Existence Confluence

An Exploration of Social Interaction Through the Study of a Marketplace

Stacey Westenberger
Senior Design Thesis
2 0 0 5 - 2 0 0 6
Stacey Westenberger
Senior Design Thesis
2 0 0 5 - 2 0 0 6
Architecture provides a setting for
interaction and reflection at every
junction in which we encounter it. Not
only can we physically interact with the
built form, but architecture also shapes
a place for interaction to occur between
users. Architecture, which engages
the senses on an intimate level elicits a
sense of consciousness among a user,
thereby increasing their awareness of
their environment as a whole.

A public market place is a catalyst for

this consciousness to occur as well
as a stimulating physically interactive
environment. The surrounding activities
within the market are daily routines,
but experiencing the confluence of
site, users, and purpose results in
enhancement of overall existence. The
created opportunity for reflection on
daily life allows for understanding and
intrigue to form in regard to the world
around them, further increasing one’s
respect for life. The atmosphere as a
whole influences the user subtly, almost
unrecognizable and unexplainable to the
common eye, yet stimulating a chain
of reactions within the individual and
community.

Located on the Eads Bridge in St. Louis,

Missouri, the market space allows for a
renewed perception of the historically
significant site and provides an
opportunity for reflection on the city.
 Existence Confluence
An Exploration of Social Interaction Through the Study of a Marketplace

ex•ist \ig’zist\ vb 1 : have real or actual

being 2 : live - ex•ist•ence n

con·flu·ence \knfl-ns\ n 1 : a flowing

together of two or more streams 2 : a gath-
ering, flowing, or meeting together at one
juncture or point 1

Stacey Westenberger • 2005-2006 • Senior Thesis Project • California Polytechnic State Univeristy San Luis Obispo • College of Architecture and Environmental Design • Professor Jonathan Reich
 Dedication

This book is dedicated to my parents,

Bob and Linda Westenberger, for their
continued support through my education,
travels, and life.

Special thanks to: Meghan, Anne Marie, Sarah Bradshaw, and Samantha DeLeuw
for all their help whether it was physical labor, borrowing a truck, loaning money, or
just someone to talk to.



Research: Fall 2005
Thesis 3
Public Market Place 13
Case Studies 15
Successful Markets 25
Program 27
Place 29
Vicinity 31
Community 35
Redevelopment 39
Climate Analysis
51
Site 57
Adaptive Reuse 59
Eads Bridge 61
Understanding the Bridge 65
Access / Proximity 67
Terminology 69
Table of Contents
Initial Concept Ideas: Fall 2005
Precedents 73
Conceptual Studies 83
Fall Review 11/21/2005 97
Schematic Design: Winter 2006
Precedents 101
Experiments 111
Patterns 115
Site Analysis 117
Plan Analysis 121
Adjacencies 123
Study Model 02/18/2006 125
Revisions 127
Design Development: Spring 2006
Precedents 143
Process 157
Final Documetation 171
 Thesis

What do all of these things have

in common?

They all represent LIFE. The im-

ages are small clips of a special
moments in our lives, almost
unrecognizable until we stop and
draw attention to them. Ar-
chitecture is not just about the
physical building, but a culmina-
tion of building, existence, and
beauty; shaping our lives.


Can architecture make us aware
of our surroundings and the
beauty in the “ordinary” mo-
ments in our lives? It begins
with how we define ordinary.
Ordinary is defined by Merriam-
Webster’s Dictionary as:
or•di•nar•y
adj: of common occurrence,
quality, or ability.1
Ordinary does not mean the
object in which it describes is of
low quality or lacking in ability;
it refers, however, to something
that is usual or customary.
These familiar instances do not
lack quality because we have
experienced them before, how-
ever, this quality becomes harder
to recognize when it is all around
us. The “ordinary” moments
are necessary in order to be a
 
basis for things extraordinary.
Something extraordinary stands
out from the rest and demands
one’s attention. However, this
does not negate the inherit
significance and beauty in the
ordinary. Koren uses the term
Wabi Sabi to express the beauty
in ordinary things. He first
describes beauty; “Beauty can
spontaneously occur at any
moment given the proper cir-
cumstances, context, or point of
view. Beauty is thus an altered
state of consciousness, and
extraordinary moment of po-
etry and grace” (Koren 51). He
further explains Wabi Sabi with
the ideas of ordinary versus ex-
traordinary. Koren demonstrates
Wabi Sabi as coexisting, rather
than imposing. “Unpretentious.
Things wabi-sabi are unstudied
and inevitable looking. They do
Architecture
not blare out ‘I am important’
or demand to be the center of
attention. They are understated
and unassuming, yet not without
presence or quiet authority.
Things wabi-sabi easily co-exist
with the rest of their environ-
ment” (Koren 68). After realizing
there is potential for beauty in
habitual things, the question
remains, how can we recognize
environmental influence on our
everyday life?
In an urban environment,
architecture sets a scene for
 these moments of consciousness
to occur. The presence of a
structure or lack of can impose
psychological dispositions on
the user. These psychological
effects of the environment can
affect moods, evoke emotions,
and promote actions. Concur-
rently, these predispositions
created from the environment
have the ability to enhance
or hinder the user’s overall
well-being. “A person is so far
formed by his surroundings that
his state of harmony depends
entirely on his harmony with
 
his surroundings” (Alexander
106). Cooperative relationships
between environments and users
create a balance in energy. This
equilibrium allows a user to be-
come aware of the other factors
influencing their attitude and
become strengthened by them.
Everyday activities can become
Harmony emerges from the
conversation between archi-
tecture and life.
a building block for overall well
being when the surroundings
and person are not competing
against each other. “Places
which have this quality, invite
this quality to come to life in us”
(Alexander 53). It is recogniz-
ing each one for their positive
attributes and finding glory in
the smaller imperfections that
exist. Harmony emerges from
the conversation between archi-
tecture and life. Often times,
architecture may go unnoticed
to the observer, though simulta-
neously life is magnified.
However, these instances do
not result from the architecture
alone. This is why, often,
architecture is not even needed
to evoke our sense of tranquility,
as we often observe through
natural beauty. External forces,
not created by man, are able
to more easily catch our senses
and therefore evoke responses.
Engaging the senses is the lure
to awareness.
I learned to notice the
ray of sunlight that was
 then pouring through a
chink in the roof, illumi-
nating a column of drifting
dust, and to realize that
that column of light was
indeed a power, influenc-
ing the air currents by its
warmth, and indeed in-
fluencing the whole mood
of the room; although I
had not consciously seen
it before, it had already
been structuring my
experience.
(Abrams 20)
Sensual experiences cause a
 
person to become even more
conscious of their surroundings
and take in every aspect of the
world around them. As one
sense is engaged, the other
senses become more acute in
Engaging the senses is the
lure to awareness.
scanning the environment. This
conscientious approach to a
person’s daily life helps them
to become more attentive to
the positive effects everyday
activities have in one’s overall
well being.
Architecture should be unimpos-
ing, but influential on our daily
lives. Subliminal messages are
sent through its relationship
to site, surroundings, light,
material, space, and most
importantly its users. Not only
does the user receive these
messages, but they also become
a part of the greater dialogue.
The more intimate ways in which
a building engages our senses
will make the architecture alive,
rather than forcing our attention
through imposition. Connec-
tions and materials are smaller
segments of architecture, which
stimulate one’s senses almost
subconsciously, but are unargu-
ably the most important factors
in overall recognition.

