(Syllabus with Past Papers) By Mr Pahary S. M.

Islamic Religion And Culture Preface

Syllabus 2056

The need for Islamic education has been felt throughout ages. This concerns all Muslims, men and women, irrespective of age and time. However, when it comes to students, I have seen that there is not a specific book not light enough for them. Many students have prejudice once the lengthiness of a book is concerned. Students find it hard to search for notes and to make research work. That was the main reason of the presence of this book in hand. It is easy to study and grasp.

This book has been compiled based on the syllabus of the subject, Islamic Religion And Culture Year 2011 with code 2056. The page of content has been presented as per the syllabus itself. After each chapter there are questions of past exams for SC. I have taken the liberty to include SC past papers for students to have an idea of the kinds of questions that may pop up in the final exams.

Coming to the test item of the subject, an aspect of great importance is the writing of essays. Though you are an expert in the subject that does not imply that you will be able to write and compose great essays. You need an essay with an introduction, a body and a conclusion. You need to specify and enumerate the different parts of the question. You need to follow the trend of the question. You need to show knowledge and understanding of the subjects with explicit, logic and critical approach.

It is important to note that a teacher is still vital for the explanation and elaboration of the syllabus. Students must never think and pretend to be able to learn by themselves and achieve the highest level. Many students do that mistake. A tutor is important at all levels.

In the hope that this booklet will be beneficial to all students.

Educator (Islamic Studies)

Mr Pahary S. M. Y

Mr Pahary

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Islamic Religion And Culture Islamic Religion And Culture (2056)

Syllabus 2056

Syllabus Content Part I Section A: Arabia in the Pre-Islamic Period (a) Tribal and political organisations (b) Social conditions and economic system (c) Religious beliefs Section B: Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) (a) Life before prophethood (b) Muhammad (pbuh) as the final messenger of Islam (c) Problems faced in Mecca (d) Success and achievements in Medina

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(e) Reasons, descriptions and consequences of the following battles fought during the Madinan Period: Badr, Uhud and Trench (f) Conquest of Mecca and the farewell address Section C: The Caliphate Period/The Four Pious Caliphs (a) The power of the Caliphs and their position in the community (b) Ways of electing the Caliphs (c) The conquests and achievements of the Caliphs 33

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Islamic Religion And Culture Part II Section D: The Holy Quran (a) The structure and evolution of the Quran

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(b) Candidates are expected to have a general knowledge of the following Surahs: (i) Faatiha - Opening Chapter Chapter 1 verses 1 to 7 (ii) Alaq - Clot of Blood Chapter 96 verses 1 to 5 (iii) Zilzal - Convulsion Chapter 99 verses 1 to 8 (iv) Quraish - Custodians of the Kaba Chapter 106 verses 1 to 4 (v) Kawthar - Abundance Chapter 108 verses 1 to 3 (vi) Ikhlas - Purity (of Faith) Chapter 112 verses 1 to 4 (c) The following Quranic stories are to be studied: Prophet Adam (AS) Prophet Ibrahim (AS) Prophet Nuh (AS) Prophet Musa (AS) (d) The following Quranic beliefs, practices and rituals are to be studied: (i) Five pillars (ii) Articles of faith (iii) Id-ul-Fitr, Id-ud-Doha (iv) The birth, marriage and funeral rites Section E: Hadith (i) The meaning of Hadith (ii) The importance of Hadith in Islam (iii) The classification of Hadith Swahih Hassan, Dwaif and Mawdu (iv) Relations between Quran and Hadith (v) Knowledge on the following Hadith: No. 11 Doubt No. 13 Love No. 15 Generosity No. 16 Tolerance No. 34 Evil No. 39 Forgiveness 52 54 55 57 58 59 62 62 75 70 74 81 81 88 92 94 98

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Islamic Religion And Culture Pre Islamic Arabia Introduction

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The time before the coming of the holy prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) in Arabia for the spreading of the religion of Allah, Islam, is known as Pre Islamic Arabia. That period is also known as the Jahiliyya period that is the age of ignorance. It is also known as the darkest period of history and the worst period of human era. This is due to the fact that during that period the inhabitants of Arabia were deprived of a guide and a book of guidance. Another reason is that they had forsaken their prophets and the last one coming to them was Hazrat Isa (a.s). Another reason was that they had started falsifying their texts. In order to understand that specific period, let us study it on five levels, namely social, economic, religious, political and cultural aspects. Social Conditions The society of pre Islamic Arabia was corrupted with sins and immoral aspects and deeds. Sins such as adultery, fornication, prostitution, crimes, highway robbery, theft, infanticides and all thinkable illicit activities like alcoholic drinking, dancing, singing, kidnapping, bribery, interest and so many others were rampant. Women and girls were not respected in that said society. Their rights were tampered. They were considered as sexual objects at the hands of men. They were not allowed to take part in the social aspects of the community. They received no education and they had no right to share or to have a part of the inheritance of their parents. Girls were considered as bad omens. There were three treatments reserved for them. Firstly, some were killed at birth. Secondly, some were buried alive at the age of six. Thirdly, they were let alive to lead a life of misery like women. Slavery was much common among the better off and rich Arabs. There were man, women and children slaves. Men were reserved for market works, business and cultivation. Women were kept as maids, house cores and sexual satisfaction. Children were meant for helping the wives of rich Arabs and for sexual infanticide. The lives of these slaves depended on the mood and character of their masters. Men were the owners and decision makers of Macca. They were the ones to decide on any of the activities of Arabia. They were the masters and had the rights to get married and divorce at will and at any time. Economic Conditions The economy of Arabia depended on several sectors like agriculture, industries, markets and business. Agriculturally speaking, the land of Macca was not fertile and only dates were able to be cultivated. They were thus used locally. The land of Madina and Taif was much fertile and products like dates, grapes, barley, wheat, rice as such were cultivated. They were used both locally and for export. Taif was known as the industrial city where skins of dead animals were transported there for treatment in various tanneries and then in industries for production of bags, shoes, belts and luxuries and fantasies. There were three kinds of markets. The common market was used by each and every one. All Arabs had access therein. The slave market was meant for the buying and selling of slaves and was occupied by the middle class and rich people. The aristocrat market was meant only for the rich where only luxuries were sold. Levies were imposed on anyone, such as travellers, foreigners and caravans for entering, staying and leaving the city of Macca. Bribes were common among them for progress. High rate of interest was imposed on the borrowers. Each year it would increase by one hundred per cent and at the end of the third year, beginning the fourth year, the properties of the borrower would become the properties of the lender, including wife and Mr Pahary Page 4

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children. They engaged in business with China for luxuries, Africa for crafts, Syria for carpet and India for spices. There were barter and monetary systems. Religious Conditions The religious aspects of pre Islamic Arabia were divided into different religions like polytheism, idol worshipping, Judaism, Christianity and Hanif. All of them knew about Allah but most of them forgot Him and started to worship idols. The polytheists and the idol worshippers took other gods and goddesses for worshipping. Instead of worshipping Allah, they associated objects like sun, moon, stars, trees, mountains, rocks, stones to Allah. They worshipped Laat, Uzza, Manat and Hubal. They considered angels as daughters of Allah. They sacrificed animals and virgin girls to be freed from the wrath and anger of Allah and to obtain favours. They circumambulated the Kabah in the state of nudity. They would take advice from their priests or the fortune-tellers and kahin soothsayers. The Christians would follow their monk and their Injeel but it came a time where they started falsifying their books and message. They considered Hazrat Isa (as) as the son of God and god himself. Their monks lived in seclusion in their cells in churches. The Jews followed the principles of Hazrat Musah (as) and the Tawraat but they falsified it. Their synagogue was divided into two sections one for men and one for women. They observed the day of Sabbath on Saturday. The Hanif were the followers of Hazrat Ibrahim (as) and they were waiting for the coming of the holy prophet Muhammad (s.a.w). They continued the principles of Ibrahim (as) and Ismail (as) and the Suhuf. Political Conditions Politically speaking the land was divided into the tribal system. A group of families makes a clan and a group of clans makes a tribe. There were many tribes with each a leader with specific rules and regulations. What was allowed in one tribe may be prohibited in another tribe. Due to these differences, there were many tribal wars which lasted for decades. There was no inter-tribal marriage. There was loyalty on the part of the fellows of a tribe. The leader was selected for his experience as administrator, his maturity, his experience at war, his nobility, his eloquence in speech, his influential capability among others. There were fights for the control of business and fame. Cultural Conditions Culturally based, there were different feasts in circulation among the Arabs. All feasts related to their divinity such as the day of Sabbath, the day of assumption, the day of sacrifice and the day of fast were much praised. The use of the Arabic language was prominent. Due to its richness, there were poem competitions outside Macca at the Ukaz or Ukaiz market. The winner would be praised and considered as a chief, leader, priest, law maker and would be honoured in the society. His poem would be inscribed in golden letters and would be inscribed on the black cloth of the Kabah. They were loyal, honest, resistant, and courteous towards their own people and foreigners. They made much attention to the safeguard of their culture. Any outside innovation unknown to them could be met with resistance.

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Islamic Religion And Culture Additional Material As Support For Past Paper Questions Were the Arabs Religious?

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If we consider it on the side that they followed their religions whether good or bad then we must say that they were religious. A Hindu is a religious person when he is abiding by his book and religion. BUT a Muslim is not a religious person if he is not abiding by the Quran and the Hadith. So, whether pre Islamic Arabs were religious or not, it depends on the elaboration of their religious beliefs and practices. It could be seen that the Arabs would always consult their priest and kahin before doing or attempting to something. They had different gods and idols for their different activities. They made sacrifices and fasted for favours from Allah. There are many ways to elaborate on the above question. However, if the question was compared to Islam, then they were not religious people as they went in contradiction to the principles of Islam. To what extent were the Arabs Jalih ignorant? If we consider the fact that they committed many sins and atrocities upon Mankind and the way they behaved, we can rightly say that they were jahil. However, if we examine their life style and especially how they obtained money, we can say that they were excellent in retrieving money from people. Their system of tax, levies and interest really worked. The way they took advantage of the kaabah and its strategic position for business was praiseworthy. They were experts in transplantation, business and treatment of skins for leather. They were loyal towards their leaders and their tribes for their welfare. Some of them were experts in poems. All positive aspects worthy of praise should be remembered and mentioned. What was the importance and significance of Macca for pre Islamic Arabs? 1. The kabah was the centre of their religious ideals 2. The Kabah had the main idols within itself and the 360 idols around it. 3. The kabah was already predominant in all religions at that time (Christianity, Judaism, Idol worshipping, polytheism and Hanif) 4. The kabah was important for all figures of religions known by them (Adam, Ibrahim etc) 5. It was a symbol of superiority for the one who had its key 6. All tribes fighting to achieve this standard provesthe importance of Macca 7. It was a source of religious inspiration 8. The jews and the Christians knew that 70000 Prophets were buried in between the hajar aswad and the mizab rahmah 9. Developed haram with 20 mile radius of Kaba, violence forbidden 10. The Arabs also made pacts with tribes not to attack caravans during season of trade 11. It was the centre of trade in the desert situated on crossroads of trade routes, from Yemen to Syria, Abyssinia to Iraq 12. Meccans were shrewd financiers thus Mecca became leading financial centre 13. Business flourished through its markets 14. Taxes and levies were imposed as means of obtaining money 15. Sanctity of Kaba and pilgrimage to Mecca was essential to survival of Quraish (1)

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Islamic Religion And Culture

