Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1.
(3)
(b)
(c)
(d)
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(2)
(e)
2.
(a) Examine the diagram below. It is not intended to represent any
particular ecosystem and
the organisms are not shown to the same scale.
Choose one of the organisms shown in the diagram.
Write its name
here .................................................................................................
....
a r s h
a q u a t i c
pi n l av ne tr t e b r a t e
y t o
l a n
t o
i r d
m
a q
am
a q
i b
i a n
a t i c
a m
m
a l
l a n t s
m
i d g e
l a r v a e
f i s h
a t i c a sq n u a a i t l i c
t r e e
l a n
s s e l
[Source: Adapted from Adds, J et al. The Organism and the Environment, 2nd edition (1997),
page 81]
For the organism you have chosen, describe and evaluate a method
for estimating its abundance.
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(5)
(b)
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(2)
(c)
State how you would attempt to identify an organism with which you
were unfamiliar.
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(2)
(d)
(i)
Name and briefly describe an ecosystem of which you
have made a special study.
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(1)
(ii)
(iii) State one abiotic factor that might be changed by this human
activity.
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(1)
(iv) Explain how this human activity might change the abiotic factor.
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(2)
(v)
(e)
(i)
Explain, with an example, what is meant by the term
environmental gradient.
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
7
..................
(2)
(ii)
3.
(a) Describe and evaluate a method to estimate the abundance of
elephants in an African
national park.
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(4)
(b)
Explain how you would compare the diversity of two different
ecosystems.
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(5)
(Total 9 marks)
4.
A study has been made of the number of flowering plant species that occur
on six islands off the coast of the same country. The graph below shows the
2
relationship between the area (in km ) of each of the islands and the
number of flowering plant species found on them.
1
8 0
N
u m
b e r o f f l o
p l a n t s p e c i e s
6 0
4
e r i n
0
0
4
A
(a)
5
r e a
6
o
7
f
i s l a n
9
d
1
k
(b)
.....................
(1)
11
(c)
5.
..........................................................................................................................
......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
(Total 4 marks)
6.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(4)
Two areas of forest each contain 50 trees. The species composition of the two
areas is as follows.
Eucalyptus
Casurina
Area A
Area B
42
25
25
(c)
N ( N 1)
D = n( n 1)
where:
(i)
(ii)
7.
15
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Outline two practical problems that you might have when trying to
estimate the biomass of the population of any organism living in an
estuarine ecosystem.
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
8.
r o
l i m
e t s
w
c k
s t e r c a t c h
c h a n n e l w
( s e a w
e e d
a t e r
s e a
a n e m
og nr e e n
s h o r e
c r a b
s h
e r i w
i n
l l u
r a c k
)
l e
s sea aww
ew e r d a c k
( s e a w e e d )
r i m
e r
a r n
a c l e s
s c
r i t t l e s t a p r o h l yi d c i h n s a g t e a t r e f i s h
i n
s a n d
u n d e r rw o o c rk m
[M J Reiss and J L Chapman, Ecology and Conservation, (1994).
Reproduced by permission of Cambridge University Press]
17
For a named consumer organism shown in the diagram above, describe and
evaluate a method for measuring its gross and net secondary productivity.
Name of
organism: ................................................................................................
................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
.........................................................................................................................
.......................
(Total 5 marks)
9.
(a)
(b)
(i)
A group of students sampled two local ecosystems, A
and B. They determined the abundance of each species they
found. Using Simpsons diversity index, calculate the diversity of
ecosystem B. Show your working.
Abundance of
Organism
Ecosystem
A
Ecosystem
B
species 1
species 2
species 3
26
12
species 4
species 5
Diversit
y
3.27
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(2)
(ii)
19
10. The data in the graph below show the variation in the numbers of mule deer
(a herbivore) in an area of the southwestern United States between 1905
and 1940.
[D Lack, The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954).
Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press]
(a)
.....................
(4)
21
(b)
Outline how data for this graph might have been collected.