The experience of architecture
should not be limited to a
certain age group, social class,
or economic level. As diversity
grows among the populations
of our global world, a common
“The encounter with other per-
ceivers continually assures me
that there is more to any thing,
or to the world, than I myself can
perceive at any moment.”
(Abrams 39)
ground is needed for which
all people can experience and
understand. Architecture
provides a place to bring people
10
together under a common
purpose, therefore promoting
interaction between social strata.
Through this interaction, results
understanding and respect.
There is a realization that we,
as members of a global society
may not be equal, but we all
have common daily activities.
An understanding of the world
around you is needed on a large
and small scale; recognizing
the role of nature, people,
and the built environment on
your everyday activities. Do
they enhance or hinder your
own development and the
development of the world (big or
small) around you?
Our interactions with people
in a place become moments
within our lives. Through these
interactions, emotions are drawn
out of all the indicators affecting
our lives at that one moment
in time. Time, place, weather,
people, etc. all play into the
feelings we perceive at a specific
moment. Factors such as being
cold, wet, tired, sick, etc. all af-
Architecture creates public
places for interaction to occur.
fect how a person perceives and
instance. History also affects
what the person feels at the
present moment.
Who is the user group then? It
is everyone! Old, young, tall,
short, rich, poor, one, many,
People
visitors, races, etc. Architecture
should be for everyone to enjoy.
It should create public places
for interaction to occur between
each end of the spectrum,
simultaneously creating under-
standing and recognition of the
diversity within the community
and the greater world.
Since 2001, there are 1426
new residential units that have
opened in St. Louis City. And
an additional 1,000 units began
construction at the end of 2004.
(CID)
11
 Public Market Place

“Markets are seen as neutral spaces

that belong to no single age group,
giving them a multi-generational
character and sense of community
like few other places.”
(Freid)
13

The concept of public markets
emerged in the 8th Century B.C.
in ancient Greece. However, the
type of public markets found
today is most closely linked with
beginnings in England during
the 17th Century. New Orleans’
Markets are “the original human
gathering place” (O’Neil)
French Quarter Market, originat-
ing in 1794, is considered the
longest continuously operating
public market in the U.S. At the
end of World War I, the United
States had 237 municipal public
markets in 128 cities.2 However
14
Case Studies
advancing technology in grocery
stores and intense development
of suburban areas and highways
diminished dependence on
downtown areas thus leading to
a decline of markets throughout
the country.3 More recently, the
value of markets as a unique
interactive experience is again
being recognized and modern
public markets are being inte-
grated into many cities.
15

The Soulard Farmer’s Market is
the last survivor of the numer-
ous markets once located in St.
Louis, and the oldest market
west of the Mississippi. The mar-
ket began in 1838 on two blocks
of land donated by Julia Soulard
for a marketplace. The market
grew and perspired to consist of
two market halls throughout the
20th century. Today, the mar-
ket is the site of many cultural
events such as Oktoberfest and
Mardi Gras, due to the diverse
community in which it stands.
However, on a daily basis, the
market economy is declining and
now attracts only few customers
as a one-time experience. 4
16
The Soulard Market lacks pros-
perity of location and amenities.
It is located outside of downtown
limits, making it an obstacle to
access without a car. Pedestri-
ans are unable to conveniently
walk to the market or take public
transportation, such as the
metro.
Although the market thrives dur-
ing seasonal and cultural events,
its popularity is short lived.
Throughout the year, Soulard
lacks marketing and awareness
to bring people to the market-
place. Its hours of operation are
also inconvenient to many people
living in the city who work during
the week.
The Market sells a variety of
goods, focusing mainly on food.
However the various products
are dispersed throughout the
market hall. The Soulard Mar-
ket also offers two structures,
one indoor and one outdoor for
expanding the market during
temperate months of the year.
Soulard Market
Established: 1838
Location:
7th & Lafayette, St. Louis, MO
Hours of Operation:
Year Round
Wed.-Fri. 8:00a.m. to 5:30p.m.
Sat. 6:00a.m. to 5:30p.m.
Categories:
Produce; Flowers and Plants;
Bakery, Miscellaneous; Farm-
er/ Grower; Apparel; Meat, Fish,
Eggs, & Cheese; Spices and
Grains; Snacks and Meals
17

Often referred to as “the soul
of Seattle,” the Pike Place Mar-
ket has operated for almost 100
years on 9 acres of land. Inter-
nationally recognized as Ameri-
ca’s premier farmers’ market, it
is home to nearly 200 year-round
commercial businesses; 190
craftspeople and 120 farmers
who rent table space by the day;
240 street performers and musi-
cians; and 300 apartment units.
The market attracts 10 million
visitors a year, making it one of
Washington’s most frequently
visited destinations. 5
The Pike Place Market has be-
come the precedent for many
markets across the country.
Although its size is immense, the
atmosphere of interaction flour-
18
ishes. However, the market was
started in 1905 and much of its
success is representative of its
deep-rooted history. The Market
location is also prominent within
the city, located along the water-
front and near an active dis-
...a community within itself.
trict of the city. The metro bus
system also offers stops near the
market, alleviating transporta-
tion difficulties.
The wide variety of goods and
services offered at the Pike Place
Market can be a bit overwhelm-
ing, but the market has become
a community-centered icon, and
its goal is to offer all necessary
services in a convenient location.
Pike Place Market
Consequently, Pike Place has Established: 1905
evolved into a community within
itself. Location:
1531 Western Ave., Seattle, WA
Hours of Operation:
Pike Place/1st Avenue level:
Mon. - Sat, 10am to 6pm
Sunday, 11am to 5pm
Down Under stores:
Mon. - Sun., 11am to 5pm
Categories:
Food; Handmade Crafts;
Other Merchandise; Servic-
es (bank, healthcare, shoe
repair, tailoring, portraits,
ministry, etc.); Dining and
Take-out; among many
others
19