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Was the System of the Arabs still important after the coming of the Prophet (s.a.w)? With the coming of the prophet of Islam (s.a.w) there have been many changes in the way people were but there are things that have been adapted or adopted by the prophet (s.a.w). On the social aspects, the prophet changed the way people thought about human being in general, giving more value to life. Girls were no more buried alive. Women were no more illtreated. They had their rights in all aspects of life. The status of old persons, orphans and the poor were elevated. Singing, dancing and drinking around fire camps were eliminated. No more inequality existed. However, men were still the breadwinners at home. They took the whole responsibility of the smooth running of the society. Men remained the leaders and administrators. The family life around the father, mother and kids took momentum. The say and decisions of the leaders were respected. On the economic conditions, bribes, taxes, levies and interest were eliminated. Human and slaves markets were eradicated. Sex business and any kind of business involving illicit activities were banned. Business of idols was declared Haram. However, inland and foreign businesses, agricultural products and leather products were continued. Rules and regulations concerning business were implemented. Different markets were praised but now had been rendered open to all. Religiously, all concepts related to polytheism and idol worshipping were banned. The kabah was cleaned from all filths. All human sacrifices were banned. All idols were destroyed. All kahin, soothsayers and fortune tellers were out of the market. However, the concepts of the Hanif monotheism were adopted. Fasting and religious feasts were continued. The same fervent for religious beliefs and practices were adopted. The Tawaaf of the Kabah and the journey of Safa and Marwa with respect and morality were the main traits of the Islamic community. Politically, the tribal system was replaced by a governmental system. The old tribal rivalries and the no inter tribal marriage concepts were crushed. Fighting as for fun was banned. Election of leaders based on interest geared criteria was no more applicable. However, the loyalty to their leaders, the hospitality to guests, the bravery on battle field and the benefit of the nomadic life were continued. The existing varieties of rules and regulations due to the different tribes were replaced by the Shariah and new administrative measures. Culturally, poem competitions based on the Arabs sins, wives, forefathers, idols and illicit thoughts and deeds were replaced by the use of the Arabic language for praise for Allah and the Prophet (s.a.w). The foul and wrong use of the Arabic language was declared immoral. However, the feasts and the values that the pre Islamic Arabs held were continued and encouraged. Things adapted or adopted from Pre Islamic Arabs by the Holy Prophet (s.a.w) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Loyalty to Allah and the prophet Generosity towards people Hospitality towards the travellers and foreigners Perseverance and patience in times of problems Eagerness to excel in all domains Courage and bravery on the battle field (for Allahs cause only) Solidarity in times of general concern Page 7

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Islamic Religion And Culture

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8. The use of Arabic language (not for narrating absurd events but to praise Allah and His prophet) 9. The fast of the 10th of Muharram. (the prophet added the 9th) 10. The circumambulation of the Kabah and the circuit Safa and Marwa. (the prophet did them in the state of purity and respect) 11. Prayer at the Kabah (the prophet opted for monotheism) 12. Sacrifices (not human but animal sacrifices) 13. Fasting but only for 29 or 30 days (not 40) 14. 2 feasts in the name of Id-ul-Fitr and Id-ul-Adha 15. Place of cult (Masjid) 16. Announcement for prayer (not the bell and the trumpet but the human voice Azaan) 17. Business and trade (but within the limit of shariah) 18. Written Treaties with other people (but with dignity and promise) Social and Moral virtues of the Arabs 1. Loyalty to their gods and leaders 2. Generosity towards people 3. Hospitality towards the travellers, strangers and foreigners 4. Perseverance and patience in times of problems 5. Expertise in transplantation 6. Expertise in leather product 7. Willingness to excel in all domains 8. Respect and honour given of their tribal laws 9. Adherence to their priests, kahin and soothsayer 10. Courage and bravery on the battle field 11. Solidarity in times of general concern towards the whole tribe 12. The use of Arabic language to compose poems excellence in poetry 13. Physical and mental strength 14. Lenient and gentle towards their own relatives and family members 15. They were wise and could devise tricks and plans to enrich themselves Past Papers Questions Syllabus 2056 1 (a) Describe the tribal system among the Arabs before Islam. [10] (b) Do you think the tribe was still important after the coming of Islam? Give reasons for your answer. [10] 2 Discuss the view that the Arabs were not a religious people before Islam. [20] (2003) 1 (a) Describe social and economic life in the Hijaz before Islam. [10] (b) How important was religion to the Arabs of the Hijaz at that time? [10] (2004) 1 (a) Describe the religious beliefs and practices of the Arabs in the Hijaz before Muhammad began his preaching. [10] (b) How did these beliefs and practices change as a result of Muhammads preaching? [10] (2005) 1 (a) Outline the religious beliefs and practices of the Arabs before Islam. [10] Mr Pahary Page 8

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(b) Which of these beliefs and practices did the Prophet Muhammad adapt and include in Islam? [10] (2006) 1 (a) A number of religious beliefs and social practices of pre-Islamic Arabia were continued by the Muslims. Give five examples of these. [10] (b) How did Prophet Muhammad change these beliefs and practices? [10] (2007) 1 (a) Describe the social conditions in Arabia during the Age of Ignorance (jahiliyyah). [10] (b) How far were the religious beliefs held at that time important to the Arab way of life? [10] (2008) 1 (a) Describe the structure of the tribal system in Arabia before Islam. [10] (b) To what extent did tribal attitudes change when people became Muslim? [10] (2009) 1 (a) Describe the importance of Mecca to the Arabs before Islam. [10] (b) To what extent did socio-economic conditions change after the Arabs became Muslim? [10] (2010)

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Islamic Religion And Culture Life Of Muhammad (s.a.w) Introduction

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In order to guide Mankind, Allah sent many prophets from Hazrat Adam (as) till Hazrat Isa (as). The last prophet Allah sent was Nabi Muhammad (s.a.w) to Hijaz to reform and guides the people there. He spent 13 years at Macca as from the age of 40 and 10 years at Madina in the spreading of Islam. His life is full of lessons to take and to put into practice. Maccan Period Birth Till Al Abwa Events The holy prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) took birth on the 12th Rabi-ul-Awwal in the year 570 AD. He was from the Quraish tribe and the Hashim family. His grandfather was Abdul Muttalib bin Hashim and his father was Abdullah. His grandfather from his mothers side was Wahab bin Abdul Manaf and his mother was Bibi Aminah. He took birth in Macca. His father died 6 months before his birth and he was thus a posthumous child. There were many unusual events and miracles at his birth. Allah sent Angels surrounding the house of Bibi Amina (ra) for protection against Shaitaan. He fell prostrating and asked dua for his Ummah as Rabbi Habli Oummati. All idols fell down in the Kabah and 14 Towers crushed down in Persia. He took birth at Subah Swadiq the time in between night and day. At his birth Abu Lahab freed his slave Thuwaybah and the latter fed him for the first 7 days. A feast was prepared on the 8th day and Halimah Sadiyyah took away Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w). He stayed with her for 6 years but visited his mother several times. At the age of 4 he returned to Macca but then he returned to Juraanah because of Drought at Macca. At the age of four, two angels came to purify his heart. They opened his heart and removed a clot like flesh for protection against evil deeds and purified the heart with water Zamzam. It was a custom to send baby boys to the desert. The importance and significance of this custom was to learn the best Arabic dialect, to become more robust through the tough atmosphere of the desert, to lead a life of shepherd, to get accustomed to the life of hardship and to get acquainted to the life of tribe. At the age of 6 returned to Makka. His mother was so much impressed by him that the mother decided to move to Yathrib (Madina) in the company of Umm Aiman for 1 month to visit his mothers family and the grave of his father. At Yathrib the prophet (s.a.w) learned how to ride horses, how to swim in a pond of Yathrib and how to use bows and arrows. On the way back his mother died at al Abwa. Umm Aiman returned him to his grandfather. Al Abwa Till Wahy Events When the prophet (s.a.w) was returned to Macca, Abdul Muttalib (his grandfather) took care of him from the year 576 578 / 579 for 2 to 3 years. Abdul Muttalib took charge of Muhammad (s.a.w) and considered him as his son. He never felt to be an orphan and never had to work. Before Abdul Muttalib died he entrusted Muhammad (s.a.w) to his son Abu Twalib who then took over the responsibility. He was not rich and he had to work. The prophet helped him in his business. From the year 580 to 590 there was a war known as Harbul Fijar (Sacrilegious) (Quraish v/s Banu Hawazin). Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) helped his uncle in bringing water, food and arrows. He helped in healing the wounded. At the age of 12, he went to Syria with Abu Twalib. The caravan had an unusual invitation from Bahira the monk of Syria. He wanted all travellers of his caravan to be his guests. But the prophet Mr Pahary Page 10

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was waiting outside. He joined the kid under a tree and started to question him. He discovered that the kid would be the promised prophet of all past prophets. He discovered Signs of Prophethood and advised Abu Twalib to take him to Makka and protect him. From the age of 12 till 20 he led a life of shepherd and he obtained business experience. He created Half-ul-Fuzul at the age of 15 to help the poor as he was disgusted by the society. He loved life of solitude for reflection and pondering on Allah. Due to his great business fame and ability, he received a business Proposal from Bibi Khadijah (r.a) in the year 595 at the age of 25. Maysarah accompanied him to Syria to discover his secrets. It was a fruitful business with much profit. During one night Khadijah dreamed of moon entering her room. She was unaware of the meaning. She went to Waraqa bin Naufal a Hanif and her cousin. Bibi Khadijah sent a marriage proposal and the prophet (s.a.w) accepted. It was a successful marriage with 4 daughters (Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum and Faatima) and 2 sons (Qasim and Abdullah). In the year 605 the valley of Kabah was flooded by rain and the Arabs rebuilt the Kabah. The holy prophet (s.a.w) solved the problem of the placement of the black stone. He was disgusted with Life of Arabs and he retreated times and often in the desert and the cave of Hira. It was then that one night during the month of Ramadhan, Hazrat Jibril (as) brought the first five verses of Surah Al Alaq. When Hazrat Jibril (as) came to him, he was in his original form with wings and he asked the prophet (s.a.w) to read. But the prophet (s.a.w) replied that he was not among the readers. Hazrat Jibril asked him a second time but with the same answer. The third time Hazrat Jibril seized him and asked him to Read in the name of your Lord. Who created Insaan from a clot of blood. Read and your Lord is the most bountiful. Who taught with the pen. Taught Man that which he knew not. 1st Converts Till Other Marriages of the Prophet (s.a.w) Events In the year 610 after the prophet had received the first revelation he returned home and asked his wife to wrap him with his mantle. After Bibi Khadijahh had comforted the prophet (s.a.w) both of them went to Waraqa bin Nawfal who confirmed that the angel who came to the prophet (s.a.w) was the same who came to all past prophets. As such, the 1st free woman who accepted Islam was Khadijahh, the 1st free man was Abu Bakr, the 1st boy was Ali, the 1st girls were his daughters, the 1st slave man was Zayd bin Haritha and the 1st slave woman was Umm Aiman. From the year 610 to 613 the prophet (s.a.w) spread Islam among families, friends and the poor people. Very few accepted. In the year 613 Allah revealed to him Therefore expound openly with what you are ordered and turn away from the Mushrikin (15: 94) and And warn your tribe of near kindred (26: 214). He then made a proclamation at mount Safa. He gathered his tribe and friends, gained their trust and belief in him and then made the proclamation about Tawheed and Nabouwat. But they turned away and went back to their occupations. There was uproar of anger. They jeered and laughed at him and no one accepted. Few days later, he organised a banquet and there were the same attitudes from them. The prophet (s.a.w) was left on his own to spread Islam. They didnt interfere in his deeds and faith, thinking that he would stop sooner or later. When his concepts were against their ways of dealings in the society, then they saw Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) as a threat. By the year 614 only 40 Muslims had accepted Islam. By that time both physical and psychological persecutions started. One day when Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) proclaimed Shahadah (2 nd Kalima) in Mataaf, he was assaulted. In trying to protect the prophet (s.a.w) Harith bin Abi Hala was martyred. The Quraish wanted to deal with him. They proposed him for wives, slaves, money, fame, children and houses. Mr Pahary Page 11