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(3)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(i)
For the ecosystem named in (d), identify an abiotic
factor that might change over time, and suggest how this change
might influence a named biotic component in the ecosystem.
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(2)
23
(ii)
Outline and evaluate a method, which you could use in the field,
to gather evidence for your suggestion in (e) (i).
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(4)
(Total 20 marks)
11. The table below gives the mean dry weight biomass for the primary
producers in certain ecosystems.
Ecosystem
Biomass/kg m
Tropical rainforest
45.0
Deciduous forest
35.0
Boreal (coniferous)
forest
30.0
Grassland
6.0
Tundra
0.6
Desert
0.2
Freshwater lake
0.1
(a)
(i)
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(1)
(ii)
(iii) Name one abiotic factor important in the ecosystem you have
selected, and describe how you would study its variation over
time.
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
25
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(3)
The table below gives the number of individuals of four species of trees in
two small patches of Australian forest.
Tree species
(b)
Area A
Area B
Allocasurina
huegelina
Banksia grandis
Eucalyptus calophylla
Acacia saligna
(i)
N(N 1)
D = n(n 1)
calculate which of area A or area B has the higher diversity index.
Show your working.
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(3)
(ii)
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(1)
The sketch below shows four types of termite found in Australia. (Termites
are burrowing, colonial insects.)
(c)
(i)
List three characteristics displayed by the organisms
illustrated above that might be used to construct a key to assist in
identifying termites from the same part of Australia.
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(2)
(ii)
Name two methods, other than the use of a key, that you might
use to identify an insect you had not seen before.
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(2)
29
12.
(a)
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(2)
a r a s i t e s
1
1
(b)
(i)
r o
e r b
i v
r e s
c e r s
.........................................................................................................
..................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest why there are often more organisms at the third trophic
level than at the second trophic level in a food chain containing
parasites.
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(2)
(c)
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
13. Groups of students studied the species diversity of the beetle fauna found
on two upland sites in Europe. The same number of students searched for a
similar length of time in each of the two sites. The two sites were of equal
area.
The number of individuals of the four species found at each site is given in
the table below.
(a) (i)
Species
Site A
Site B
Trichius fasciatus
10
20
Aphodius
lapponum
10
Cincidela
campestris
15
Stenus
geniculatus
10
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(4)
(ii)
State two factors that might influence the accuracy of the results
you obtain using the method described in (c) (i).
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(2)
(b)
(i)
Name and briefly describe an ecosystem you have
studied, and name an abiotic factor that influences the abundance
of organisms within it.
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(1)
(ii) For the ecosystem and the abiotic factor named in (e) (i),
describe how you would measure an environmental gradient.
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(4)
(iii) Explain how a named human activity might affect the abiotic
factor in the ecosystem selected in (e) (i).
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(2)
35
(a)
Quadra
t
Number of
Primroses
10
23
23
34
12
56
12
10
23
(i)
(ii)
N=
n1 n 2
m
N = total population
n1 = number of animals first marked and released
n2 = number of animals captured in the second sample
m = number of marked animals in the second sample
As part of the survey, 100 traps were set three metres apart in a grid
pattern. The traps were left open for four days and baited regularly to allow
animals to get used to their presence. On the first sampling day, 28 wood
mice were caught and individually marked. Two days later a second sample
was taken (recapture sample) during which 32 wood mice were captured, of
which 10 animals were already marked.
(b)
(i)
Calculate the population number of wood mice within
the sample area using the Lincoln Index. Show your working.
.........................................................................................................
..................
37
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(2)
(ii)
(c)
Describe how you would calculate the dry plant biomass of a grassland
or meadow.
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(3)
(d)
(i)
The deciduous woodland contains the following
breeding birds.
Table 2
Breeding Birds
Robin (Erithacus rubecula)
Number of
Pairs
4
10
22
Wren (Troglodytes
troglodytes)
(ii)
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
.........................................................................................................
..................
(2)
15.