The Milwaukee Public Market
opened late summer 2005, pro-
jecting 20,000 customers to visit
the market each week. Although
unlike many other public mar-
kets, the Milwaukee Market is
focusing solely on food, no arts
and crafts will be sold. However,
along with the usual food stands,
Food’s the great common denominator.
Milwaukee’s market provides a
55-seat theater on a mezzanine
level for cooking demonstrations
as well as chances to partici-
pate in classes. They have also
teamed up with a local bookstore
to provide cookbook signings and
demonstrations. Schafer, a mar-
ket investor, shares her outlook,
“It’s going to be a fun place to
hang out and will be good for our
city. Food’s the great common
20
denominator”(McCann). 6
The Market’s ability to expand
for different seasons shows ac-
ceptance of its environment and
adaptations from the traditional
model to respond to its context.
Transparent doors connect the
seasonal outdoor vendors to the
interior market as well as pro-
vide a seamless transition to the
outdoors. The Milwaukee Public
Market takes advantage of its
city’s amenities and relates to
the lakefront and the River walk
(just across the street). This
juxtaposition helps the market
form closer relationships with the
city as well as creates a commu-
nity identity for itself, reflecting
the root influences of Milwaukee.
Milwaukee Public Market
Architect: Kubala Washatko
Architects
Established: 2005
Location:
400 N. Water St., Milwaukee, WI
Hours of Operation:
Closed Mondays
Tues. – Fri., 10am-7pm
Sat. ,8am-5pm
Sun., 8am-4pm
Outdoor Farmer’s Market: July – Nov.
Categories:
Cooking Classes; Mezzanine
for eating or people watch-
ing (overlooking market
activities); Food Sales (dairy,
cheese, fish, bulk items,
breads, pastries, fresh meats,
ethnic specialties, fresh soups,
flowers, Wisconsin specialties,
and organic foods)
21
 Temporary Markets

Traditionally farmer’s markets er conditions contribute to its

Locations: Everywhere
were set up temporarily in the popularity, the unusual sounds
streets. Today, many of these of bustling life on the streets Gerona, Italy
temporary markets create color- with music and food in the back- San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy
San Luis Obispo, California
ful street scenes, as in the case ground provide a thriving at-
in Gerona, Italy as well as many mosphere for social interaction. Today, 3,000 markets exist through-
other European cities. These out Europe including 41 neighbor-
street scenes have become hood locations in Barcelona alone.
favorites among many Europe-
ans and in some cases became
permanent fixtures along the
streets, such as San Lorenzo
Market in Florence, Italy. How-
ever, in the U.S. the temporary
markets are just that and often
offer a one-day social affair to
gather and browse while fulfill-
ing everyday shopping needs.
In San Luis Obispo, the farmer’s
market is not only a town fa-
vorite, but a highly visited tourist
attraction. Although, fair weath-

22 23
 Ten Qualities of Successful Public Markets
By David O’Neil
The reason that always pops to the top (of surveys asking why c. Local economy- use the market as a hub for local
people use markets) is the experience; seeing other people, op- revitalization
portunities for impromptu conversations, the unexpected sensory 7. Right economics
delights.n 8. Right promotion
a. Community connections- provides a forum for interaction
(Listed are the qualities and description based on relationships to 9. Right value
St. Louis as a site.) a. Social capital- shared experiences build community
b. Psychic Well-being- a fun way to feel good
The ten qualities that power successful markets are: 10. Right management
a. Outreach-a diverse market is a strong market
1. Right vendor
2. Right location
a. Confluence-places where people naturally come together
3. Right mix
4. Right mission
a. Community health- healthy food at low prices
b. Make people happy
5. Right public spaces
a. Sense of entry- the market as oasis
6. Right connections
a. Reflect community- a symbol of community identity
b. Bike trails/greenways

24 25
 Program

A public marketplace is about such as restrooms and places -Vendor stalls

the experience of interaction and to relax. While thriving due to
observation first, but also has its proximity to tourist attrac- -Cafes/Restaurants
an overlying purpose of offering tions and the metro line, easy -Nutrition Education
fresh and nutritious foods to access from highways and the
those living in an urban environ- city streets, as well as parking -Observation Kitchen
ment. In that case, along with accommodations for bikes and -Cookbook Retail
vendor stalls, a market provides cars. -Restrooms
They are home to endless hand -Bike Racks
to hand transactions, evolving -Metro Station
relationships. 7
places to sit, relax, and observe
(i.e. benches and cafes), as well
as educational programs (i.e.
observation kitchens, nutrition
information, and helpful tips
about food). There is a basic
support system allowing a mar-
ket to be a place of gathering,

27
Place

29
 Geographically defined by
the Mississippi River, in 1764,
Pierre Laclede formally named
St. Louis in honor of the patron
saint of France. Originally
established as a trading outpost
near the confluence of the
Missouri and Mississippi rivers,
Laclede showed remarkable
foresight by saying, “By its
locality and central position,
St. Louis was to become one
of the finest of cities”(McNulty
5). In the beginning, St. Louis
30
possessed a natural sand levee,
sheltering limestone bluffs, and
a convenient location less than
twenty miles downriver from
the confluence with the Missouri
River. Growing to become the
second largest inland port and
the western edge of civilization, Vicinity
St. Louis established the reputa-
tion as “Gateway to the West”, St. Louis, Missouri USA
because of its natural location as Elevation: 465 feet
a point of departure and return Land area: 61.9 square miles
on journeys westward. 8
31
 Population change in the 1990s:
In more recent years, St.
-47,163 (-11.9%)
Louis has fallen from its spot
among the largest bustling
cities within the U.S. and is now
steadily declining. Although
the St. Louis region ranks 17th
in population nationwide, the
Metropolitan Statistical Area
consists of 6,391 square miles,
with a population of 2.6 million
people, only 16% of which live
in the City of St. Louis. In the
1950’s, St. Louis experienced
“white flight” from the city and
still suffers from its trend today.
White flight is a colloquial
term for the demographic
trend of white people,
generally but not al-
ways upper and middle
class, moving away
32
from increasingly and
predominantly non-white
areas, finding new homes
in nearby suburbs or even
moving to new locales
entirely. 9
Most businesses eventually
moved out of the city to the
suburbs in order to be closer
to their work force; thus eco-
nomically devastating the cities
growth. As a result, the city has
been under plans of redevelop-
ment since the 1960’s, although
it is just beginning to show signs
of resolve. 10
33
Community

35
The diversity among city resi-
dents becomes the motivator
for a place of social interaction.
Contrary to segregation, a
common place for interaction
allows for dissemination of the
diverse makeup within the city.
The history of misunderstanding
among social classes and races,
leading to the giant urban
sprawl and “white flight” further
supports the need for a com-
mon place where all people feel
welcome.
The number of visitors to the
city each year is of major
economic wealth to the city.
Increasing the number of
attractions and amenities will
further enhance the tourism
market and sustain its suc-
cess. Visitors are another user
group who will benefit from a
common place of interaction.
Often times, visitors also like to
observe their travel destination
in its raw atmosphere. A place
for visitors and residents allows
for them to interact and learn
from each other.
36
Demographics10
Population (year 2000): 348,189 78,159 renter occupied)
Est. population in July 2004: 343,279 (-1.4% change) Median resident age: 33.7 years
Median household income: $27,156 (year 2000)
Males: 163,567 (47.0%) Median house value: $63,900 (year 2000
Females: 184,622 (53.0%)
For population 25 years and over in St. Louis
Races in St. Louis: High school or higher: 71.3%
Black (51.2%) Bachelor’s degree or higher: 19.1%
White Non-Hispanic (42.9%) Graduate or professional degree: 7.6%
Hispanic (2.0%) Unemployed: 11.3%
Two or more races (1.9%) Mean travel time to work: 25.1 minutes
Vietnamese (1.0%)
American Indian (0.8%) For population 15 years and over in St. Louis city
Other race (0.8%) Never married: 41.5%
Now married: 32.7%
Daytime population change due to commuting: +122,234 Separated: 4.4%
(+35.1%) Widowed: 9.2%
Workers who live and work in this city: 82,480 (58.6%) Divorced: 12.3%
Houses: 176,354 (147,076 occupied: 68,917 owner occupied,
37
 Redevelopment 11