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The prophet (s.a.w replied that if they gave him the sun in right hand and the moon in left hand, he would never abandon his mission. Then persecution gained much momentum. As from the year 614 the poor, destitute and needy who accepted Islam were put in prisons starved and beaten with sticks. They were exposed to the scorching sun. They were tortured and killed. Rubbish and thorny bushes were thrown on Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w), thorns were put on his way, refuse and camels foetus were thrown on him, people jeered and sneered at him and stones were thrown at him. At Taif he was pelted with stones by street urchins (rogues).His companions were put to death. Uqbah bin Abi Muith wanted to strangulate him with his handkerchief. Slaves were the worst sufferers. They received beatings from their Masters. Abu Jahl, Abu Lahab, Walid bin Mughirah, Umayyah bin Khalf, As bin Wail were the worst persecutors. The prophet (s.a.w) and the Muslims were attacked by crowd. Psychological persecutions like Abusive poems and lampoons were created for satirising and ridiculing him. They made fun of him during Swalaat. They called him by different names such as poet, wizard, insane, impostor, mad man, soothsayer, magic worker. Abu Jahl put dirty entrails of a she camel on his back during the state of Sajdah. Many Muslims like Bilal, Sumayyah, Khabbab, Ammar bin Yasir, Suhaib and Abu Fakih were the first sufferers of Islam. There were beatings, tortures, burnings, ill-treatment, mental persecutions, emotional bribe and intimidations only to harm the prophet. The Quraish wanted to bargain and deal: stop spreading of Islam AGAINST life of Muslims. Much Insult, disgrace, dishonour, disrespect and humiliation was upon the prophet (s.a.w). The two sons of Abu Lahab divorced the prophets (s.a.w) two daughters. Seeing practically all of his poor companions being ill-treated the prophet was psychologically affected. By the year 615, many Muslims were not able to bear the tortures of the Quraish. The prophet (s.a.w) ordered them to move to Abyssinia where there was a just king known as Najashi Negus. He was right, just, intelligent and sensible. By the month of Rajab 11 Men and 4 Women (1st Group) moved to Abyssinia. The Quraish followed them to influence Negus. On the Muslims side, Jafar bin Abu Twalib (cousin of Muhammad) acted as spokeman. He read Surah Maryam which the King had seen to be the Truth. He thus allowed the Muslims to stay. By the year 616, a group of 80 83 persons (2nd Group) went to Abyssinia for the same reason. The significance of these trips to Abyssinia was that: 1. The Muslims were able to live and spread their religion there. 2. They were able to have a family where the traditions of Islam could be practised. 3. There was no more persecution. 4. They were admired for their bravery in coming to the king 5. The king Negus didnt stop or prohibit anyone to convert to Islam. 6. For those staying at Abyssinia there was peace of mind. 7. They had their own business without any political or economic pressure. 8. They were able to live socially and religiously based on their customs and traditions. 9. Abyssinia later on converted to Islam. 10. Abyssinia became a supportive and an exiled country for the weak.

The holy Prophet (s.a.w) wanted Islam to be reinforced through his uncle Hazrat Hamza and through the noble Hazrat Umar. He always asked that dua as such. In the year 616 Hazrat Hamza converted to Islam and 3 days later in Dhul Hijja Hazrat Umar converted to Islam. When the Muslims from Abyssinia heard about this, they thought that the whole of Macca Mr Pahary Page 12

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had been converted. Thus, 30 Muslims from Abyssinia returned to Macca but they were deceived. However, some stayed and others returned. The importance and the significance of the conversion of these two men can be seen in the boldness of the Muslims praying openly in the sanctuary of the Kabah. Both of them were respected and by now the Quraish were cautious when launching an attack upon the Muslims. They didnt want to face the two men. More people, especially the poor, were daring to convert to Islam. The Muslims had now physical support. In the year 617 extending till 620, the chiefs agreed to ban and boycott Banu Hashim. The decision was written and hung on the cloth of the Kabah where no relation was to be created with them. The Muslims took refuge in the den of Abu Twalib Shibul Twalib. During these years the Muslims ate leaves of wild plants and cactus. There was high rate of death of children, no food and no water. That situation lasted for 3 years and there were great hardships for Muslims. By the year 620, due to the sufferings of the families and relatives of the Muslims in the den of Abu Twalib, the boycott was removed. However, Abu Twalib died after the boycott and Hazrat Bibi Khadijah passed away 6 months later. That year was known as the Year of Grief / Sorrow and Aamul Husn. Disgusted by the attitudes of the Quraish, the prophet accompanied by Zayd bin Haritha went to spread Islam at Taif in the year 620. However, orders were already given to drive them away. They were not able to preach but they were stoned and beaten till their shoes were filled with blood. They had to leave and took refuge in the garden of Rabia who was a Christian. He sent his slave Addas with grapes. On the way back they stopped at Wadi Nakhlah where there was the conversion of Jinn. Then they returned to Macca. By the year 620, the prophet got married to Hazrat Sawdah (r.a) in the month of Shawwal. She had young children and needed support. By the year 621 in the month of Shawwal, the prophet again married to Hazrat Aisha (r.a). Miraj till Hijrah In the year 620, 6 men from the tribes of Aws and Khazraj met the prophet at Aqabah listened to him and converted to Islam. They returned to Madina to spread Islam. In the year 621, there was the miraculous Night Journey during the month of Rajab. Hazrat Jibril came to meet him in his house at night, gave him the invitation to from Allah, went to the Kabah, slit of the chest and poured Wisdom and Faith, moved from there to Madina, Baitul Muqaddas. He had seen Hazrat Musah (as) performing Swalaat in his Qabr. At Masjid Al Aqsa, he performed 2 Units/Rakaat nafil. He then ascended through stages of heavens where he met many prophets like Hazrat Adam, Isa, Yunus, Idris, Haroun, Musah and Ibrahim (as). He visited Jannah and Jahannah. He arrived at the Station of Sidratul Muntaha and that is the limit of Jibril and starting Point of Muhammad (s.a.w). He then proceeded to Laa Makaan. He received Swalaat as gift. The conversation of Allah and the prophet can be found in Attahiyyaat. It was an invitation of the Creator to the Creature. The event of Miraj was very important for the Muslims such as that: 1. It was a spiritual elevation of the Holy Prophet and it shows the Darjah status of Holy Prophet in comparison to other prophets. 2. He was the one to be invited by Allah and not the one asking for invitation 3. We obtain 50 times swalaat as gift from Allah then reduced to 5 Mr Pahary Page 13

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4. Our imaan in the existence of Allah is consolidated. 5. Our imaan in the uniqueness and finality of the prophet is confirmed 6. It is important as a proof in the sight of the Ashab 7. It is a spiritual aid sent by Allah through Swalaat 8. Swalaat is the Miraj of the believers 9. This event is a proof of the capacity of Allah and His prophet in contrast to us 10. It is a blessed night where our dua are accepted and to be remembered In the year 621 there was the 1st Pledge of Aqabah in the month of Dhul Hajj. 12 men from Yathrib came to accept Islam and took the oath of No Shirk No adultery No Fornication No killing of children No calumny and slander and No more sins. They promised obedience and faithfulness towards and the holy prophet (s.a.w). Hazrat Musad bin Umair was sent as teacher to Yathrib. The next year (622) there was the 2nd Pledge of Aqabah in the month of Dhul Hajj. 73 men from Yathrib came to accept Islam and to invite the prophet (s.a.w) to Yathrib with full protection. They made the same promise as to live according to Islamic principles. These two events were very important and significant to Muslims as: 1. They were turning points in history of Islam, the Ashab migrated to new land Madina, the Islamic Community was settled there 2. There was the establishment of the Constitution of Madina 3. It was the beginning of new era based on Shariah 4. There were the Prophets success at Madina (all achievements) 5. Persecutions stopped 6. Protection was guaranteed with Islamic progress and expansion 7. There was future victory on battlefield showing the strength of Muslims 8. Among others the conquest of Macca. 9. Prophet and Islam known as the rising power 10. Teachings of Islam already spreading beyond Macca In the year 623 there was the Hijra. However, there were many events and reasons leading up to Hijra such as: 1. The physical and psychological persecutions 2. The disgusting attitudes and threat of the Quraish 3. The inability to spread and live Islam, 4. The Maccans were so uncultured and unwilling to listen to the prophet (s.a.w) 5. The invitation of the Madineese through the 2 Pledges of Aqabah 6. An arbitrator was needed between the Aws and Khazraj 7. A leader was needed at Madina 8. The already prepared ground at Madina to welcome the prophet 9. The willingness of the Madineese to listen to the prophet 10. The order of Allah to spread Islam at Madina 11. The permission to Muslims to migrate from Macca to Madina. Muslims started to migrate to Yathrib. The Quraish became aware of it and decided to hurt the prophet before he could leave for Yathrib. Prophet Muhammad stayed back waiting for permission to move. One night the Quraish surrounded his house. He asked Ali (r.a) to take his place without question and to join him at Madina. He trusted the words of the prophet Mr Pahary Page 14

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(s.a.w). The prophet read the 9th verse of Surah Yaasin And We have set a bar before them and a bar behind them, and (thus) have covered them so that they see not, blew on a fistful of sand and threw on the Quraish outside. It was said that he passed through them unseen or they felt asleep. He then met Abu Bakr and both left on 2 camels with their provision. They had as guide Abdullah bin Uraiqit (non-Muslim Guide). Instead of taking the usual route to Madina, they passed by the cave of Thawr. They stayed therein for 3 nights and days. It was 3 miles away from Macca. After that they continued their way though they were followed by the Quraish. Abu Bakr moved on 4 sides to protect Muhammad (s.a.w). When a price was fixed on the head of the prophet, Suraqah bin Malik was sent to kill the prophet. But for 3 times his horse stumbled in the sand and was released by the dua of the prophet (s.a.w). He thus accepted Islam and returned to Macca. They reached Quba situated 3 miles from Madina on a Monday. They stayed for 2 weeks where and when they built the Masjid Quba. They left on Friday after Swalaatul Jumah. It was the first Mosque of Islam where the first Swalaatul Jumuah was performed. The Hijrah was of utmost importance for many reasons such as: 1. It was a start of a new Islamic era 2. The building of the Islamic state 3. The liberty to spread Islam more than in Macca 4. The creation of Masjid Nabawi and consolidation of Brotherhood 5. The framing of the Constitution of Madina 6. The acknowledgement of prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) and Islam as the Rising Power 7. The Shariah being introduced 8. The spreading of Islam to different countries 9. The Conquest of Macca 10. All achievements at Madina as a result of Hijra. Madinan Phase 1st Year of Hijrah The prophet (s.a.w) and Abu Bakr (r.a) arrived at Yathrib on the 12 Rabi-ul-Awwal. It was 270 miles north of Macca. People were awaited for his coming every day. They were warmly welcome with poetry sung by the children of Madina standing in rows. Everyone wanted him to stay at their place. He then let loose his camel and wherever he would stop, he would reside there. He stopped on a land owned by 2 brothers Sahl and Suhail near the house of Abu Ayyub Ansari (r.a). The prophet (s.a.w) stayed for a period of 7 months during which the land of Sahl and Suhail was bought, levelled to the ground and on which a house and a mosque were built. For these 7 months, it was a great favour and honour for Abu Ayyub Ansari (r.a). In a hadith the prophet said that the mosque of Madina was his home, his place of worship and his eternal resting place. There were 2 apartments one for Sawdah and one for Aisha. Swalaat was done facing Jerusalem. Adhan (call for prayer) was instituted. The mosque of the prophet was a focal point and was used for different purposes such as for: 1. 2. 3. 4. prayer Dawah teaching and learning shelter for the poor Page 15

