POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED

Grid Structure & Operation and 765kV/400 kV Switchyard Design

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT (15/05/2011 TO 12/06/2011)

Submitted To: Rameshwar Mr. Rameshwar

Manager Power Grid, Gwalior

Submitted By:Siddharth Gupta

MANIT- BHOPAL 3RD YEAR, ENERGY ENGINEERING

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Presenting the vocational training report today remains an unparallel event for me as it recapitulates all toils and efforts and thanks to everyone who made it possible for me to achieve something which appeared to be impossible one. Wherever and whatever I present today has been made possible by the underlying efforts of my training in charge at POWER GRID, Gwalior and I am grateful for their constant support during my training period. Last but not the least I wish to thank all those noble hearts who directly or indirectly helped me to complete my vocational training and provided me with their valuable time to give some precious information.

ii

POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED

Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID) is a Navratna state-owned electric utility company headquartered in Gurgaon, India. Power Grid wheels about 51% of the total power generated in India on its transmission network. Power Grid has a pan India presence with around 82,045 Circuit-km of Transmission network and 135 nos. of EHVAC & HVDC sub-stations with a total transformation capacity of 91,945 MVA. The Inter-regional capacity is enhanced to 22400 MW. Power Grid has consistently maintained the transmission system availability over 99.00% which is at par with the International Utilities. The 765/400/220 kV Sub Station at Gwalior was commissioned in 2007. It has four 765 kV single circuit transmission lines charged at 400 kV, two of them between Power Grid Gwalior & Power Grid Bina and two between Power Grid Gwalior and Power Grid Agra. It also has two 220 kV double circuit transmission lines with one double circuit line between Power Grid Gwalior & MPEB Malanpur and one double circuit line between Power Grid Gwalior & MPEB Mahalgaon. SIL for 400 kV line is 510 MW and line can safely loaded upto 1100 MW. Once charged to 765 kV, SIL will increase to 2300 MW. The company is already building two 765 kV single circuit transmission line between Power Grid Gwalior & Power Grid Jaipur and two 765 kV single circuit line between Power Grid Gwalior & Power Grid Satna. Another 765 kV single circuit transmission line between Power Grid Gwalior & Power Grid Bina is proposed. iii

Table of Contents
Chapter No. Title
About Power Grid, India 1) 2) Grid Structure & Operation Load Scheduling 2.1 Load Scheduling 2.2 Scheduling & Dispatch Procedure 2.3 Revision of Schedule Switchyard Design 3.1 One and a Half Breaker Arrangement 3.2 Double Main & Transfer Bus Bar 3.2.1 Working of Double Main & Transfer Bus Bar 3.3 Choice of Bus Bar Scheme 3.4 Connecting the Transformers Switchyard Components 4.1 Bay 4.2 Reactor 4.3 Circuit Breaker 4.3.1 Technical Specifications of CB 4.3.1.1 800 kV CB 4.3.1.2 420 kV CB 4.3.1.3 225 kV CB 4.4 Current Transformers 4.4.1 Technical Specifications of CT 4.4.1.1 400 kV CT 4.4.1.2 225 kV CT APPENDIX APPENDIX I APPENDIX II

Page no.
iii 1 3 3 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 11 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 17 18

3)

4)

5)

iv

Chapter 1 GRID STRUCTURE & OPERATION

Power Grid has been accorded the status of Central transmission Utility (CTU) by the Government of India. The company has divided the transmission network of the country into 8 regions namely Northern Region I, Northern region II, Western Region I, Western Region II, Eastern Region I, Eastern Region II, North Eastern Region, Southern Region - I & Southern Region - II. This division is however internal to the organization. For the purpose of monitoring grid operations, the power system has been divided into five regions and REGIONAL LOAD DISPATCH CENTERS have been established in each region for the integrated operation of power system in the concerned region. These RLDCs are i. ii. iii. iv. v. Northern Region Load Dispatch Center Eastern Region Load Dispatch Center Southern Region Load Dispatch Center North Eastern Region Load Dispatch Center Western Region Load Dispatch Center