(a)
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(1)
(b)
(c)
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(1)
(d)
Calculate the net primary productivity per kg of biomass for the boreal
forest ecosystem in the table below.
Comparison of ecosystem productivity
Mean net
primary
productivity /
2
1
kg m yr
Mean
biomass /
2
kg m
Net primary
productivity
per kg biomass
per year
Temperate
forest
1.20
32.5
0.037
Boreal forest
0.80
20.0
...........................
....
Tropical
rainforest
2.20
45.0
0.049
Savanna
grassland
0.90
4.0
0.225
Tundra
0.14
0.6
0.233
Ecosystem
(1)
(e)
Compare and explain the data for two of the ecosystems in the table
above.
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
41
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
.................................................................................................................
.....................
(4)
(f)
43
MARKING SCHEME:
1.
(a)
C
e aH t e a Lt i g
O
O
T i s s u e
t o
o t h e r
t r o p h i c
l e v e l s
L
N
t r i e n
i t t e r
t o
s o i l
t s
W a et r
3 max
Award [1] for tree in box, [1] for two matter flows and [1] for two
energy flows.
(b)
(c)
r o
c e r
c a c i a
c a v e n s
C h i l e a n
t h o r n
t r e e
p
O
c t o d o /n
r o d e n t
e g
F
C
r i m
a r y
e l i s /g u i g n a
i l e a n
w
i l d
Award [1] for appropriately labelled trophic levels, [2] for three
appropriate species or [1] for two appropriate species.
c o
c a t
2.
(a)
(b)
c)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
(e)
(i)
the change in some factor or factors (biotic or abiotic)
over
a distance/OWTTE;
such as the change in the amount of time organisms are
exposed to air across the distance from high tide mark to
the extremes of low tides on a seashore;
any other reasonable example;
2 max
(ii)
3.
(a) Description:
simple count at ground level;
tag/mark counted individuals;
use of aircraft/count from air;
count individuals in a known area and extrapolate for the area
of the whole park;
use information from previous census/survey;
capture mark release recapture/Lincoln index;
Evaluation:
problems due to very large areas;
capture mark release recapture method possibly inappropriate
for large mammals;
density of population in different habitats might vary;
some individuals might be concealed by vegetation;
seasonal variations/migration habits of elephants;
problem of replicating sampling;
high cost of some methods;
4 max
To receive full marks, answers must have at least one evaluation,
i.e. award only [3 max] for describing method.
47
(b)
4.
(c)
5.
h
b
s h
a r r i e r s
b
i r d
t o
c a r n
c a r n
c a t e r p
g
r e e n
i l l a r s
p
l a n
t s
h
p
r o
i v
e r b
i v
o
r e s
i v
r e s
( s e c o
r e s
( p
r i m
c e r s
[4]
6.
(a)
(ii)
(iii) e.g.:
freshwater ecosystem, abiotic factor temperature
use thermometer;
take account of: temperature may change with depth of the lake;
temperature may change at different hours of the day/seasons;
so need to take several observations to calculate mean;
49
a r y
a r y
(c)
(i)
= 2.04;
(ii)
50 49
D = (25 24) + (25 24) ;
2
7.
(b)
size;
colour;
habitat;
behaviour;
2 max
(c)
(d)
hard to collect;
difficult to determine dry weight;
difficulty of estimating area of irregularly shaped habitat;
seasonal variations in abundance;
2 max
Any other reasonable suggestion.
[8]
8.
51
Evaluation: [2 max]
the animal must be provided with an ample amount of food;
it may be difficult to determine an appropriate diet for the animal;
the animal may become stressed and unwell in captivity;
water must be provided to keep the animal alive and may increase the
mass of the wastes being weighed;
it is very difficult to collect all leftover food and feces (particularly
for aquatic animals);
a number of animals should be involved in the testing and averages taken;
the artificial environment may contribute to errors as the animal
will have unusually low levels of activity;
problem of moving some organisms (e.g. limpets, barnacles) from
their habitat;
5 max
Any other reasonable points.