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Islamic Religion And Culture 5. resting place for travellers 6. educational and spiritual place for the Ashabus Suffah 7. a blessings in a community 8. a sign of Islamic Culture and Architecture 9. a perfection of spirituality 10. a peaceful place for meditation

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There was the creation of brotherhood between the Ansar (helpers of Madina) and the Muhajiroun (emigrants of Macca). The emigrants came without their wealth. They left everything behind and settled to Madina. The prophet (s.a.w) created such love in between them that whatever they had they would share. 1 ansar was supposed to take the responsibility of 1 muhajir (singular of Muhajiroun). There was the creation of the bait-ul-Maal (public treasury) meant to help the people and to finance the projects and development of the prophet and the Islamic State. That public treasury was funded by zakaat, sadaqa, al Fay, ushr and voluntarily gifts. There was a pact and treaty between the Muslims and the Jews. The prophet (s.a.w) settled the fight between the Aws and the Khazraj in order to bring the Community as a whole. They should be responsible and eligible to freedom. He acted as an arbitrator. The people wanted a leader. There was the creation of the Constitution of Madina. There should not be war and sins. All should defend the city. The prophet should protect all signing parties. He was considered as the decision taker and maker. The name of Yathrib was changed to Madinat-un Nabi (s.a.w). It was the 1st Written Constitution of a State in History. It was the Golden Age. There were the Hypocrites led by Abdullah bin Ubayy and Abdullah bin Saba. They accepted Islam with the tongue only. They wanted to know the plan of Muslims interiorly and destroy the religion or at least divide the Muslims. They were termed as Munafiq, Khawarij and Khariji. They cooperated with the Jews against the prophet (s.a.w). 2nd Year of Hijrah The 2nd year of the prophet at Madina was marked by several events. The first one was the introduction of the institution of Fasting. There were different kinds of Fasting Farz, Wajib, Sunnah and nafil. It was made farz in the month of Ramadhan. The second one was the introduction of Zakaat. A sum of money was to be taken from the rich to be given to the poor. It was meant to purify the money and the person at the same time. It is a way to show our responsibility towards other people. Thirdly, there was the change of Qiblah from Jerusalem to Macca, Kabah. As it was mentioned in the Quran (2: 144) the Kabah was dear to the prophet. So Allah assigned it as his and our directions for Ibaadah. There was much prosperity of Muslims. The hatred of the Quraish for the Muslims increased. Abdullah bin Ubayy as right man to raise and setup a plot against the prophet (s.a.w). The Quraish wanted him to either kill or drive him out of Madina. Muhammad heard about it and talked to Abdullah but in vain he was a hypocrite. The Quraish went to all tribes between Macca and Madina and instilled a feeling of opposition to Muhammad in their hearts. There Mr Pahary Page 16

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were 3 groups against the Muslims, namely the Quraish, the Jews and the Hypocrites. During that period, the Muslims slept fully armed till dawn. It was thus that the prophet (s.a.w) was given the permission to fight in the way of Allah. As such, the prophet talked to Abdullah bin Jahsh and told him Go to Nakhlah between Macca and Taif and there spy on Quraish in order to bring us news on them with 11 men. There was no order to fight any caravan. But instead of spying he attacked the caravan. Abu Sufyan knew about the plot and he sent Damdam to alert the Quraish. Damdam entered Haram, cut the nose of his camel, turned its saddle, tore his shirt and invented lies that the caravan was being looted and Abu Sufyan was dead. The Quraish decided to attack the Muslims. In the meantime, Abdullah bin Jahsh took the booty of war and returned to Madina. The prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) and the Ashab were very angry because no such order was given. It was only to spy and intimidate.

As such, there were many reasons leading to the battle of Badr such as: 1. The disobedience of Abdullah bin Jahsh led towards the battle of Badr. 2. There were also old Enmities against Muslims persecutions and oppositions 3. The fear of the advance of Islam 4. The decision to finish off with Islam 5. The fear of other countries conversion to Islam and fight against the Quraish 6. The accusations against the prophet 7. The jealousy of the Khawarij towards the prophet 8. The order and authorisation from Allah to fight 9. The appropriate time to stop persecution from Quraish 10. The order and right given to all Muslims to defend their rights The Quraish built up their army of 1000 men, 300 horses and 700 camels, and marched towards Badr. All of them were well trained. It was known as the best army of the Arabic world. When the army met Abu Sufyan on the way, they didnt want to return back to Macca. They took that opportunity as an excuse to fight the Muslims. When the Muslims heard about the plan of the Quraish, he gathered his army of 313 Muslims, 2 horses and 70 camels. They advanced towards Badr, 80 miles away from Madina. It occurred on a Friday Morning 17th of Ramadhan. The custom was that 3 men from both armies would fight and later on the whole army would meet for fighting. From the Quraish side, the names of Shaibah, Utbah and Walid bin Utbah were mentioned and from the Muslims there were Ubaidah bin al Harith, Hamzah bin Abdul Muttalib and Ali bin Abu Twalib. At the end Hamzah killed Shaibah, Ali killed Walid bin Utbah, Utbah wounded Ubaidah and lastly Ali and Hamzah killed Utbah. Ubaidah bin Saad bin al As wanted to challenge the Muslims but Zubair killed him with a spear. In that battle only 14 Muslims died but 70 Quraish died and 70 were taken as prisoners. The battle of Badr was important and significant because: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. It was the 1st battle opening the gate for permission to fight The 1st battle where a victory was necessary A humiliating defeat of the Quraish The assertion of the Power and strength of Muslims A boast up for the Muslims A lesson for the Quraish who had to think twice next time The Confidence of Muslims A threatening advice towards all enemies of Islam Page 17

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9. A gateway towards other victories 10. A mean to stop persecutions 11. A way to know that Muslims have the rights and means to rebel and voice out their opinions 3rd Year of Hijrah That year was mainly characterised by the Battle of Uhud which was considered as a remake of the Battle of Badr. There were many reasons leading to the battle such as: 1. The crushing defeat of Badr 2. The death of many of the Quraish leaders 3. The promise of revenge of their death 4. The Quraish humiliation in the eyes of the other forces (Persian ) 5. The determination of the Quraish to kill the prophet 6. The excuse of Quraish to fight 7. The idea to remake and enhance the image of Quraish in the eyes of its enemies 8. The growing up enmity against Muslims 9. The fear of others conversions to Islam 10. The plot of the Khawarij to uproot the prophet from Madina then to rule over there. As such, the Quraish promised to avenge their death and they resorted not to have sexual intercourse for a whole year, to apply oil on their bodies for 1 whole year and to make much dedication to their lords. The Muslims left Madina to Uhud (3 miles north) with 1000 men. However, on their way 300 Hypocrites led by Abdullah bin Ubayy deserted the army on the excuse that it was a lost battle and they preferred to return to protect Madina. So, the Muslim army reached Uhud with a reduced army of 700 men against 3000 men of the Quraish army. The Muslims pitched their camps and the prophet (s.a.w) placed 50 archers posted on Mount Uhud. They were ordered not to move and to protect the rear of the Muslims. In that battle there was the participation of women from the Quraish such as Hinda (daughter of Utba), Umm Hakeem (Granddaughter of Abu Jahl) and Fatima (sister of Khalid bin Walid). They were to encourage the Quraish. In the fight the Muslims followed orders of Prophet and took advantage. Many Quraish fled from battle field. They were overtaken by the Muslims. 43 archers joined the main army thinking that the war was over. They went to collect the booty of war. However, Khalid bin Walid who was at that time on the Quraish side had observed the battle and was waiting for the right moment to interfere. Seeing the desertion of the 43 archers, he made the round to attack the 7 remaining archers who were thus surrounded by the 100 horsemen. They had no chance and they were martyred. The horsemen descended the hillside and the main Muslim army was surrounded from every side by the Quraish. In that complete disorder the prophet (s.a.w) was injured. According to different reports, he received a stone or was hit and one of his teeth was broken. The shock was so sudden that the prophet (s.a.w) fainted to the ground. There was dismay among the Muslims. At the same time, the Quraish cried for victory and the Muslims thought that the prophet (s.a.w) was really dead. They dropped their weapons and in that confusion many died. It was Abu Bakr who reaffirmed the Muslims that the prophet (s.a.w) was still alive and he was carried away in the cave of Uhud for first aid. All Ashab mustered around the prophet to make a human shield. Many were killed in that endeavour to protect their leader. When the prophet regained his sense, the fight regained momentum and the Quraish were not able to overcome the Mr Pahary Page 18

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comeback of the Muslim around their prophet (s.a.w). They thus fled away from the battle field. In that battle 70 Muslims died. The Battle Of Uhud was important and significant in the sense that: 1. There are lessons to be derived for the Muslims 2. The disobedience of the Archers led to the dismay of the army 3. The identification of the Hypocrites 4. A new strategy developed in fighting 5. The Quraish failure in crushing Islam 6. The ability to regroup the soldiers 7. The realisation of the worthiness of the prophet 8. The fear of losing the prophet 9. The double guard from the Muslims afterwards 10. The full and complete obedience to Allah and prophet afterwards 4th Year of Hijrah The Jews of Madina entered in agreement with the Muslims but they conspired against the Muslims with the Quraish. Their aim was to have the prophet on their sides in order to attack Macca and take possession of both Macca and Madina. As a result, Banu Qainuqa was exiled from Madina after Battle of Badr. After the battle of Uhud, Banu Nadir fortified themselves in their forts. There was a siege upon them by the prophet (s.a.w) for 21 days. They finally surrendered. The prophet (s.a.w) gave them 10 days to leave Madina for Syria. A few of them went to Khaybar. At first the relationship with the Jews was created by the prophet (s.a.w) because for different reasons: the prophet wanted to create and tie the links with the Jews, the prophet knew about the similarities in between Islam and Judaism, the prophet wanted to create stability in his society, the prophet wanted to embark them under his wings, the prophet wanted to eliminate all potential enemies, the prophet wanted to show them what Islam was really about and the prophet wanted to spread Islam to them with wisdom. However that relationship changed after their cheap attitudes concerning the conspiracies in the battle of Badr, battle of Uhud and later on in the battle of trench. They proved to be treacherous. They proved to be interest geared to take over all cities of Hijaz. They proved to be money minded and not interested to be part of Islam but only to be under the banner and security of the prophet (s.a.w). 5th Year of Hijrah In the 5th year the main event was the Battle of Trench. There were many reasons leading to that battle as for instance: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The defeat Of Badr The nil at Uhud The on-going plot to kill the prophet The desire of the Quraish to erase all defeats The plot by Abdullah bin Saba and Abdullah bin Ubayy The joining of many tribes/parties against Islam Page 19

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Islamic Religion And Culture 7. The jealousy in the advance of Islam 8. The fear of the conversion of the whole peninsula 9. The threat of accepting Islam and abandoning their illicit activities 10. The old enmities with Islam.