38 39
 Washington Avenue
The key development princi-
ples and programs set forth for
the district include: renovation
and reuse of existing buildings;
support of existing arts district
uses; infill of new buildings;
location of support parking
behind buildings; enhanced
streetscaping; the creation
of new urban greens; active
recreational areas, and a public
square.
Downtown Now!
Development Plan

Washington Ave. runs east-west through Downtown, linking the Down-

town West district and the Riverfront. Due to the longevity of the gar-
ment business, the area is the best preserved section of St. Louis from
the turn of the century. Currently the old garment factories are being
converted into artists’ lofts and offices, focusing on enhancing street-
scapes and visual quality of urban life.

40 41
 Gateway Mall and Arch

The plan calls for the reinte-

gration of the Arch Grounds
into the downtown through a
landscaped lid over I-70 and
enhanced activities in the
open spaces of both the Arch
Grounds and the Mall.
Downtown Now!
Development Plan

The mall stretches the entire east-west length of Downtown, linking the
Arch grounds and Union Station. The Mall, in conjunction with the Arch
Grounds, is the organizing open space around which all of Downtown
revolves. Many public venues are connected to the Mall via boulevards,
providing ease of circulation around Downtown. However, the Mall and
the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial are dramatically underused
open spaces, under current development plans.

42 43
 Laclede’s Landing
The key development
principles and programs
set forth for the district
include: rehabilitation of
historic buildings for loft,
office, and retail uses; a new
urban entertainment center;
a new residential neighbor-
hood with apartments and
townhouses; new commer-
cial and office spaces; and
residential support uses such
as daycare. Also included
in the plan are urban greens
that will serve the residential
neighborhood, biking and
jogging paths along the
riverfront and enhanced Located at the Northern edge of the downtown core, a number of thriv-
pedestrian connections to ing restaurants, clubs, retail, institutions, and businesses as well as
the Arch Grounds and Down- a hotel are accredited to the district’s success. The 33 block stretch
town core. preserves the original waterfront’s Creole street layout. Original cob-
Downtown Now! blestone streets, brick walks, and quaint gas lamps enhance the area’s
Development Plan charm.

44 45
 Old Post Office District
The key development prin-
ciples and programs set
forth for the district include:
reuse of the Old Post Office
as an educational facility, a
a new public square and the
rejuvenation of the surround-
ing blocks.
Downtown Now!
Development Plan

The Old Post Office District is located in the central business dis-
trict of the Downtown. The district consists of the new Convention
Headquarters Hotel, America’s Center, St. Louis Center, and many
other businesses, which make up most of the Central Business Core.
Development plans include reusing the Old Post Office as an educa-
tional facility by Webster University as a home for their business and
communications schools.

46 47
 Eads Bridge
Built: 1874
Promenade use of Eads bridge, in
addition to satisfying pedestrian and Span: +1520 feet
bicycle transportation needs, will Clearance: 55 feet
create a regional downtown destina- Width: 54 feet
tion that unites the local communi-
Materials: Steel and
ties while helping to revitalize the
decaying downtown area. Limestone
Owen D. Dutt

48 49
 Climate Analysis 12

50 51
 Humidity

Average Temperature Wind Speed (mph)

Temperature is a major de- Summer months are very hot

terminant for the design of with high humidity, making
a public market in St. Louis. outdoor venues almost unbear-
Typical of the Midwest, St. Louis able. The heat however re-
experiences four seasons with mains in the evenings, creating
temperature extremes. a warm night environment.

52 53
 Precipitation Sunshine

Snowfall Cloudy Days Deceivingly the sun shines but

does not create enough heat in
the atmosphere, thus the frigid
temperatures remain. Spring
and Fall are moderate climates
in St. Louis and pleasant. Even
though the sun shines year-
Thunderstorms are typical round, precipitation is possible
during the spring and summer at any time. Recently, weather
months, alleviating the humid fronts have come across the
atmosphere. Contrastingly, region creating abnormal tem-
winter months are plagued with peratures and conditions. In
extremely cold temperatures summary, St. Louis residents
and light snowfall. Mostly, the must be prepared for all types
colder temperatures lead to ice of weather conditions at any
storms rather than snow. moment.

54 55
 Site

“From Venice to Brooklyn, Bangkok to Chicago,

bridges have the ability to reach beyond the
mere length of their spans. When approached
as design opportunities rather than structural
problems, bridges can make connections.
Bridges can write communities, provide places
to gather; and serve as powerful symbols.”
(Chicago Architecture Foundation)

57
 Adaptive Reuse

With all the unused existing they reside. Through the reha-
developed space, why are bilitation of these facilities, cities
we spending more money to maintain their sense of identity
develop new land leading to an and continue to grow economi-
exhaustion of a nonrenewable cally and under safe, sustainable
resource. Motivators existed for conditions.
the development of the current
brownfields, which most likely
apply today or can be redefined Design places in harmony with
under the current conditions.
Unused square footage around
the stream of the past (every-
the globe sits vacant. These thing that has contributed to
deserted properties do not add
to the economical or physical
the future) inspired out of the
growth of their context. How- future- the world of ideals, in-
ever, demolition of these proper-
ties strips cities of character spiration, and imagination-but
created in their history. We must
accept our past and mistakes,
have their feet in the reality of
thinking now of how to develop the present.
these places so they become an
enrichment to the area in which
(Alexander 16)

59

The Eads Bridge was the
built in 1874 as the first struc-
ture to cross the Mississippi
River, the largest river in North
America. Built to allow trains
to cross the river, it reaffirmed
St. Louis as a major trading
capital. The Eads Bridge was
a marvel of engineering dur-
ing its erection and even today.
Not only did James Eads design
the world’s first steel trusses,
his construction method also
proved innovative; building the
spans out from central piers
simultaneously in both direc-
tions, thus foregoing construc-
tion scaffolding which would
interfere with necessary boat
traffic.13 However, the last train
crossed the Eads Bridge in 1974
and since 1993 the tracks have
Eads Bridge
carried the St. Louis Metro Link bedrock. The bridge, originally
to Illinois. After restoration built for pedestrian and train
in 2003, the Eads Bridge ac- traffic is 54 feet wide, with two
commodates bus, automobile, lines of rails.15
bike, and pedestrian traffic on
its upper deck. Pedestrian and
bicycle accommodation was a
major player in the renovation
of the bridge, as well as op-
portunities for special events
to occur on the bridge, such as
“Taste of St. Louis” and “Fair
St. Louis”. Today, the Eads
bridge is a grand promenade at
the entrance to the city.13
The Eads bridge consists of
three spans; the center span is
520 feet, and the other two are
500 feet each, with a clearance
of over 55 feet at the center
span. The spans rest on lime-
stone piers carried down to
61
10. Incorporate the Eads Bridge as
a public event venue in conjunction
with the riverfront by improving the
bicycle and pedestrian connections
between the riverfront and the Eads
Bridge,
By providing vertical circulation/ac-
cess to the Bridge Deck, the Metro
Link Station and connecting the
Riverfront,
By providing horizontal / lateral cir-
culation connections, Arch grounds,
parking and bridges.