A NATIONAL LOAD DISPATCH CENTER is established at the national level for optimum scheduling and dispatch of electricity among the Regional Load Dispatch Centers. Both the RLDCs and NLDC are setup and operated by the POSOCO a wholly owned subsidiary of Power Grid Corporation of India Limited, in its capacity as the Central Transmission Utility. The functions of RLDCs are: a) Responsible for optimum scheduling and dispatch of electricity within the region in accordance with the contracts entered into with the licensees or the generating companies operating in the region. b) To monitor grid operations.

c) To keep accounts of quantity of electricity transmitted through the regional grid. d) Exercise supervision and control over the inter-State transmission system. e) Responsible for carrying out real time operation for grid control and dispatch of electricity within the region through secure and economic operation of the regional grid in accordance with the Grid standards and Grid code. f) Facilitating transactions of power under short-term and long term open access for inter/intra regional exchanges following regulations and procedures issued by the Central/State Electricity Regulatory Commission and Central Transmission Utilities. g) Coordinating and issuing drawl schedules of State Power Utilities from all Central Generating Stations and dispatch schedules of Central Generating Stations. A STATE LOAD DISPATCH CENTER is established at state level to ensure integrated operation of the power system in a State. The establishment of SLDC is mandated by section 30 & 31 of Indian Electricity Act 2003. Functions of SLDCs are: a) Responsible for optimum scheduling and dispatch of electricity within a State in accordance with the contracts entered into with the licensees or the generating Companies operating in that State. b) To monitor grid operation. c) To keep accounts of the quantity of electricity transmitted through State grid. d) To exercise supervision and control over the inter-State transmission system. e) Responsible for carrying out real time operation for grid control and dispatch of electricity within the State through secure and economic operation of the State Grid in accordance with the Grid standards and State Grid Code. 2

Chapter 2 Load Scheduling

2.1 LOAD SCHEDULING (as per WESTERN REGION LOAD DISPATCH CENTER) For the purpose of scheduling each day would be divided into 96 blocks of 15 minutes duration each and for each block WRLDC would intimate each SLDC the drawl schedule and to each ISGS the generation schedule in advance. The net drawl schedule of any state would be the sum of the ex-power plant schedules from different ISGS and any bilateral exchange agreed with other constituent state in Western region or any other region less estimated transmission losses. The generation schedule to each ISGS shall be the sum of the requisitions made by each of the beneficiaries, restricted to their entitlements and subject to the maximum and minimum value criteria or any other technical constraint as indicated by WRLDC. IEGC mandates the grid frequency operation in the band of 49.50 Hz to 50.20 Hz, however for the safety and security of the system the normal range of desirable frequency is 49.7 to 50.2. The state shall initiate action to restrict the drawl of its control area from the grid whenever the frequency falls to 49.7 Hz and do not under drawl whenever the frequency is above 50.2 Hz provided that when the frequency is higher than 50.2 Hz, the actual net injection shall not exceed the scheduled dispatch for that time block. Also when the frequency is greater the 50.2 Hz the ISGS may back down (at their own discretion) without waiting for an advice from RLDC to restrict the frequency rise.

2.2 SCHEDULING AND DISPATCH PROCEDURE 1. By 1000 hrs everyday each ISGS shall advise WRLDC the station-wise ex-power plant MW and MWh capabilities foreseen for the next day i.e. between 0000 to 2400 hrs of the following day, at 15 minutes interval 2. The above information shall be compiled by WRLDC and the MW and MWh entitlements available to each state during the following day at 15 minutes interval shall be intimated by WRLDC to states by 1100 hrs. 3. After receipt of the information in regard to the availability from different ISGS, all the states shall review such availability vis--vis their foreseen demand and their own generating capability, including the bilateral exchanges if any. By 1500 hrs the SLDCs would advise WRLDC their requisition in each of the ISGS along with the bilateral exchanges they intend to have with the other state / states and the estimates of demand / availability in their own states 4. By 1700 hrs WRLDC shall convey to each ISGS the generation schedule i.e., ex-power plant dispatch schedule and to each state the net drawl schedule i.e. the schedule at the periphery of the state (after deducting the apportioned estimated transmission losses). 5. The SLDC/ ISGS may inform the modifications/ changes to be made if any in the above schedule to WRLDC by 2200 hrs. 6. On receipt of such information and after consulting with the concerned constituents if required, the WRLDC shall issue the final generation / drawl schedule to each ISGS/SLDC by 2300 hrs. 2.3 REVISION OF SCHEDULE 1. In case of forced outage of a unit, WRLDC will revise the schedules on the basis of revised declared capability. The revised schedule will 4