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There was a merger of different groups to fight the prophet. It was the idea of Abdullah bi Saba and Abdullah bin Ubayy to unite the forces of the Quraish, Hypocrites, Jews and the Surrounding tribes of Macca and Madina. That was why that battle has different names such as the battle of Confederates, the battle of Trench, the battle of Ditch, the battle of Allies, the battle of Khandaq and the battle of Ahzab. After the Majlis shurah conducted by the prophet (s.a.w) it was under the decision of one sahaba, Hazrat Salman Farsi (r.a) to develop a new strategy. It was to stay in Madina, to dig a trench where no one could go through it and no one could get out from it if fallen into it. A trench was dug on the unsafe side of Madina. In this way no one was able to enter and no one was able to leave Madina. The siege lasted for a month and Muslims hunger, thirst and cold were felt. There was persistent attack from Quraish but they were not able to enter Madina. It was the time that Allah had to help the Muslims. Allah sent a terrible wind, frightening the horses, extinguishing the fire camps, horses frightened and the Quraish fled away. The importance, significance and benefits of this battle can be seen: 1. In the new techniques of fighting 2. Allah increased their Imaan 3. It was the last most important war against the Quraish 4. Muslims were recognised as a rising power 5. There were many converts from different groups 6. The prophet (s.a.w) became renown and famous in Arab peninsula 7. There was more conviction from Muslims 8. An ability to face different situations/armies 9. A new era of status and conquest started 10. A threat to the outside world 6th Year of Hijrah The main event of that 6th year was the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah. The latter was possible only because of the following reasons: 1. The dream of prophet narrated to Ashab 2. The decision to go to Macca 3. The driving out of the Muslims by the Quraish from Macca 4. The willingness to see the homeland (families) 5. The willingness to perform the Umrah 6. The willingness to visit the sacred city (Macca) and place (Kabah) 7. The willingness to accompany the prophet on such a journey 8. The willingness to please Allah 9. The willingness to be rewarded by Allah 10. The refusal of the Quraish to allow the prophet to enter the sanctuary The holy prophet (s.a.w) was accompanied by 1400 Ashab for the move to Macca. Uthman was sent as messenger to announce their arrival. But there was no sign of Uthman and a Mr Pahary Page 20

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rumour of his death circulated among the Ashab. The Ashab then decided to take an oath under a tree of Hudaibiyyah to avenge the death of Uthman. That oath was known as Bayatul Ridwaan the satisfied oath. It is mentioned in the Quran concerning that oath. According to the terms Of Treaty, the Muslims should return to Madina, a permission of only 3 days for Umrah next year, the Muslims were not allowed to take Muslims of Macca, Muslims leaving Macca to Madina should return to Macca, Muslims leaving Madina to Macca would not be returned to Madina and no fighting for 10 years. Many Ashab disapproved of the treaty but on their way back, midway to Madina, Surah Al Fatah was revealed where there was the promise of victory for Muslims and later on it proved to be true with the Conquest of Macca. The Treaty of Hudaibiyyah was important and significant in different ways because of: 1. The treaty itself 2. The 10 years without war 3. The opportunity to spread of Islam to other countries 4. The ability to live Islam freely 5. The return to Macca for Umrah after 7 years 6. The possibility of tribes joining Muslims 7. The future Conquest of Macca and other parts of the world 8. All benefits and success after the treaty 9. The Prophet (s.a.w) known as the power of the Arabic Peninsula 10. It reflects the fear and weakness of the Quraish 7th Year of Hijrah Due to the treaty of Hudaibiyyah, Islam spread outside Madina. The prophet (s.a.w) sent many messengers to different parts of the world. Heraclius of Rome was a good king but didnt convert to Islam. Chosroes of Persia insulted the messenger and didnt convert to Islam. Negus of Abyssinia was a just king and converted to Islam. Cyrus of Egypt was good and converted to Islam. It was from there that the prophet got married to Hazrat Maria Kibtiyya (r.a) and had 1 son, Ibrahim (r.a) and the rulers of Bahrain and Oman converted to Islam. There were conversions to Islam. When the Jews heard about the conversion of certain parts of the world and the treaty with the Quraish, Banu Nadir, Ghatafan tribe and Hypocrites were jealous of treaty of Hudaibiyyah. They planned to attack Madina. The prophet (s.a.w) marched with 1600 men and besieged them for 20 days. They were allowed to stay but in return of produce should be for the state. It was known as the Khaybar Expedition. In that same year, as promised through the treaty of Hudaibiyyah, the Muslims were allowed to stay for 3 days for Umrah. They entered Macca with no arm and ammunition. Peace and tranquillity prevailed during their stay. 8th Year of Hijrah In the 8th year there was the Conquest of Macca. The following aspects were the main reasons leading to the Conquest: 1. The breach of the Hudaibiyyah pact Mr Pahary Page 21

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2. The denial of the best prophets proposal 3. The desire of Muslims to take over Macca 4. The desire of Muslims to visit Macca and their relatives 5. The idea to finish off with the Quraish once for all 6. The possibility to spread Islam 7. The increase in adherents of Islam 8. The promise of victory in surah al Fath 9. The possibility to clean up the Kabah from all imperfections and Shirk 10. The growing enmity against the Muslims 11. The chance to ascertain their supremacy of Muslims over the Quraish. When there was the treaty of Hudaibiyyah, Banu Khuzaa joined the Muslims and Banu Bakr joined the Quraish. However, Banu Bakr killed some men of khuzaa in the sanctuary of Kabah. It was thus a violation of treaty. The remaining men of Banu Khuzaa met the Prophet and narrated what did happen. As a consequence, the prophet (s.a.w) sent 3 proposals to the Quraish namely either to pay blood money to Banu Khuzaa or to break alliance with Banu Bakr or to consider the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah null and void. In their pride and arrogance, the Quraish choose the 3rd one, that is to declare the treaty Null and Void. There was no choice than to conquer Macca. The holy Prophet (s.a.w) left Madinah on the 10th Ramadhan) with 10000 men divided into 4 groups of 2500 men. Each one was to enter the city from 4 sides. Before entering the prophet (s.a.w) encamped on the nearby hillside and set fire camps at night. The idea was to let the Quraish judge the army of the prophet before entering into the battle. Abu Sufyan who wanted to spy on the army of the prophet (s.a.w) was caught and after he had realised how the prophet was considered and respected, he converted to Islam. He went back to persuade the Quraish not to start the fight but they refused to listen to him. The next day, all 4 sections entered the city with the Talbiyyah Labbaik Allahoumma Labbaik safe except the army led by Khalid bin Walid had some problems. Some Quraish wanted to interfere and 28 Quraish were killed. Otherwise, there was no problem. The Muslim army was a wellequipped army never seen before. The soldiers entered Macca without any resistance and fighting. There was a General Amnesty and Pardon except for 16 bitterest enemies of Islam. The prophet (s.a.w) promised protection to all those who would not oppose him. He then proceeded to Kabah, performed the Tawaaf, entered the Kabah and broke down all idols. He then pardoned 12 out of the 16. It was time for Zohar prayer and Hazrat Bilal (r.a) went for Azan. After prayer, the prophet (s.a.w) went to Safa and Marwa for the 7 circuits. Many converted to Islam. The Muslims stayed in Macca for 15 days. The importance and significance of the Conquest of Macca can be seen by: 1. The Maccan conversion to Islam 2. The surrounding tribes and main centres converted 3. The elimination of all threats 4. The prophet becoming the sole leader 5. Islam reigning over the whole Arabia 6. Islam spreading outside Arabia 7. A new Era of stability and recognition started 8. Macca (Kabah) being in the hands of Muslims 9. The religious and spiritual significance of Macca restored 10. The Muslims of today are benefiting from the grasp of Macca. Mr Pahary Page 22

Islamic Religion And Culture 9th Year of Hijrah

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After the conquest of Macca, the Roman Empire was jealous and angry of the situation. He wanted to fight the Muslims. Before allowing him to leave his country, the prophet (s.a.w) left Macca and embarked on the Tabuk Expedition. It was a hard period of famine and drought. That was why it was known as the Expedition of Straightness. The prophet (s.a.w) appealed for donations and they marched during the night and took shelter during the day because of the intensity of the sun. 3000 men encamped at Tabuk but there was no fighting because the Roman dispersed. The Muslims stayed for 20 days to spread Islam. There were numerous converting tribes and that was the last military expedition of Prophet (s.a.w). 10th Year of Hijrah That year was known as the Year Of deputations or Amr-ul-Wafd. The reason was that many tribes converted to Islam. There was also the Farewell Pilgrimage of the prophet (s.a.w). The prophet left Madina on the 25th of Dhul Qadah and arrived on the 4th Dhul Hijjah. All his wives accompanied him. There was the famous Sermon at Jabal Rahmah (Mount of Mercy) which was a memorable sermon in the presence of 124000 of his companions. The extract of the sermon is as follows: Farewell Address O people, hear me well: I explain to you. For I do not know; I may well not meet you again in this place where I now stand, after this year of mine. O people: your lives and your property, until the very day you meet your Lord, are as inviolable to each other as the inviolability of this day you are now in, and the month you are now in. Have I given the message? -- O Allah, be my witness. So let whoever has been given something for safekeeping give it back to him who gave him it. Truly, the usury of the Era of Ignorance has been laid aside forever, and the first usury I begin with is that which is due to my fathers brother Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. And truly the blood-vengeance of the Era of Ignorance has been laid aside forever, and the first bloodvengeance we shall start with is that which is due for the blood of [my kinsman] Amir ibn Rabia ibn Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib. Truly, the hereditary distinctions that were pretensions to respect in the Era of Ignorance have been laid aside forever, except for the custodianship of the Kaaba [by Bani Abd al-Dar] and the giving of drink to pilgrims [by al-Abbas]. A deliberate murder is subject to retaliation in kind. An accidental death from a deliberate injury means a death resulting from [something not usually used or intended as a deadly weapon such as] a stick or a rock, for which the indemnity is one hundred camels: whoever asks for more is a person of the Era of Ignorance. O people: the Devil has despaired of ever being worshipped in this land of yours, though he is content to be obeyed in other works of yours that you deem to be of little importance. O people: postponing the inviolability of a sacred month [claiming to postpone the prohibition of killing in it to a subsequent month, so as to continue warring despite the sacred months Mr Pahary Page 23