-St. Louis Community

Development Plan 16

63
 Understanding the Bridge

At 6,442’ overall, the Eads Bridge is longer

than the width of Cal Poly’s campus.

65
Although the Eads Bridge has
accommodated the changing
times, the waterfront trans-
formed from a bustling board-
walk to a barren flood ground.
The waterfront has become a
bleak wharf slope into the Mis-
sissippi made of asphalt and a Access / Proximity
few cobblestones, the only ves-
tige of the riverfront’s commer-
cial past. A levee is lined with
a massive floodwall, separating
the city from water access. The
need for connection between
the higher level of the city and
the waterfront is imminent in
recognizing St. Louis’s pros-
perous past relationship with
the river. Currently the Eads
Bridge connects to the interior
of the city streets, overlook-
ing the riverfront and further
restricting access to the river.
A connection between travellers
along the bridge, entering at
city level, and the waterfront,
below the levee, would take
advantage of the city’s natural
amenity, the Mississippi River,
to help St. Louis thrive in terms
of community life and tourism.

67
 Abutment_Part of a structure
which supports the end of a
span or accepts the thrust
of an arch; often supports
and retains the approach
embankment. Terminology 17

Arch_A curved structure which

supports a vertical load mainly
by axial compression.
500’
Arch barrel_The inner surface of
an arch extending the full width
of the structure.
Embankment_Angled grading of
the ground.
Arch_
520’
Fill_Earth, stone or other mate-
Abutment_
Arch barrel_ 500’
rial used to raise the ground
Fill_
level, form an embankment or
fill the inside of an abutment,
55’ pier or closed spandrel.
Pier_ Pier_A vertical structure which
supports the ends of a multi-
Revetment_ span superstructure at a location
Embankment_ between abutments.
Revetment_A facing of masonry
or stones to protect an embank-
ment from erosion.
Rise_The measure of an arch
from the spring line to the high-
est part of the intrados, which is
to say from its base support to
the crown.
Substructure_The portion of a
bridge structure including abut-
ments and piers which supports
the superstructure.
Superstructure_The portion of
a bridge structure which carries
the traffic load and passes that
load to the substructure.

68 69
Initial Concept Ideas: Fall 2005
 Precedents
Precedents include inhabitable
bridges and buildings over water.
The Eads Bridge site will become
a habitable bridge for a market,
while the market becomes a
structure over water due to its
location over the flood plain and
the river. In Europe, the concept
of the inhabitable bridge most
often takes place as a shopping
arcade. The bridges possess
their own street scene with des-
ignated views to the water. From
the waterfront, the bridge then
appears as a building connecting
two sides of the river, rather than
merely an engineering structure.
The bridge purpose becomes
two fold, providing a destination
as well as a functional crossing
point within the city.

73
 Ponte Vecchio
Florence, Italy

A thriving space is created

through merchants on the first
level with housing above.
Framed views of the Arno River
are experienced at the center
point of the bridge. The ven-
dors’ shops add another archi-
tectural dynamic to the bridge
through their extruding form
from the main bridge structure.

74 75
 Rialto Bridge
Venice, Italy

The bridge is arched over the

canal, but is experienced as
a gradual stairway through a
vibrant shopping corridor. While
walking along the interior pas-
sageway, the sense of being on
a bridge is unnoticeable, how-
ever, an exterior walkway allows
for a traditional experience with
full views of the canals. Open-
ings behind vendor stalls bring
natural light in from the sides of
the bridge and offer hints of the
canal’s presence.

76 77
 Pulteney Bridge
Bath, England

The bridge creates a barrier

between the river and the path.
Looking at the bridge from
beyond, an observer views it as
a introverted space. However,
experiencing the pathway, one
perceives the space as another
street within the city, unaware
of the water below. The cor-
ridor does not feel enclosed due
to its exposure to the sky and
the articulation of the buildings
along the walkway. Even though
the bridge blends seamlessly
into the city fabric, it ignores its
juxtaposition with the river.

78 79
 Soneva Gili Resort 18

Male, Maldives

The structure is delicately raised

on piers above water, physically
separating it from the water,
however interacting with it
through human experience. The
resorts relation to the water
allows for controlled interaction
with the element. The water
becomes an extension of the
floor to an observer, continuing
infinitely in all directions.

80 81
 Conceptual Studies 19

Harvard University Graduate sippi Riverfront to the city of St.

School of Design developed a Louis, via the Eads Bridge. Each “A pedestrian bridge in Bilbao”
project for a pedestrian bridge concept has varying goals and Harvard Design School Studio
in Bilbao. Their concepts include approaches, but offers insight to Prof. Spiro N. Pollalis
ideas of making the bridge more the bridge as a destination and
than a connection point, but also connection point.
a site in itself. They’ve consid-
ered the overall experience of
the bridge and the necessity for
allowing different paths. These
paths connect to the waterfront
and the interior city streets.
Evaluating their ways of connec-
tion to varying points relates to
the need for similar connections
at the Eads Bridge. Although
their project creates a new
structure crossing the river, their
ideas for connecting vertically
to the river and creating spaces
within a procession structure are
precedents for tying the Missis-

83
 The “Crossing Paths” Bridge

“This multiplicity includes diversity in

Juliet Hernandez
the way the bridge is used, be it as a
means of passage, as a destination, a
place to people-watch, sit, rest, walk,
gather with friends, view surrounding
architecture and learn the history of
Bilbao.”
• The structure uses carving and addition to create varying settings
along the path. The volumes also provide places to rest.
• Overlapping and simultaneous paths with small variations, such as
smooth ramps versus gradual stairs for texture, enhance awareness
of one’s surroundings.
• The landscaping of the bridge allows a pedestrian to cross in a
flowing, but esoteric experience, heightening perception of the
surroundings through path and manipulations.