become effective from the 4th time block, counting the time block in which the revision is advised by the generator to be the first one. 2. In the event of a situation arising due to bottleneck in evacuation of power due to transmission constraint, WRLDC shall revise the schedule which shall become effective from the 4th time block, counting the time block in which the transmission constraint has been brought to the notice of WRLDC as the first one. 3. Revision of declared capability by generator(s) and requisition by beneficiary(ies) for the remaining period of the day will also be permitted with advance notice. Revised schedules / declared capability in such cases shall become effective from the 6th time block, counting the time block in which the request for revision has been received in RLDC to be the first one. 4. If, at any point of time, RLDC observes that there is need for revision of the schedules in the interest of better system operation, it may do so on its own and in such cases, the revised schedules shall become effective from the 4th time block, counting the time block in which the revised schedule is issued by RLDC to be the first one

Chapter 3 Switchyard Design

A switchyard has various components like CT, PT, Relay KIOSK, Isolators etc. A detailed list of all switchyard components is given in Appendix II. Any transmission line originates or terminates at a Bus-bar. One bus bar is usually connected to more than one transmission lines depending upon its power handling ability. Different types of bus-bar designs are used based on requirement. Some of the commonly used bus bar arrangements are One and a half breaker arrangement, Double Main & Transfer Arrangement, ring main Arrangement, Mesh Arrangement and Single Bus Bar Arrangement (with or without Bus sectionalization). The choice of the type of bus bar arrangement depends on i. ii. iii. iv. v. System voltage Provision of extension with the load growth Economy keeping in view the needs and continuity of supply Maintenance possibility with interruption of supply Protection during faults.

In the 400/220 kV switchyard of Power Grid Gwalior, One and a half Breaker Arrangement is used for 400 kV transmission line and Double Main & Transfer Arrangement is used for 220 kV Transmission line. Both types of bus bar arrangements are explained below. 3.1 One and a Half Breaker Arrangement This type of arrangement needs three circuit breakers for two circuits. The number of circuit breaker per circuit comes out to be 1 , hence the name. This circuit is preferred in those stations where power handled is large. A schematic diagram for a one and a half breaker scheme is as shown below.

Circuit 1

Circuit 1

Bus 1

CB 1

CB 1

CB 2

CB 2

CB 3

CB 3

Bus 2

Circuit 2

Circuit 2

Fig 3.1 CB Circuit Breaker

One and a Half Breaker Bus bar Arrangement scheme

It is clear that three circuit breakers are used in one dia between the two busbars, Bus 1 and Bus 2 for two circuits emerging out of it. Two such dia are shown in the figure. Following advantages are associated with this type of bus bar arrangement. 1. The supply is not interrupted in the event of fault on a bus as either of the bus can be used to maintain supply and keep the feeders (or transmission lines) charged. 2. The supply is not interrupted in the event of any fault on a circuit breaker 3. Possibility of addition of circuits is always there. The CT and PT are not shown for the sake of clarity. 3.2 Double Main and Transfer This arrangement is quite frequently used where load and continuity of supply justifies additional cost. Generally, this system has two main bus-bars and one transfer bus-bar. However at Gwalior sub-station, two transfer busbars have been used for saving area. Both transfer bus-bars are electrically connected to each other. Two bus bars are used to increase redundancy. 3.2.1 Working of Double Main and Transfer Bus-Bar arrangement The two main bus-bars are electrically connected to each other through a bus coupler. They can be connected or disconnected from each other at will, depending upon the system requirements and contingencies. Under normal conditions both the bus-bars remain charged. Two bus-bars are used to increase redundancy. This scheme provides for one transfer bus. To save area and to accommodate more feeders, two transfer bus-bars can be used but they are electrically connected and treated as one for all purposes. Such an arrangement is present in the switchyard of the Power Grid Gwaliors substation. A single line diagram for the Double main and transfer arrangement is given on the next page 8