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having arrived] is a surfeit of unbelief, by which those who disbelieve are led astray, making it lawful one year and unlawful in another, in order to match the number [of months] Allah has made inviolable. Time has verily come full turn, to how it was the day Allah created the heavens and the earth. Four months there are which are inviolable, three in a row and forth by itself: Dhul Qada, Dhul Hijja, and Muharram; and Rajab, which lies between Jumada and Shaban. Have I given the message? -- O Allah, be my witness. O people: verily you owe your women their rights, and they owe you yours. They may not lay with other men in your beds, let anyone into your houses you do not want without your permission, or commit indecency. If they do, Allah has given you leave to debar them, send them from your beds, or [finally] strike them in a way that does no harm. But if they desist, and obey you, then you must provide for them and clothe them fittingly. The women who live with you are like captives, unable to manage for themselves: you took them as a trust from Allah, and enjoyed their sex as lawful through a word [legal ruling] from Allah. So fear Allah in respect to women, and concern yourselves with their welfare. Have I given the message? -O Allah, be my witness. O people, believers are but brothers. No one may take his brothers property without his full consent. Have I given the message? -- O Allah, be my witness. Never go back to being unbelievers, smiting each others necks, for verily, I have left among you that which if you take it, you will never stray after me: the Book of Allah. Have I given the message? -- O Allah, be my witness. O people, your Lord is One, and your father is one: all of you are from Adam, and Adam was from the ground. The noblest of you in Allahs sight is the most god-fearing: Arab has no merit over non-Arab other than god-fearingness. Have I given the message? -- O Allah, be my witness. At this, they said yes. He said, Then let whomever is present tell whomever is absent. O people: Allah has apportioned to every deserving heir his share of the estate, and no deserving heir may accept a special bequest, and no special bequest may exceed a third of the estate. A childs lineage is that of the [husband who owns the] bed, and adulterers shall be stoned. Whoever claims to be the son of someone besides his father or a bondsman who claims to belong to other than his masters shall bear the curse of Allah and the angels and all men: no deflecting of it or ransom for it shall be accepted from him. And peace be upon all of you, and the mercy of Allah. At this we can summarise the address into the following main points: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. TRUST AND ACCOUNTABILITY FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS INTEREST (RIBAH) TREATMENT OF WIFE (SPOUSE) WARNING ABOUT SATAN BROTHERHOOD SUPERIORITY IS ONLY IN PIETY AND SUBMISSION IN ORDER TO BE SUCCESSFUL WE MUST OBEY BOTH GOD AND HIS MESSENGER Page 24

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9. OBSERVE THE PILLARS OF ISLAM 10. DUTIES REGARDING THOSE WORKING UNDER US 11. MUHAMMAD WAS THE LAST PROPHET 12. OUR DUTY IS TO SPREAD THE MESSAGE OF THE PROPHET (QURAN) 11th Year of Hijrah There was also a very important event in the illness and wafaat of the prophet (s.a.w). His illness started in the month of Safar and on the 5th day of illness, he shifted to Hazrat Aisha (r.a). It lasted for 13 days then breathed his last on the 12th Rabi-ul-Awwal at the age 63. He was then buried in the apartment of Hazrat Aisha (r.a). Additional Material For Past Exam Questions How did the Prophets life before the first revelation prepare him for the years to come? 1. He was an orphan (so championed the cause of orphans, widows and destitute) 2. He was also a shepherd, had time to contemplate on life and the art of guiding people 3. He was aware of suffering and cruelty perpetuated by wars between Quraish and others 4. He was present when the alliance (Half ul Fudhul) was formed to protect the weak 5. He travelled with his uncle making him aware of other faiths outside Mecca 6. His business with his uncle made him mature in dealings and treaties 7. Like all Arabs he was aware of religious significance of the Kaaba in Mecca 8. He was also aware of the beliefs of hanifs (those who followed pure religion of Abraham) 9. He never took part in frivolous activities when young (Adolescent) 10. His personal qualities known to Meccans who named him as Al Amin (Trustworthy) and As Sadiq (Truthful) 11. He never engaged in sins and immoral activities 12. He always had a different view concerning idol worshipping and polytheism 13. His marriage to Khadijah allowed him financial security 14. He spent long hours meditating in the hills away from Mecca especially during month of Ramadan 15. His soft words and character made him known and famous among the Arabs and helped him in the spreading of Islam. Failure at Macca and Success at Madina The prophet of Islam (s.a.w) spent 13 years at Macca and 10 years at Madina. The situation was different and the people were not the same. Due to various reasons, the prophet didnt succeed in spreading Islam at Macca and was more accepted at Madina. Reasons for failure at Macca 1. At Macca the people were deeply incrusted into their religions that it was difficult for them to change and accept another religion. 2. They were loyal to their tribal leaders and religious guides that it was practically impossible to shatter that loyalty. 3. They were so much stubborn that they were difficult to be convinced. Mr Pahary Page 25

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4. Due to their ignorance and lack of education they were easily corrupted by the priests. 5. They were rough, uncultured and not refined. 6. Due to their egos their eyes, ears and hearts were veiled. 7. They were trapped in the influence of Shaitaan 8. They were manipulated by the Kahin and the soothsayers 9. They were not ready to abandon their old concepts and principles 10. It was only from the wish and plan of Allah Reasons for success at Madina 1. At Madina the people were awaiting for the coming of the prophet through the pledges of Aqabah. 2. They were poor, destitute and weak in need of a protector 3. The tribes of Aws and Khazraj needed an arbitrator to end up their fights. 4. They were refined, cultured and literate. 5. They were keener to hear and listen to the words of the prophet 6. The ground for spreading Islam was already prepared by Musad bin Umair who was sent with the people of Madina as from the 1st pledge of Aqabah. 7. The order was given by Allah to go to Madina, and then success was assured. 8. He made the constitution of Madina and thus ensured security 9. There was the treaty of Hudaibiyyah and the 10 years promise without fight 10. The Muslims had faith in Allah and His prophet (s.a.w) and they were victorious in their battles Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) as the final Messenger According to the Quran and the Hadith of the prophet (s.a.w) there will not be any prophet after the prophet of Islam. That was confirmed also by past prophets. The following verses and narrations will enlighten us. Allah says in the Quran: Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but he is the Messenger of Allah and the Last of the Prophets; and Allah has full knowledge of all things. (33:40) Prophet Ibrahim prayed for his coming Our Lord! And raise up in their midst a Messenger from among them who shall recite to them your Verses, and shall teach them the Scripture, and the Wisdom and shall purify them. Surely, You are the Mighty, the Wise. (2:129) Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "The Israelis used to be ruled and guided by prophets: Whenever a prophet died, another would take over his place. There will be no prophet after me, but there will be Caliphs who will increase in number." The people asked, "O Allah's Apostle! What do you order us (to do)?" He said, "Obey the one who will be given the pledge of allegiance first. Fulfil their (i.e. the Caliphs) rights, for Allah will ask them about (any shortcoming) in ruling those Allah has put under their guardianship." (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 56, Number 661) Narrated Jubair bin Mutim: Allah's Apostle said, "I have five names: I am Muhammad and Ahmad; I am Al-Mahi through whom Allah will eliminate infidelity; I am Al-Hashir who will be the first to be resurrected, the people being resurrected thereafter; and I am also Al-'Aqib (i.e. There will be no prophet after me)." (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 56, Number 732 Mr Pahary Page 26

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Why the prophet was given the title of As Swadiq (the Truthful) and Al Amin (the Trustworthy)? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Because of his qualities e.g. being virtuous, pious and thoughtful towards others He never took part in any frivolity of Meccan society The employment by Khadijah and his truthfulness observed by her maid Maysarah, Led to Khadijah proposing marriage to him a sign that he was pure. People left their belongings with him when they journeyed, claimed them on return as he was trustworthy 6. He was already known as Al Amin when he happened to come to the Kaaba during the final stages of repairing. 7. He was the arbiter in the dispute of placing the stone 8. He worked to promote justice and peace 9. He never lied or accused anyone 10. He always propounded morality and dignity 11. He never got involved in highway robbery, theft or any kind of crime 12. He always tried to protect the low class How the revelations received in Medina influenced the behaviour of the Muslim community? 1. Let there be no compulsion in religion so no forcible conversions 2. Battle of Badr: permission given to fight in self-defence (lesser jihad). They fought bravely, unlike suffering years of persecution in Mecca when not allowed to retaliate 3. Revelation about Allahs help: a small force victorious over a large one, Muslims felt Allah was on their side 4. Consequences of Uhud mentioned: lesson to Muslims to remain united 5. Revelation about change of Qibla from Jerusalem to Mecca, focused thoughts on the importance of Mecca 6. Strong wind at battle of the Ditch: reinforced faith in Allahs help 7. Fasting (known to Arabs) but defined and made obligatory for Muslims 8. Payment of zakat became obligatory as community began to thrive 9. Spending in the way of Allah Wealth would stay in circulation and benefit community Surah Takathur 10. Gambling, drinking alcohol, games of chance and eating of swine are forbidden 11. Lawful and legal trade was encouraged 12. Begging was considered undesirable 13. Law pertaining to the rights of orphans 14. Rights of non Muslims 15. Surah Fatah announcing clear victory after the treaty of Hudaibiyyah faith increased. 16. Women were given status: dowry, inherit, chose husband, divorce 17. Rights and duties of men and women were defined 18. History of past prophets and nations influenced their code of conduct (lessons from surah Qasas and Ambiya) What guidelines did the Prophet establish for the communal life of Medina? 1. On entering Medina Prophet said Spread peace [salaam], feed the hungry, honour kinship ties, pray while people sleep, you shall enter Paradise in peace Mr Pahary Page 27

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2. He established brotherhood between muhajireen from Mecca and Medina] because muhajireen were homeless and penniless. This nurtured a collective spirit based on sharing and mutual assistance rather than individual competitiveness 3. He made mutual assistance agreement between Jews of Medina and Muslims [whether Aus, Khazraj or muhajireen] known as the Charter of Medina 4. He made signifying justice and dignity for all on a solid legal base 5. He allocated the same rights and same duties for all; a multi-cultural, multi-racial state 6. The Jews and Muslims would help each other in times of attack defend Madina 7. All relationships would be based on contracts; Prophet advised Muslims to stand by their contracts 8. He stressed all relations within the society to be egalitarian 9. There would be no forcible conversions 10. Working together to construct the society 11. Working with everyone in construction of mosque 12. The call to prayer [adhan] was initiated and still resonates today 13. The five daily prayers set the pace of daily life for Muslims 14. Fasting [sawm] became obligatory in the month of Ramadan 15. Purifying social tax [zakat] made obligatory as well 16. Morality and spirituality prevailed 17. Rights of girls, women and the poor 18. The Shariah elaborated and amended What were the main features of the Constitution of Madina? 1. Prophet Muhammad made the first and formal agreement between himself and all of the significant tribes and families of Yathrib [later known as Medina] and those who followed them from Mecca in 622 [also known as the Constitution or Charter of Medina] 2. The document was drawn up with the explicit concern of tribal fighting between the clans of were buried. 3. It effectively established the first Islamic state, yet this political entity was not Islamic law [shariah] but rather by established tribal customs 4. It normalized tribal relations within Medina, instituted a number of rights and responsibilities for the Muslim, Jewish, Christian and pagan communities bringing them within the fold of one community. 5. He guaranteed religious freedom and tolerance to all 6. He established parameters for political alliances e.g. making peace together with outsiders 7. There must be mutual advice and consultation 8. All parties would defend Medina 9. He established Medina as a sacred place 10. He ensured the security of the community 11. He created a system for granting protection to all individuals, especially the security of women 12. He established a tax system for supporting the community in time of conflict 13. He instituted a judicial system for resolving disputes; only when people would differ it would be referred to God and to the Prophet who would be impartial arbiter of disputes between Muslims; his decision would be final 14. The payment of blood money [for the slaying of an individual] instead of taking another life, would be regulated 15. The motto was morality and faith. Mr Pahary Page 28