84 85

“Thus, this bridge is not a mere pas-
sage connecting two points but a part
of the city where people can enjoy
the potentialities of the site.”
86
The “Pleats” Bridge
Kei Takeuchi
• At each end of the bridge, a person can choose which path to take,
dependent upon where they would like to go; into the city, the
waterfront, or the museum.
• The gradual slope of the walkway provides a place for relaxation
and to observe events along the riverfront.
• Covered portions are created by the overlapping walkways, allowing
for more intimate spaces in contrast to the wide open.
87

“One belt is the ramp which connects
the university on one river side and
extends to the river park on the other
river side. The other belt is the stairs
which connect the two sidewalks
along the river.”
88
The “Intersecting Belts” Bridge
Yue Gong
• Intersecting planes allow for many points of interaction between
the paths.
• Overlapping “belts” also create spaces of varying experience due to
the amount of enclosure or exposure formed.
• Connection to the riverfront is met through a gradual staircase,
while the connection to the city is a slope.
89
Explorations

91
 Cross Section Exploration

In exploration of possible ways to

build on the bridge, bricks, twine,
and wax were used to represent
possible relationships between what
exists and what is added.
The brick represents the solid mass
of the bridge with three holes,
signifying the levels of the bridge;
top deck, rail line, and viaduct.
The twine represents the added
structure to the bridge. It is light
in weight and contrasts the bricks
solidity.
The wax is what connects the two
medium to make them coexist. The
wax permeates the twine and also
forms a layer over the brick. It
makes the combination hard, there-
fore signifying its existence as one
new object.
Attached to... Inside of... On top of... Terracing from...

92 93
Longitudinal sections explore the
relationship between the bridge
deck and the riverfront. The
bridge deck is even with the city
level, while sloping into the flood
plain and riverfront walk. Longitudinal Section Exploration

A structure can be attached to the bridge in one section with Terracing many levels in a gradual way, expresses a more hori-
smaller appendages reaching out from the main core. Focus is on zontal circulation. Levels are different sizes and uses allowing for
vertical circulation. variations among experiences.

94 95
 Fall Review 11/21/2005

WHAT’S THE BIG IDEA?

• Architecture for space, not art….
for people
• Architecture to make people
aware
• Simplicity, beauty in details

96 97
Schematic Design: Winter 2006
 Precedents
Precedents include art and archi-
tecture which guide an experi-
ence for the observer. Although
changing what initially exists
in their site, these precedents
enhance the experience through
their intervention and create
interactive enviroments for the
occupants.

101
 Highline

The Highline is a current project

focusing on reclaiming underu- Architect: Diller, Scofidio, + Renfro
Year: 2002
tilized city space. The old train
Location: New York, USA
tracks which once served the
city are currently barren and
desolate, however, slowly being
converted into public green space
within the dense city structure.
This elevated park space repre-
sents effective use of an existing
city structure.

102 103
 Christo & Jean Claude

Inspired not only by the physical

work of Christo and Jean Claude, Projects: The Gates
their drawing representation is New York City, NY
1979-2005
also influential. Their installa-
tions are large, yet subtle, direct- Running Fence
ing the focus of the observer. Sonoma and Marin, CA
The installation allows a person 1972-1976

to see this everyday space in Valley Curtain
a new light and recognize the Rifle, CO
beauty, which has always existed 1970-1972
in it. The Running Fence draws
attention to the undulating hills,
while The Gates bring life to Cen-
tral Park in the middle of winter.
The Valley Curtain emphasizes
the shape of size of the valley
through the contrasting orange
curtain.

104 105
 Castelvecchio

Carlo Scarpa’s use of new

materials in conjunction with Architect: Carlo Scarpa
Year: began 1956
existing palette is sensitive
Location: Verona, Italy
to the beauty of the existing
structure. Gaps are left between
the existing structure and the
new architecture. The materials
complimenting the original stone
include concrete capped in steel,
steel, and wood to add warm to
the occupant’s experience.

106 107
 Hedmark Cathedral

Sverre Fehn celebrates the exist-

ing structure by placing a flat Architect: Sverre Fehn
Year: 1979
pane of glass over the bombed
Location: Hamar, Norway
out section of the building. He
embraces the history of the
church and rather than restoring
it to its once grand state, he
recognizes the importance of
what it has gone through and
forms it into a beautiful piece of
architecture once again. Added
materials consist of warm wood
and board formed concrete which
compliment the existing stone
structure.

108 109
 Experiments

The Eads Bridge, although

currently used as a traditional
bridge offers many other op-
portunities. As a connection
between Illinois and Missouri,
the bridge currently acts as a
minor passageway for car traffic.
Future plans include closing the
bridge to car traffic permanently,
while promoting a promenade,
hosting public events such as
the existing, Taste of St. Louis.
To promote the bridge as a pub-
lic gathering space and utilize its
great length, what options exist
for the bridge?

111
Bridge As Public Park Bridge As Amusement Attraction Bridge As Bike and Pedestrian Path Bridge As Mall

The Eads Bridge becomes a combination of all of these to

once again make this a vital connection point.

112 113
 Patterns

What are the existing properties of the bridge with which a

new structure must relate to and/or work from?
Silhouette

Heavy/Light Repitition

Solid/Voids Proportions

115
Site Analysis

•Traffic Flow
•Accessibility
•Light Rail/ Railroad Access
•Main Connection Points

117

What are the key points within the site
and how are they connected?
118
Site Connections
The major points of interest are
predominantly on the West side
of the Mississippi River. Connec-
tions need to be made between
the bridge and water level,
bridge and Arch grounds, bridge
and Laclede’s Landing, bridge
and city, and between levels of
the bridge.
119
Plan Analysis

Major Points of Consideration:

• Continuing outdoor recreation
space
• Vendor connection to indoor and
outdoor spaces
• Mezzanine over market space to
provide a place for reflection on
activity
• Vendor Space Analysis:

121
Adjacencies

The stacked spaces provide cir-

culation between bridge levels.
The experience of circulation
is enhanced by simultaneously
experiencing the bridge.

123
 Study Model 02/18/2006

• Raised mass above the bridge deck

• Continuous plane rises from bridge
deck becoming the roof of structure for
the market and connects to a second
roof structure, which terminates in the
arch grounds.
•Enhance vertical circulation, integrat-
ing cafe.

124 125
Revisions

• Building interacts with users

- a place for interaction in all senses
• Ramping connection
- bikes, handicap accessibility
- smooth connection
• Protruding through the bridge
- a place of movement = linear
• Building at different levels
• Awareness
- places for observation

127
 South Elevation

Characterized by a floating mass

above the bridge level with
repetitive circulation towers as a
means of access, complimentary
to sloping ramps. The ramp
becomes the roof on the West
Side offering a place to sit and
look back to the city.

128 129
 Sections

The East side of the building is two levels offering a demonstration

kitchen on the bridge deck as a base to the market hall. The cafe
space is within the bridge opening and brings the occupants closer to
the barrel vault of the bridge. It is also at the same level as the train
tracks, which cross perpendicular to the bridge allowing a new perspec-
tive on the many forms of transportation integrated within the historic
structure.

The cross section shows the connection of the bridge to the arch
grounds. The level which fills the space between the bridge and flood-
wall provides office space, as well as the two-story glass wall offers
views to the city (west) and river (east). The multiple stories of space
also provide circulation to the cafe within the vault, three floors below
the main market.
Like the main market entry from the bridge, the access point from the
arch grounds into the market space is a sloping plane, which becomes
the roof/deck for the market hall. Again the sloping plane also offers a
nice place for sitting to look back at the arch from the bridge.