Bus 1

Bus 2

CB Transfer Bus Coupler

CB

CB

CB

Transfer Bus

Feeders / Transmission Line

Fig 3.2 CB Circuit Breaker

Double Main & Transfer Bus bar Arrangement scheme

As shown in the figure, each feeder comes with only one circuit breaker, unlike the One and a half arrangement where effectively each feeder had two circuit breakers. In case a fault occurs on the breaker associated with a feeder, the continuity of the supply could still be maintained by transferring the feeder to the transfer bus. For this, firstly the transfer bus is charged by closing the TBS or the Transfer Bus Coupler and then closing the isolator connecting transfer bus and the feeder. One transfer bus is used for all the feeders. However, only one feeder at a time can be put on the transfer bus. The designing does not permit more than one feeder to be put on the bus at a time. 3.3 Choice of Bus Bar Scheme As already explained above, the choice of bus bar scheme depends on various factors like system voltage, protection, redundancy and economy. At the Gwalior sub station, the 400 kV line are connected to the one and a half breaker bus bar while the 220 kV line are connected to the double main and transfer bus bar. One and a half breaker arrangement is more reliable as each circuit feeder has effectively two circuit breakers. In can one has some fault or has to be taken into maintenance, the arrangement would remain equally effective and power handling capability would remain same. One breaker with each dia can be safely taken out of service. However the cost is very high as more circuit breakers are being used. This is the cost of increased protection and ability to maintain the continuity of supply under faulty conditions. The cost of a 400 kV line tripping and ultimately going out is very high as one such line normally handles 500 600 MW or power. All power would be lost otherwise. 220 kV line is connected to double main and transfer bus bar. This arrangement is more economical than the one and a half scheme as it requires only one circuit breaker with each circuit. In the event of a fault in any breaker, the circuit associated with it can be connected to the transfer bus. 10

However only one circuit at a time could be connected to the transfer bus. It gives reduced protection and restoring supply might take longer in the event of any fault if it extends to more than one circuit and all circuits except one would go out of service. 3.4 Connecting the Transformers The transformers are connected between the bus bars. The power rating of the transformers depends upon the power to be handled in the bus bars. Using a transformer with power rating much higher than the average power flowing through it would lower the power factor. A total of three 3- transformers are installed at Gwalior sun-station. All three are 315 MVA, 400/220 kV, 50 Hz transformers. A complete switchyard diagram of the 400/220 kV substation is given on the next page. Two buses are connected via two 315 MVA, 400/220 kV, 50 Hz transformers for voltage and current transformation.

11

12

Chapter 4 Switchyard Components

The switchyard at PGCIL, Gwalior substation is different from the typical substations which have two or three storey control rooms with relay panels occupying most of the floor space. Control room is more compact than ever with its size limited to a 7m X 7m room. Relay panels are housed in KIOSK installed at different panels in the switchyard. 4.1 Bay A transmission line when enters in a switchyard in connected to a bay. A bay is basically a collection of isolator and wave trap connected in series and CVT, LA, earth switch connected in parallel. In sequence starting from the transmission lines last tower and going towards the switchyard, they lie as follows: LA, CVT, WT, earth switch, and isolator. LA comes first to protect the switchyard components from being damaged from the sudden voltage or current surge. Then comes the CVT which, on high voltage lines, are mostly used for the transmission of communication signals. They send and receive these high frequency signals. WT are used for filtering out the high frequency signals from the current as they may be outside the range of the switchyard components which are mostly designed to operate at the frequency of or around 50 Hz. Earth switch comes next to earth the line, if necessary. Isolator is the last component of the bay and is used to isolate the line from the bus bar. 4.2 Reactors The reactor is connected to the transmission line to compensate the capacitive power due to its own capacitance. The load connected to these lines is otherwise inductive in nature. The rating of the power is decided by the 13