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Proof that Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) was a Prophet 1. He was known before becoming a Prophet as a truthful and honest person 2. His good biography and high morals as well as the noble qualities that distinguished him 3. The powers and triumphs Allaah gave him and the spread of the religion he preached, as well as the triumph of this religion over all existing religions in a short period of time 4. The miracles Allaah gave him as supporting evidence were beyond the ability of human beings and were beyond range of natural phenomena. The moon split for him, water gushed from his fingers, food became more abundant in his hands, and similar phenomena were authentically reported and happened in a way that could not be denied 5. The Prophet was backed by the greatest miracle which is the Quran. In fact, Quran was a challenge and remains a challenge for Arabs who were known to be good poets and eloquent speakers 6. The things from the unseen that he (the Prophet) informed us about. Some of them occurred during his life time. Others happened later 7. The testimony of some of the people of the Book that he was a true Prophet. Some of them believed in him like 'Abdullaah Ibn Salaam who was a Jew as well as Negus (king of Abyssinia) who was a Christian 8. The way he dealt with problems of persecutions 9. His eagerly will to spread Islam though in dire problems and threats 10. His continuous battle against the miseries, atrocities and immoral aspects of his society though being offered worldly luxuries in order to stop his mission 11. The events of Miraj and its journey. 12. The far sighted view he had when he advised his people to migrate 13. The ability to contain all problems with patience and perseverance. Why the Prophet Muhammad was at first friendly towards the Jews of Medina ? 1. Prophet Muhammads own conduct of humility, compassion, faithfulness was towards them 2. The population of Medina accepted him as leader 3. He made treaties with the Jews to cement peace and friendship 4. He granted the Jews full freedom to practise their faith, just as Muslims would practise theirs 5. He befriended the Jews as they believed in One God 6. The jews were also followers of a revealed book (Tawraat) 7. There is a link between Muslims and Jews through Musah (as) 8. Jews prayed towards Jerusalem as did the Muslims (initially) 9. He believed by strengthening ties Medina would be secure if attacked 10. Each group would contribute resources for the betterment of the city 11. Relations between the Jews and the Muslims were based on equality and justice 12. The prophet as leader would deal with any disagreement 13. Initially he allowed Muslims to help the Jews in the construction of their places of cult 14. He allowed Muslims to adapt the fast on the 10th of Muharram. 15. Once the prophet stood up when the dead body of a Jew was taken to the cemetery as a sign of respect 16. He accepted the invitation of the Jews for lunch or dinner Mr Pahary Page 29

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Why did that relationship change later on? 1. 2. 3. 4. Jews became allies of the Maccans They suggested the Quraish to fight the Muslims Banu Nadir (Jewish tribe) in exile in Khaybar, plotted against Muslims Jewish delegation went to Banu Ghatafan and other tribes, suggesting fighting Muslims for a reward 5. A large army of 10 000 men (Meccans and tribes, including Jews) led by Abu Sufiyan 6. The hypocrisy of Abdullah bin Saba and Abdullah bin Ubayy 7. 300 Jews abandoned the army on the way to Uhud 8. Banu Qurayza (Jewish tribe) living in Medina, also conspired with Meccans to attack from rear 9. Month long confrontation resulted in differences/disagreements between Muslims and Jews 10. Jews were rich and thus influential people in Medina. They had monopoly of commerce and finance 11. Some became unhappy because the prohibition of usury 12. They wanted only favours from the Prophet 13. Jews only wanted Macca to fall and then to take possession 14. They were jealous of the fame of the prophet Past Papers Questions Syllabus 2056 3 (a) Describe the Battle of Uhud and the events leading up to it. [10] (b) Do you see Uhud as a defeat for the Muslims? Give reasons for your answer. [10] 4 (a) Describe what happened leading up to the Conquest of Mecca. [10] (b) Why was this conquest so important for the Muslims? [10] (2003) 2 (a) Describe the events leading up to the Hijra. [10] (b) Why was the Hijra an important turning point for the early Muslims? [10] 3 (a) Describe what happened at the Battle of the Trench. [10] (b) Why was the Battle of the Trench important to the Muslims? [10] 4 (a) Describe the main teachings contained in the Prophets farewell address. [10] (b) In what ways do Muslims put these teachings into practice? [10] (2004) 2 (a) Write an account of Muhammads early life before the revelation at Hira. [10] (b) How did Muhammads early life prepare him for his years as prophet? [10] 3 (a) What difficulties did Muhammad and the Muslims meet in Mecca before the Hijra? [10] (b) Why was Muhammad more successful in Medina? [10] 4 (a) What were the main points made by Muhammad in his farewell address? [10] (b) Assess the political and religious success Muhammad achieved by this time. [10] (2005) Mr Pahary Page 30

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2 (a) Write an outline of the life of the Prophet Muhammad up to the time of the first revelation. [10] (b) Explain why he was given the title of As Sadiq (the Truthful) and Al Amin (the Trustworthy). [10] 3 (a) Describe the opposition faced by the Prophet Muhammad and the early Muslims in Mecca after his call to prophethood. [10] (b) What were the reasons for this opposition from the Quraish? [10] 4 (a) Describe the achievements of the Prophet Muhammad in Medina. [10] (b) Explain how the revelations received in Medina influenced the behaviour of the Muslim community.[10] 5 (a) Explain why the Prophet Muhammad was at first friendly towards the Jews of Medina. [10] (b) Outline the role played by the Jewish tribes during the time of the Battle of the Trench (or Ahzab). [10] (2006) 2 What was the role and importance of the following figures in the life of Prophet Muhammad? (a) Khadijah [10] (b) Abu Bakr [10] 3 Describe and evaluate the importance of any two of the following: (a) The Prophets first public proclamation at Safa [10] (b) The migration of Muslims to Abyssinia [10] (c) Isra wal Miraj [10] (d) the Pledges of Aqabah. [10] 4 (a) Describe the events immediately leading up to the Battle of Badr. [10] (b) Why was the victory at Badr an important turning point for the Muslims? [10] 5 (a) what led to the signing of the Treaty between the Prophet and the Maccans at Hudaybiyyah? [10] (b) Why was the Treaty important? [10] (2007) 2 (a) Write an account of any two of the following episodes in the life of the Prophet Muhammad: (i) Meeting with Bahira (ii) Khadijahs proposal of marriage (iii) Replacing of the Black Stone (Hajr al Aswad). [10] (b) How did the Prophets life before the first revelation prepare him for the years to come? [10] 3 (a) what events led to the Prophets migration (Hijrah) to Medina? [10] (b) Why was the Hijrah of the Prophet a turning point for the Muslims? [10] 4 (a) Describe the events of the Battle of Uhud. [10] (b) Was Uhud a defeat for the Muslims? Give your reasons. [10] 5 (a) Describe the teachings set down by the Prophet in Medina on: Mr Pahary Page 31

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(i) Brotherhood (ii) The position of women. [10] (b) What do these teachings tell us about the nature of the new community (Ummah) which the Prophet was establishing? [10] (2008) 2 (a) Outline the Prophets first experience of revelation. [10] (b) Why did the Prophets early revelations cause the Maccans to oppose him? [10] 3 (a) What were the main features of the Constitution (sahifa) of Medina? [10] (b) Did the Prophet achieve harmony amongst the residents by this document? [10] 4 (a) Describe what occurred during the Conquest of Mecca. [10] (b) Why was this conquest important for the Prophet? [10] 5 (a) Relate what happened in the last year of the Prophets life. [10] (b) How significant was the farewell address he gave during his pilgrimage? [10] (2009) 2 (a) Write an account of (i) The boycott of the Banu Hashim and (ii) The Prophets visit to Taif. [10] (b) How significant was the Hijra for the Prophet and his followers? [10] 3 (a) what guidelines did the Prophet establish for the communal life of Medina? [10] (b) How did the Jewish tribes of Medina react to his authority? [10] 4 (a) Give an account of the events leading up to the battle of the Trench (Khandaq) And what happened during the battle. [10] (b) Explain the significance of this victory for the Muslims. [10] 5 (a) Describe what occurred between the Muslims and the Maccans at Hudaibiyyah. [10] (b) What do these events show about the relationship between the Prophet and his followers on this occasion? [10] (2010)

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Islamic Religion And Culture Caliph Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddeeq (r.a) Introduction

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Among the various personalities the Islamic world has known, the name of Abu Bakr, known as Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddeeq (r.a) can be cited. His name is as much popular for his contribution before and during his caliphate. He had contributed so much to the progress of Islam that he deserves to be called the saviour of Islam. Life before acceptance of Islam He was from a simple family of the Quraish people with his father as Uthman and his mother as Salma. He was two years and three months younger than the holy prophet (s.a.w). He had a common ancestor with the prophet in Murra. He received no formal education but he was known for his experience and high level of intellect and wisdom. Since childhood he had another feeling and touch for the poor and the destitute. He would always care for them and would help them in whatever ways he could. He joined the family business of cloth merchant at the age of eighteen. He never got engaged in the sins of pre Islamic Arabia and idol worshipping. He was dedicated to one God and to high level of morality. Life after acceptance of Islam He was the first free man to accept Islam at the hands of the prophet (s.a.w). According to the prophet (s.a.w) Abu Bakr never questioned him concerning the validity and truthfulness of his claim of being a prophet. He proved to be a great asset for the prophet (s.a.w) for he would always be by his side, encouraging, comforting and supporting him in great difficulties. He would act as his counsellor and advisor. His help would extent to the family of the prophet (s.a.w) and to all the companions (Ashab). He would buy slaves and would free them. He was given the title of Siddeeq for his acceptance of the prophets (s.a.w) night journey the Miraj. He was the leader Ameer of one delegation for the Hajj period. He was given the good news of Jannati inhabitant of paradise by the prophet (s.a.w). He was honoured to lead Muslims in prayer during the illness of the prophet (s.a.w). He used to contribute a lot for Islam and would spend all his wealth in Jihad and spreading of Islam. He would militate for the rights of all believers and unbelievers. Life of Caliphate and Achievements After the death of the prophet (s.a.w), both the people of Macca the Muhajiroun and the people of Madina the Ansar were demanding a leader for both camps in order to avoid the discussion of who would become the Ameer and caliph. For the best interest of the community, Hazrat Umar (r.a) took the hand of Abu Bakr and swore allegiance to him saying that there should always be one caliph not two. Then batches of companions would take the oath on his hands. After his election, he gave his speech as follows: I have been elected as your Ameer, although I am not better than you. Help me, if I am in the right; set me right if I am in the wrong; obey me as long as I obey Allah and His prophet; when I disobey Him and His prophet, then obey me not It opens the room for freedom and democracy. Once at the head of the state, he had to face several problems as follows. He created and founded a truly democratic state where each of Mr Pahary Page 33