130 131
 Plans

Floor 1
The main market space provides vendor spaces as well as an eating area,
both inside and outside. The circulation to the main elevated market space
is through the circulation towers, stairs and elevator, as well as a sloping
pathway which rises out of the existing bridge and wraps around the outside
of the building with access points through the towers.

Floor 0
The space at the bridge level offers restrooms, circulation, and a demonstra-
tion kitchen and bookstore.

Floor -1
This floor provides office space for the market administration as well as
restrooms for the cafe. The area acts as an atrium in combination with the
floor above which is a pathway to the bookstore on top of the arch grounds.
The atrium opens the circulation to the cafe.

Floor -2
The cafe space is located inside the barrel vault with areas at each end reach-
ing out to allow for views of the city and bridge. The cafe offers a quiet more
remote experience, somewhat disconnected from the rest of the market. The
barrel vault provides a darker, more intimate experience with the warmth of
the limestone. 133
Floor 1 Floor -1

Floor 0 Floor -2
 Perspectives

View from St. Louis and the Arch Approach from Illinois into View of bridge deck looking East
grounds towards the bridge Missouri, on the Eads Bridge

136 137
Model Photos

The newspaper topography repre-

sents “everyday life” with the bridge
rising from it. The streets are
delinated by white spray paint and
the river is exposed torn cardboard.
The railroad tracks are represented
by black chip board. The market
building is made up of a pliable
material, one-sided cardboard, to
form the smooth transition to the
roof, while structure is represented
by basswood. The circulation tow-
ers are wrapped in mesh to signify
a translucency and texture.

139
Design Development: Spring 2006

Precedents suggest form and an
overall experience with which the
building must evoke. Smooth
forms, transitions between
spaces, and materials are all
considered and examined for use
in the market hall.
Precedents
Suggestions and Considerations for
futher design:
• Experiment with creating a
language in the landscape
• Set the stage for observation to
occur
• Integrate forms fully into bridge
• Continuity of movement and
experience
143
 Maritime Youth Center

The undulating form makes

Architect: Plot
the building inhabitable in all
Year: 2004
aspects. The roof and walls Location: Copenhagen, Denmark
become places to experience teh
surrounding areas. Each point
on the grid is connected to teh
next, so that raising one point
changes the entire experience.

144 145
 Zentrum Paul Klee

The building is formed out of the

Architect: Renzo Piano
earth, with a smooth transition
Year: 2005
between land and architecture. Location: Bern, Switzerland
Inside the building, the light
is diffused through translucent
panels and draped cloth. Sec-
ondary ceiling forms create
alternative environments and
spaces within the larger gallery
space.

146 147
 Yokohama Ferry Terminal

A dynamic environment is cre-

Architect: Foreign Office Architects
ated by the blurred distinction
Year: 2002
between wall, roof, and floor. Location: Yokohama, Japan
The architecture directs an
observers view and experience.
Inside, a wide span is achieved
through repetative folding
members, creating an open free
space.

148 149
 Oxo Tower Brasserie

The glass facade creates a

reflection of the city beyond. Architect: Lifschutz Davidson
Year: 2003
At night, the light transparent Location: London, England
structure is perceived on top of
the existing building. The louvre
system protects the interior
from the extreme sun exposure
bringing the building to life as it
changes throughout the day.

150 151
 Soejima Hospital

The mesh material over the

Architect: Tezuka Architects
glass provides protection from
Year: 1996
the sun while maintaining views. Location: Ootakara, Saga-shi, Saga
The mesh material extends to
the necessary point before being
revealed to allow for complete
unobstructed views.

152 153
 Seattle Public Library

Expanded metal lath is used

inside the glass to protect the Architect: Rem Koolhaas OMA
Year: 2005
interior from direct sunlight. the Location: Seattle, Washington
structural frame also provides
some shading qualities for the
all glass facade building.

154 155
Process

157
 Experience 04/10/2006

Relationship of spaces: • Smaller environments created

indoor and outdoor, bridge deck, at market vendors.
market, pathway to archgrounds, • Interaction occurs on all sides,
and riverfront. no back side exists.

159
 Form 04/15/2006

what is the relationship between the market and the arch?

Varying Width

Varying Height and Width

160 161
 Occupiable Space 04/20/2006
What areas are accessible by occupants and what
experience does it provide?
• Angle guides attention up and out
towards the arch and city.
• Reveal of skin guides view down-
ward toward Laclede’s Landing.
• Mezzanine provides space for
looking over market operations.
• The bridge deck provides an
unobstructed path and experience.
• At bridge deck, the platform is
extended.
163
 Ciruclation 04/20/2006

• Stair at both ends of the linear

building
• Direct access to riverfront via
stairs and elevator
• Access to mezzanine, with 2
means of egress
• Ramps 1:20 and 1:12
• How many elevators?

164 165
 Climate 04/23/2006

• Ventilation and shade

consideration without jeopardizing
views
• Building lacks a front/back/side
• Building comes alive to ventilate,
promoting open/closed mode
• Consider sun angles to bring light
to bridge deck

166 167
 Materiality 04/24/2006

•The building is a mass lifted

out of the bridge and held up by
structure.
• Preserve views
• What is translucent, transparent,
solid?
• Which side, North or South,
should the building connect to?
Consider views to/from and
climate.
• How does the structure connect

What is the back/front? to the bridge?

• Does the exterior material wrap
around edges, and how?
• The stair tower material, is it
translucent?
• Skin reveal to provide
unobstructed view

168 169
Final Documetation
05/2006

171
 Integration of Building with Site

172 173
Skyline

A non-pretentious addition to
the skyline, the market building
is not in competition with the
famous Arch or existing bridge
for attention, but rather compli-
ments the rhythms of the bridge
and emphasizes the technology
and materials used in the Arch.

175
 Market Plan

• 22+ Permanent Vendor Stalls,

separated by Produce, Meat Fish &
Cheese, and Prepared Food
• The main bridge deck provides
opportunities for temporary vendors
• The cafe space celebrates its sepa-
ration from the main market space
and provides a relaxed atmosphere
focusing on the appreciation of the
bridge.
• The circulation to the cafe also
allows users access to the riverfront
and bridge deck.
• An outdoor deck wraps around the
East side of the market providing
outdoor places to retreat and reflect
on the city and water.

176 177
 Elevation/Sections

• The south elevation reveals the market as a mass lifted out of the existing bridge deck.
• The openings in the 2’ thick wall mimic the openings in the limestone bridge and offer places for sitting or resting in the market
space.
• The cafe protrudes through the front opening of the bridge at the same level as the existing railroad tracks.
• The Switzer building is still exposed from the gradual increase in height of the market building as it extends along the bridge.
• The sloping paths reach out in both directions toward the city and beyond.
• In section, the building provides a varying experience at all levels in width and height.
• The structure cantilevers over the bridge deck, separating it from the historic structure.
South Elevation

Sequential Cross Section

178 179
 Perspective Montage

Combining the old and new creates

simultaneity between both structures
and the times in which they were
designed. In form and materials they
are each complimentary to the other.
The Eads Bridge is highlighted by the
new structure, demanding attention
to its historic beauty, while the new
structure becomes grounded in the
historic bridge and grows from its
established repetition and character.