amount of reactive power flowing in the transmission line. For economic reasons, half of this reactive power is compensated by the reactors. Here the reactor is connected to the line and not to the bus bar, as shown in the switchyard SLD. All this data regarding power flow, amount of reactive power, power factor is calculated during the designing of lines. These parameters are greatly influenced by the local conditions. For example, industrial loads generally consume more reactive power then the residential loads. 4.3 Circuit Breaker The Circuit Breakers used here are SF6 type circuit breakers. These breakers have to adhere to certain condition like fault clearing time, switching time, maximum fault levels to be handled etc. The circuit breakers and accessories shall conform to IEC: 62271-100, IEC: 62271-01 and other relevant IEC standards. A circuit Breaker is made of several components like SF6 gas, insulator, contacts, fuses, sensors, cables, air pipes and support structure. Each of these components must separately confirm to certain standards of structural, chemical and electrical stability for the circuit breaker to qualify as a whole. Certain conditions for regulation of the SF6 gas based CBs quality are 1. The design and construction of the circuit breaker shall be such that there is a minimum possibility of gas leakage and entry of moisture. There should not be any condensation of SF6 gas on the internal insulating surfaces of the circuit breaker. 2. In the interrupter assembly there shall be an absorbing product box to minimize the effect of SF6 decomposition products and moisture. 3. Each Circuit Breaker shall be capable of withstanding a vacuum of minimum 8 mill bars without distortion or failure of any part. 4.3.1 Technical Parameters of Circuit Breaker

14

The ratings of circuit breaker to be used depend largely on the system voltage. 4.3.1.1 800 kV Circuit Breaker Sr. No. Parameter
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rated continuous current (A) at design ambient temperature. Rated short circuit current breaking capacity at rated voltage Symmetrical interrupting capability (kA rms) Short time current carrying capability for one second (kArms) Operating mechanism or a combination of these Trip coil and closing coil voltage Maximum allowable switching overvoltage under any switching condition

Value
3150 40 kA 40 40 Spring 220 V DC 1.9 p.u.

4.3.1.2 420 kV Circuit Breaker Sr. No. Parameter

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rated continuous current (A) at design ambient temperature. Rated short circuit current breaking capacity at rated voltage Symmetrical interrupting capability (kA rms) Short time current carrying capability for one second (kArms) Operating mechanism or a combination of these Trip coil and closing coil voltage

Value
2000 / 3150 40 kA / 50 kA / 63kA 40 / 50 / 63 40 / 50 / 63 Pneumatic/spring 220 V DC

Maximum allowable switching overvoltage 2.3 p.u. under any switching condition

15

4.3.1.3 225 kV Circuit Breaker Sr. No. Parameter

1 2 3 4 5 6 Rated continuous current (A) at design ambient temperature. Rated short circuit current breaking capacity at rated voltage Symmetrical interrupting capability (kA rms) Short time current carrying capability for one second (kArms) Operating mechanism or a combination of these Trip coil and closing coil voltage

Value
1600/2500 40 kA / 50 kA 40 / 50 40 / 50 Pneumatic/spring 220 V DC

4.4 Current Transformers 4.4.1 420 kV CURRENT TRANSFORMERS Sr. No. Parameter
1 2 3 Rated Primary Current Rated short time thermal current for 1 sec. Rated dynamic current kA (peak)

Value
2000/3000 40 kA/50kA/63kA 100 /125/157.5

4.4.2 225 kV CURRENT TRANSFORMERS Sr. No. Parameter

1 2 3 Rated Primary Current Rated short time thermal current for 1 sec. Rated dynamic current kA (peak)

Value
1600 A 40 kA for 1 sec./50 kA for 1 sec 100 / 125

16

APPENDIX I ABBREVATIONS 1. CTU Central Transmission Utility 2. CVT Capacitive Voltage Transformer 3. ISGS Inter State Generating Stations 4. IEC International Electromechanical Council 5. IEGC Indian Electricity Grid Code 6. LA Lightening Arrester 7. NLDC National Load Dispatch Center 8. PU Per Unit 9. RLDC Regional Load Dispatch Center 10. SLD Single Line Diagram 11. SLDC State Load Dispatch Center 12. TBS Transfer Bus Coupler 13. WRLDC Western Region Load Dispatch Center 14. WT Wave Trap

17

APPENDIX II Switchyard Components 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Circuit Breaker (SF6 type) Current Transformer (both dead tank and Potential Transformer Wave Trap Isolators Inter Connecting Transformer (ICT) Shunt Reactors Lightning Arrestors Capacitive Voltage Transformer Relay KIOSK Series capacitors Power Transformer

18

19