[5]
N ( N 1)
33(33 1)
or
(5 4) + (4 3) + (12 11) + (7 6) + (5 4) ;
(i)
D = n(n 1)
ecosystem B, D = 4.67; (accept 4.60 to 4.70)
2
(b)
(ii)
10.
(c)
(d)
(e)
(i)
The abiotic factor must be appropriate to ecosystem
specified
in (d) and must change over time. The link with a biotic factor
(i.e. living organisms) must be reasonable. If no ecosystem
is named in (d), allow ECF.
E.g. for a freshwater system:
temperature varies both on a daily and a seasonal basis;
as photosynthesis varies with temperature, the abundance
of producers (e.g. phytoplankton) and consumers (e.g.
water fleas) varies seasonally with temperature;
2
(ii)
(i)
1
(ii)
(b)
(i)
20 19
380
=
area A: 12 + 20 + 42 + 12 86 = 4.4
55
20 19
380
=
area B: 0 + 56 + 72 + 2 130 = 2.9
Accept more but not less significant figures than above.
therefore, area A is the most diverse area;
[1] for correct method, [1] for correct answers. Award [1] for
identifying area A.
Allow ECF for final point, but no mark if no working shown
at all
3 max
(ii)
(c)
(i)
Award [1] for two of the following and [2] for three
presence of wings;
presence of pincers;
steeply curved antennae/feelers;
abdomen more than twice the size of head and thorax/
relative size of head, thorax, abdomen;
horn-like structure on head;
absolute size;
Any other reasonable suggestion
2 max
Reject number of legs. All the specimens shown have six,
as do almost all (adult) insects.
(ii)
(b)
(i)
pyramid of numbers;
1
pyramid alone is insufficient; allow Eltonian pyramid.
Do not allow: biomass pyramid, food-chain, food-web.
(ii)
(c)
level or above;
so much of the available energy/production from producers is
converted to heat and lost from the system before it reaches the
predators;
3 max
[8]
13.
(a) (i)
capturemarkreleaserecapture method/use Lincoln
index method;
mark out area of 0.1 ha;
capture sample of beetles using traps/nets/searching in
appropriate places e.g. dung/carrion/dead wood according
to species;
mark with non-toxic paint or some other appropriate method;
allow interval and recapture similar number;
n1 n 2
n3 ;
P=
4 max
Any other reasonable points
(ii)
(b)
immigration;
emigration;
deaths;
births/hatching from pupae;
patchy distribution;
difficulty of finding adequate sample;
2 max
Any other reasonable points
(i)
Award [1 max] for abiotic factor and named
ecosystem.
Ecosystem must not be too vague. Do not credit biotic factors.
Example: sunlight intensity in eucalypt forest in south-west
Australia; 1
(ii)
14.
(a)
(ii)
or
(i)
1
50 50 cm quadrat = 0.25 m ;
2
therefore 20.6 4 = 82.4 primroses m ; (accept 82)
2
21 4 = 84
(iii) e.g. light levels would decrease with distance into wood
1
(iv) along a profile or transect;
take reading at regular intervals;
enough to be statistically significant;
take samples using relevant equipment;
2
(b)
28 32
(i)
N = 10 ;
N = 89.6; 2
(ii) make sure all traps were working properly;
ensure all traps were equally baited;
ensure all animals were handled humanely and not hurt;
ensure all traps were in similar locations (e.g. all at the base
of a tree, all on a defined animal track);
traps checked at same time each day;
mark in a way that will not rub off;
mark in a way that does not compromise survival;
max
Accept other reasonable answers.
(c)
(d)
(i)
51(51 1)
D = n( n 1) ;
59
2550
D = 596 ;
D = 4.28; 3
(ii)
15.
(b)
(c)
(d)
0.04;
(e)
4 max
Award up to [2 max] for comparison and up to [2 max] for
explanation. Award any other combination of two ecosystems.
(f)
61