180 181
 Interior Perspectives

• The open structure blurs the

spaces into one interacting
environment.
• The draping material enhances
the repetition of the bridge, as well
as, diffuses light to the main market
floor.
• The main floor offers two path-
ways, one for market shopping and
the outside path for observing and
meandering.

182 183
Model (1/32” = 1’-0”)

Materials:

basswood
plywood
wire
reacted metal mesh
sound deafening board
plexi-glass

185
Section Model (1/4” = 1’-0”)

Basswood structure attached to a limestone

base with metal rods.

189
 Final Presentation 05/22/2006 and 05/26/2006

The main idea behind the final the bridge grounds the entire
presentation was to create a project and designed building.
similar feeling as evoked by the
designed market place. The The models were displayed
11x17 drawings create a similar on the converted coffee table
repetition as found in the bridge, submission to the Vellum
while the sketch of St. Louis competition. The base of the
unpretentious slowly revealing coffee table was placed on its
itself to the observer as one side to form the X shaped base
passes around the project. The for the larger model, where as
timeline portrays not only a the stools were stacked to form
history of St. Louis and why a higher podium for the section
a market is vital, but also the model.
design process, and when
precedents also were built. The
orange string, which suspended
the drawings, held by magnets
creates a light almost floating
feeling, similar to the raised
structure of the market. The
limestone bricks also grounded
the presentation much like

190 191
 Footnotes
1. Merriam-Webster’s Pocket Dictionary.
2. Milwaukee Public Market
3. Fried, Benjamin
4. Soulard Market
5. Pike Place Market
6. Milwaukee Public Market
7. O’Neil, David.
8. McNulty, Elizabeth.
9. Wikipedia Encyclopedia
10. St. Louis, Missouri.
11. Phase II_Understanding of the Physical Setting and Market
Opportunities.
12. Climate Information
13. McNulty, Elizabeth.
14. Phase II_Understanding of the Physical Setting and Market
Opportunities.
15. “Eads Bridge.” Historic American Engineering Record.
16. Dutt, Owen.
17. Cridlebaugh, Bruce S.
18. Soneva Gili Resort & Six Senses Spa.
19. “a pedestrian bridge in Bilbao.”

193
 “a pedestrian bridge in Bilbao.” 2005 Prof. Spiro N. Pollalils; Har-
vard University Graduate School of Design. 21 Nov 2005 www.
gsd.harvard.edu/people/faculty/ pollalis/courses/bilbao_stu-
dio_publication.pdf
Abram, David. The Spell of the Sensuous. New York, USA: Vin-
tage Books, 1996.
Alexander, Christopher. The Timeless Way of Building. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1979.
Barreneche, Raul A. New Retail. London: Phaidon, 2005.
“Bridging the Drive.” Jan 2005. Chicago Architecture Foundation.
15 Nov 2005
http://www.architecture.org/drivesite/intro0.html
Cridlebaugh, Bruce S. “Terminology Structures: Bridge.” 9 Nov
1999. 26 Nov 2005 http://pghbridges.com/termsBrg.htm
Davies, Steve. “The Great Revival of Public Markets.” Making
Places October 2005. Project for Public Spaces. 09 Nov 2005
http://www.pps.org/info/newsletter/october2005/market_gall
ery?referre=newsletter_conte..
Day, Christopher. Places of the Soul. Massachusetts, USA: Archi-
tectural Press, 2004.
“Downtown Progress Report.” 2004. Downtown St. Louis Partner-
ship. May 2005 www.downtownstlouis.org
194
Bibliography
Dutt, Owen. “Eads Bridge Pedestrian Promenade.” 10 Nov 2005
http://www.mvs.usace.army.mil/pm/riversweb/eadsbridge.
htm
“Eads Bridge.” 06 Feb 2004. Bridgepros. 10 Nov 2005 http://bridge-
pros.com/projects/eads/
“Eads Bridge.” Historic American Engineering Record. The Library
of Congress 10 Nov 2005 http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/am
page?collId=hhphoto&fileName=mo/mo0300/mo0361/photos/
browse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=Eads%20Bridge
,%20Spanning%20Mississippi%20River%20at%20Washington
%20Street,%20St.%20Louis,%20%20County,%20MO&display
Type=1&itemLink=D?hh:2:./temp/~ammem_biFU::
Florida, Richard. The Rise of the Creative Class. New York, USA:
Basic Books, 2002.
Fried, Benjamin. “Shedding Light on Markets.” Making Places No-
vember 2003. Project for Public Spaces. 09 Nov 2005 http://
www.pps.org/info /newletter/Nov_2003/Nov2003_Feature
Google Images
195
 Hesselgren, Sven. Man’s Perception of Man-made Environment.
Lund, Sweden: Studentlitteratur ab, 1975.

Koren, Leonard. Wabi Sabi for Artists, Designers, Poets & Philoso-
phers. California, USA: Stone Bridge Press 1994.

Lawrence, Roderick. “Housing, Health and Aesthetics: Reconnect- Bibliography

ing the Senses.” Aesthetics, Well-being, and Health. Vermont,
USA: Ashgate Publishing, 2001.
McNulty, Elizabeth. St. Louis Then & Now. Thunder Bay Press:
San Diego, CA USA 2000
Merriam-Webster’s Pocket Dictionary. Massachusetts, USA: Mer-
riam-Webster, Incorporated, 1995.
“Milwaukee Public Market” Dancing Crane Publishing 29 Nov 2005
http://www.milwaukeepublicmarket.org/index.shtml
O’Neil, David. “Markets at Their Best.” Making Places October
2005. Project for Public Spaces. 09 Nov 2005 http://www.pps.
org/info/newsletter/october2005/market_gallery?referre=new
sletter_conte..
“Phase II_Understanding of the Physical Setting and Market Op-
portunities.” 06 Sep 2000. Downtown Now! 24 Oct 2005
http://stlouis.missouri.org/development/downtown-now/re-
ports/phase2report.html
“Soneva Gili Resort & Six Senses Spa.” 25 Oct 2005 http://www.
sixsenses.com/soneva-gili/index.php
“Soulard Market” Community Information Network. City of St.
Louis 29 Nov 2005 http://stlouis.missouri.org/citygov/soulard-
market/index.html
“St. Louis, Missouri.” City-Data.com 30 Nov 2005 http://www.
city-data.com/city/St.-Louis-Missouri.html
“St. Louis Missouri Satellite Image Map.” Geology.com 06 Dec
2005
http://geology.com/satellite/cities/st-louis-satellite-image.shtml
Toy, Maggie. Architecture of the Borderlands. Italy: Academy
Editions, 1999.
“Wikipedia Encyclopedia.” 2 Dec 2005 http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/White_flight

“Pike Place Market” 29 Nov 2005 http://www.pikeplacemarket.

org/frameset.asp?flash=true

196 197
Printing Specifications:
Mustang Graphics
Paper _
Printer _
Cover _
Bind _