minuend digits must be equal; subtract 0789 (add 1 leading zero)
–0789 +9210 <<< The 9’s complement of 0789 is 9210: (0 + 9), (7 + 2), (8 + 1), (9 + 0)
? 13777 <<< Final step: transpose and add the left digit 1 to the right digit 7; (see Note 1)
3778 <<< Difference obtained by (4) Additions
4051 4051 <<< Subtrahend digits are equal to the Minuend digits; subtract 2365
− 2365 7634 <<< The 9’s complement of 2365 is 7634: (2 + 7), (3 + 6), (6 + 3), (5 + 4)
? 11685 <<< Final step: transpose and add the left digit 1 to the right digit 5; (see Note 1)
1686 <<< Difference obtained by (4) Additions
4051 4051 <<< Subtrahend and Minuend digits must be equal; subtract 0056 (add 2 leading zeros)
−56 9943 <<< The 9’s complement of 0056 is 9943: (0 + 9), (0 + 9), (5 + 4), (6 + 3)
? 13994 <<< Final step: transpose and add the left digit 1 to the right digit 4; (see Note 1)
3995 <<< Difference obtained by (4) Additions
Example (4) Algorithm (SA) can be used to subtract decimal fractions: Subtract 5.375 from 7.250
7.250 7.250 <<< Subtrahend digits are equal to the Minuend digits; subtract 5.375
− 5.375 4.624 <<< The 9’s complement of 5.375 is 4.624: (5 + 4), (3 + 6), (7 + 2), (5 + 4)
? 11.874 <<< Final step: transpose and add the left digit 1 to the right digit 4; (see Note 1)
1.875 <<< Difference obtained by (4) Additions
5
3 1
Example (5) Algorithm (SA) can be used to subtract mixed numbers: Subtract 5 from 7
8 4
3 5 5 3 8
The 9's Compliment of 5 is 3 because, 3 + 5 = 8 = 9
8 8 8 8 8
1 5 1 2 5 7
7 + 3 = 7 ( ) + 3 = 10 << Final step: add the left digit 1,to the right digit 0 (see Note 1)
4 8 4 2 8 8
1 3 7 7
7 - 5 =1 << Difference by Addition;1 =1.875
4 8 8 8
1 3
Note: Example (5) is Example (4),transformed to a mixed number
: 7 = 7.250 and 5 = 5.375
4 8
Example (6) Algorithm (SA) can be used in long division and whenever subtraction is required.
Divide: 9876 by 567, using multiples of ten as a first approximation of the quotient and Algorithm (SA)
10+ 7 << Multiply by a factor of 10 such that the product is less than or equal to the dividend.
567) 9876
4329 << 10 ´ 567 = 5670 < 9876, the 9's complement of 5670 is 4329 , i.e., 5670+ 4329= 9999
14205 << Addition of the 9's complement
4206 << Transpose & add the left digit 1 to the right digit 5,(see Note 1)
6030 << 7 ´ 567 = 3969 < 4206, the 9's complement of 3969 is 6030,i.e., 3969+ 6030 = 9999
10236 << Addition of the 9's complement
237 << Transpose and add the left digit 1 to the right digit 6,
(see Note 1)
Ê
Quotient is 17, Remainder 237
To develop number sense in the students, two other methods of subtraction are shown:
Method A: Subtract 789 from 4567 using Minuend Reformulation (see Note 2)
Rule: Minuend = Minuend + zero (= +1 – 1); 4567 = 567 + 1 – 1 + 4000 = 568 + 3999
4567 3999 + 568 <<< Reformulate the Minuend to maximize the nine’s: 4567 = 3999 + 568
− 789 − 789 <<< Subtract the subtrahend from the partial minuend
? 3210 <<< Intermediate result: Subtraction without borrowings and carries
+568 <<< Final step: add 568 to reconstruct the original Minuend: 4567 = 568 + 3999
3778 <<< Difference obtained by (3) “easy” Subtractions and (3) Additions
Note 2: This may be the easiest method to understand that avoids borrowings and carries.
Method B: Subtract 789 from 4567 using Minuend and Subtrahend Reduction
Rule of Signs: Minuend – Subtrahend digit is (+); Subtrahend – Minuend digit is (−)
4 5 6 7 <<< Subtract the smaller digit from the larger digit and use the Sign rule
−7 8 9 <<< This is the original subtrahend
4(−2)(−2)(−2) <<< This is the reduced Minuend: 4000 and the reduced Subtrahend: – 222
4000 = 3999 + 1 <<< Reformulate the reduced Minuend, add zero; 4000 – 1 + 1
− 222 <<< Subtract the reduced subtrahend from the reduced partial minuend
3777 <<< Intermediate result: Subtraction without borrowings and carries
+ 1 <<< Final step: add 1; to reconstruct the reduced Minuend: 4000 = 1 + 3999
6
3778 <<< Difference obtained by (6) “easy” Subtractions and (1) Addition
7
Conclusion:
Algorithm (SA), Examples (1 to 5) is the only method that does subtraction entirely by
addition and is valid for all numbers.
Digital computers and hand-held calculators, since their inception, are programmed to
transform the subtrahend into its 2’s complement and add that to the minuend to compute
differences. Algorithm (SA), the 9’s complement procedure, is almost an exact copy of the 2’s
complement procedure used by computers; consequently, subtraction by addition is not a new
method to compute differences.
8421 <<< Base-2 place values start at 1 and double from right to left
15 = 1111 <<< 1111 = 8+4+2+1 = 15
– 7 ≠ 1001 <<< This is the 2’s complement of 0111 = 0+4+2+1 = 7 (see Note*)
8 = 1000 <<< Addition yields 8+0+0+0 because computers are programmed to discard the last carry
Note*: Method (a): to compute the 2’s complement of 0111, from right to left, hold the first set bit and
complement all the bits thereafter, that is, 0 to 1 and 1 to 0. For example: 0111 >>> 2’s Comp. is >>> 1001
or Method (b) start with: 0111 and complement all the digits: 1000, then add 1 = 0001 to obtain 1001
Which method should be taught to elementary school children? – All known methods and
those that will be invented in the future. The students themselves should be permitted to choose
the method most conducive to their understanding.