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Enclosed building: qi = qh evaluated at mean roof height for windward, leeward, and side walls, and roof. Partial enclosed building: qi = qh for negative internal pressure, qi = qz for positive internal pressure at height z at the level of highest opening.
Note: The internal pressure shall be applied simultaneously on windward and leeward walls and both positive and negative pressures need to be considered. Therefore, it cancels each other for enclosed building except for roof. For partially enclosed building, internal pressure shall be added to leeward wall at the height of opening.
Wall pressure coefficient Cp for Gable, Hip roof (from figure 6.6 of ASCE 7-02): Surface L/B Cp Windward Wall All values 0.8 0-1 -0.5 Leeward Wall 2 -0.3 -0.2 4 Side Wall All values -0.7 Low-rise building. The design wind pressure shall be calculated as P = qh[ (GCpf ) qi (GCpi)] Where qh is velocity pressure at mean roof height h above ground. GCpf is external pressure coefficient from Figure 6.10 of ASCE 7-02. GCpi is internal pressure coefficient from Figure 6.5 of ASCE 7-02. Note: For wind pressures at edges and corners of walls and roof are higher than interior zone. Wind pressure at each zone needs to be calculated seperatly. External pressure coefficient GCpf (from Figure 6-10 of ASCE 7-02) Roof Building Surface Angle 1 2 3 4 5 6 1E 0-5 0.4 -0.69 -0.37 -0.29 -0.45 -0.45 0.61 20 0.53 -0.69 -0.48 -0.43 -0.45 -0.45 0.8 30-45 0.56 0.21 -0.43 -0.37 -0.45 -0.45 0.69 90 0.56 0.56 -0.37 -0.37 -0.45 -0.45 0.69 Use with qz qh qh
Parapets
The design wind pressure shall be calculated as Pp = qp GCpn Where qp is velocity pressure at top of parapet. GCpn is combined net pressure coefficient, +1.8 for windward, -1.1 for leeward.
Case 4: 56.3% (75%x75%) of wind load in two perpendicular directions with 15% eccentricity simultaneously.
Wind load for component and cladding.
Building 60 ft or lower
The design wind pressure shall be calculated as P = qh[ (GCp ) qi (GCpi)] Where qh is velocity pressure at mean roof height h above ground. GCp is external pressure coefficient from Figure 6.11 to 6.16 of ASCE 7-02. GCpi is internal pressure coefficient from Figure 6.5 of ASCE 7-02.
Note: The internal pressure shall be applied simultaneously on windward and leeward walls and both positive and negative pressures need to be considered. Therefore, it cancels each other for enclosed building except for roof. For partially enclosed building, internal pressure shall be added to leeward wall at the height of opening. Wind pressure on parapets
The design wind pressure shall be calculated as P = qp (GCp) qi (GCpi) Where
Cf is net pressure coefficients from Figure 6-18 to 6-22 of ASCE 7-02. Af is project area normal to the wind.
Example 3: Wind load on a billboard along highway. Design Data: Design code: ACE 7-02 Dimension of sign: 20 ft by 15 ft Height from ground to center of sign: 60 ft Basic wind speed: 90 mph Exposure category: B Topographic feature: flat land Requirement: Determine design wind load on billboard to be used with load combination Solution 1.Determine basic wind speed from Figure 6.1 and directionality factor Kd from Table 6-6, V = 90 mph, Kd = 0.85 2. Determine Important factor from Table 6-1: I = 1 3. Determine Exposure category from section 6.5.6 and velocity exposure coefficient Kz and Kh from Table 6.5. Exposure B, exposure coefficient, = 9.5, zg = 900 ft Height, z = 60 ft, Kz = 2.01*(z/zg)2/ = 1.1 4. Determine topographic factor from Figure 6.2, K1 = 0, K2 = 1, K3 = 1 Kzt = (1+K1K2K3) = 1 5. Determine gust effect factor from section 6.5.8, G = 0.85 6. Determine external pressure coefficient Cf from Table 6-11 M = 20 ft, N = 15 ft, M/N = 1.3, Cf = 1.2 7. Determine velocity pressure qz = 0.00256 KzKztKdV2I = 20.03 psf 8. Determine wind pressure: p = qzGCf = 20.43 psf 9. Determine wind load on billboard, F = pMN = 6130 lbs