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his people was authorised to have their say in the society. They had the liberty to choose their own leader. He created and reinforced the Majlis Shura for a better consultation with his companions. In order to have a better control over his state, he divided Arabia into provinces each one with officers to work. He established Military cantonments and a reserve force for his army and for better security. He embarked on various Expeditions to Iraq, Palestine and Syria in order to reinforce and spread Islam. He observed the Rights of both Muslims and non-Muslims ensuring freedom and security for all his people. He was the first one to undertake the work of Preservation of the Quran (zaid bin Thabit to collect Quranic verses) for his Ummah. He emphasized much on the idea and concept of morality and self-respect among his people. He conquered and reinforced different countries like Bahrain, Oman, Mahrah, Yemen, Hadramuth, eastern and western Iraq, Hira, Damascus, Syria, Basrah and Ajnadein. Problems he faced Before the death of the prophet (s.a.w), the latter had assigned Usamah bin Zaid for an expedition to Syria. The army had not the time to leave Madina when the prophet (s.a.w) passed away. Now, many people thought that it would be better not to send any army outside Madina for its security. Some proposed to assign a more experienced commander for the expedition due to his young age and being the son of a slave. However, Abu Bakr adhered by the decision of the prophet (s.a.w). Later after several months, Usamah returned victoriously. After the death of the prophet (s.a.w) many persons rose and pretended to be prophets. Among them there was Aswad Ansi from the tribe of Ansi in Yemen. He was known as the Veiled Prophet for his ugliness. Another one was Tulaiha from north Arabia who claimed prophethood during the time of the prophet (s.a.w). He was known as the Liar. When Khalid bin Walid attacked him at Buzaka, he fled to Syria. When Syria was conquered by the Muslims, he converted to Islam. Another false prophet was Musailima / Musailama belonging to Banu Hanifa tribe. He wanted to imitate the prophet and reduced the number of namaz, he abolished zakaat and sawm. He Legalised drinking and adultery and composed sentences and pretended them to be Wahy. He was known as Musalima the Liar. He was killed by Khalid bin Walid. A false prophetess rose in the name of Sajjah a Christian woman belonging to Tamim Tribe. She got married to Musailima to reinforce their army. When Iraq was conquered, she converted to Islam. Another problem was the refusal to pay Zakaat by some tribes such as Banu Asad, Banu Ghatafan, Banu Abbas, Banu Murrah. The caliph despatched an army of eleven battalions to face and crush all problem. In less than one year there was calm and security in the Islamic dominion. Death of Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiq (ra) He was caliph for a period of 2 years and 3 months. On the 7th of Jamadi-ul-Akhir, 13 A.H., Abu Bakr was taken ill. He had severe fever. Everything was done to bring down the fever, but all in vain. It became clear to the aged Caliph that his end has come. Even in these last days, the thought that troubled Abu Bakr was the future of Islam. He thus opted for Hazrat Umar (ra) as his successor. After an illness of two weeks, Abu Bakr passed away. He was sixty-three at the time. He was buried by the side of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w).

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Islamic Religion And Culture Hazrat Umar Farooq (r.a) Introduction

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Among the Ashab of the holy prophet (s.a.w), Hazrat Umar was one of the bravest. He was known for his sincerity in his work, his high personality and his bravery. There had been many crucial events where his presence had been of utmost importance. We can have the examples of the first public swalaat, strategies at war, consultation through the Majlis Shurah consolidation of the Islamic territories, the introduction of Tarawih Namaz in Jamaah and the crushing of the Byzantines. Life before acceptance of Islam He was born from a Merchant family and he developed the sharp idea of a successful businessman. His Father was Khattab and his Mother was Khatmah. According to history he was 12/13 years younger than the prophet (s.a.w) and they shared a common Ancestor in Kaab. He received both Formal and informal education making him suitable and apt for reading and writing Arabic Language. He was very Learned, Intelligent and studious to the extent that no one was able to challenge him in educational field. He was a successful trader as well as a wise and loyal friend. He was admired for his sharp mind, his dedication to his work, his loyalty towards his relatives, his eagerness towards his religion and for his bravery. He was much in business with foreign countries. He was known for being powerful and influential both physically and verbally. He was among those people who could just influence a whole nation by his mere presence. His Conversion to Islam was one of the greatest moments in the life of the prophet and of Islam. Life after acceptance of Islam He was among the polytheists and the idol worshippers but Allah had planned otherwise. One day when he was on the way to kill the prophet (s.a.w), he was told that his own sister had converted to Islam and was reading part of the Quran. He turned way towards the house of his in law and after he had read a chapter of the Quran he converted to Islam. He worked very hard for the spread of Islam. He obtained of title of Farooq and he was one of the distinguished companions of the prophet. After his conversion to Islam, all Muslims became bold enough to pray publicly. The first namaz to be conducted openly was from the endeavour of Umar. He would help Abu Bakr in the affairs of the prophet. He participated in all battles of the prophet and was successful in each of his conquest. On the battle field he was fierce and his enemies were not able to match with him. He would participate both physically and financially in all battles and expeditions of the Muslim conquest. He would always be the first to come forward and present himself in front of the prophet as one of the first three starting soldiers. During dire situations umar was the leading soldier and leader to convert a defeat into a victory. Umar would always regard the status of the prophet, his family, Islam and the benefit of the Ummah before his own interest. He was considered as one of the 10 persons the prophet gave the good news of Jannati. At the death of the prophet he was not in his natural state of mind as he didnt conceive and accept the death of his leader. According to the holy prophet if there would have been another prophet after Muhammad (s.a.w) Hazrat umar would have been that last prophet.

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Islamic Religion And Culture Life of Caliphate and Achievements

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After the death of Hazrat Abu Bakr (r.a), Hazrat Umar was chosen as caliph on both the demand of Abu Bakr before his death and the consensus of the Ashab. All Ashab pledged allegiance to him. He was thus the 2nd Ameer-ul Muminin. He consolidated the Muslim territory with the creation of boundary posts and reinforced army. He created and consolidated the democratic state. He increased the members of the Majlis Shurah, consisting of both Muhajirin and Ansar, to 11. He created a Majlis Aam (more than 11 members public sometimes). He made sure that the Shariah should be prevailed. He divided the State divided into provinces with each one an Ameer. Each province was divided into districts with an Amil. Both Ameer and Amil were called during period of Hajj for account of financial year concerning problems and solutions, achievements and development, spirituality and morality and everything related to the spreading of Islam. He watched the activities of his officers consciously. This was done for a better control. He appointed Qazi judge for courts. He standardised the Military division, Police department, Educational department and the Finance department Diwan. There were different sources of revenue such as Jizya (poll tax), zakaat, kharaj (spoils of war), fay (income from crown lands) and ushr (1/10 of produce). All these were meant for funding the Baitul Maal (public treasury). He had a well-disciplined army and considered the welfare of soldiers, both Muslims and nonMuslims. He dedicated great deal of time to religious affairs and he spiritualised the whole state. He conquered and consolidated the whole of Persia at Namarraq, Jasra and Buwaid where Christians helped the Muslims. He conquered Madain, Jalula, Nahawand, Jerusalem, Yarmuk in Syria and Egypt. He crushed the Byzantines. Death of Hazrat Umar (r.a) There lived in Medina a Persian slave, Abu Loulou Firoz by name. One day, he came to the Calpih and said, "My master squeezes too heavy a tax out of me. Please get it reduced." "How much is the tax?" asked Umar. "Two dirhams a day," replied the slave. "And what skills do you possess?" was the next question of the Caliph. "I am a carpenter, a painter, and a black-smith," Firoz said. "Then the tax is by no means too heavy," the Calpih remarked. "A person with your skills can easy pay this tax and shall live comfortably." "All right, I will settle with you," grunted the slave as he went away. Umar took no notice of the words. "I have been rebuked by a slave." he remarked with a smile. Early next morning Umar went to the mosque as usual to lead the prayer. Abu Lolo was already hiding in the corner, with a dagger in hand. As soon as Umar began the prayer, the slave jumped on him. He gave six cuts with the dagger on the Caliph's body. The horrified worshippers overpowered the assassin. Thereupon the wretch slew himself with the same dagger. The next moment Umar was in the lap of Allah's mercy and forgiveness. He died on Wednesday the 27th of Dhul Hijjah, 23 A.H., after lying wounded for three days. He was sixty-three at the time of death. His caliphate lasted for 10 years. Mr Pahary Page 36

Islamic Religion And Culture Hazrat Uthman Ghaniy (r.a) Introduction

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Among the Ashab the holy prophet (s.a.w) loved the most, the name of Uthman can be cited. He loved him so much that he gave him 2 of his daughters in marriage and told him that if he had more he would have agreed to marry them off of him (Uthman). Life before acceptance of Islam He was the son of the father Affan and the mother Arwa. Born in Macca in the 6 th year of elephant, he was 5 years younger than the Holy Prophet (s.a.w). They were related through the common ancestor Abd Manaf. As from his formal education, he was able to read and write Arabic language. He was much learned, intelligent, wise (wisdom) and studious. In addition he was a successful trader and was always polite with his customers and business partners. Well before his conversion to Islam, he was a pious man. He never indulged in polytheism and idol worshipping. He was among the Hanif. Life after acceptance of Islam He embraced Islam at the demand of Hazrat Abu Bakr (ra). He was a very tender hearted person. He would cater for the needy, destitute, low class and the poor. He would always come to the help of the persecuted. He was among those who could do anything to help and succour their friends, relatives and even strangers. He was easily moved by the sufferings of others. He was among those early Muslims who suffered persecutions at the hands of the Quraish. He thus went to Abyssinia. He got married to two of the prophets (s.a.w) daughters Kulthum and Ruqayyaah. He was thus known as Dhun Nurain. According to hadith it is said that if the prophet had 40 daughters, he would get them married to hazrat Uthman. The prophet wanted to show how excellent was Uthman towards his wives and his excellence in morality. He was among those ashab given the title of Jannati by the prophet. Uthman was deeply rooted in religion and spirituality that he used to spend most of his nights in Ibaadah and remembrance of Allah. The holy Quran became his weapon against all his problems whether financial, social or spiritual. Reading the Quran was the blessing in which Uthman dedicated his life. He was not able to participate in all battles of the prophet due to illness of Ruqayyah at Madina. Nevertheless he was always among the first to spend his wealth and property in the way of Allah and Jihad. Life of Caliphate and Achievements After the death Of Umar killed by Abu Lulu known as Firoz, there was a panel from which the new caliph would be chosen. The following names can be mentioned: Hazrat Ali, Uthman, Zubair bin Awwam, Talha, Abdur rahman bin Awf, Sad bin Abi Waqqas. He was thus selected as Ameerul Mumineen. He continued with the same administrative measures as the 2 previous caliphs, but he was a bit relaxed on the restrictions imposed on people and consequences when going against the Shariah. He ordered the construction of inns for foreigners, border-out-posts for consolidating the borders, guest houses and supply of water for travellers. There were wells on the sides of roads (routes) and dam was built to protect Macca and Madina from flood. He raised salaries of officers and armed forces. He increased allowance paid to people by 25%. He helped in the spreading of Islam till India. He deputed teachers for the spreading of Islam. He embarked in the recompilation of the Quran. Due to the problems between the Yemenite and Syrian armies on dialects of the Quran, he burned Mr Pahary Page 37

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all circulating copies of the Quran, made 7 copies to be distributed to 7 different parts of the world. He made different conquests to the whole of North Africa, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, the Island of Cyprus and Hijaz. In this way he crushed down all revolts and differences in the Quranic dialects. This move was much appreciated by the people of the whole Islamic kingdom, even the Khawarij. During his khilafat he ensured a constant level of morality but due to internal rebellions he was not able to cope with all problems. According to historians, he was considered too weak or rather too good at heart to contain all the problems of his reign. Hazrat Uthman was so pious that he did not dare to wage war or insult any individual living in this community, both Muslims and non Muslims. He was always ready to help and upgrade the level and welfare of his people not leaving the poor to themselves. During his reign education flourished and great deal of spirituality spread throughout the land. However, people did not recognise and appreciate his effort. Problems he faced When he came to power, he wanted to make some changes in the posts of his government. He wanted to place his trusted men for a better control and to crush all problems. He did never want to give any favour to any member of his family, but instead, he was accused of appointing inefficient relatives as governors and he was so weak at commanding his people. He was also accused of his wrong and bad administrative measures of replacing already existing governors and that he did not check his newly appointed officers. He was charged of all the problems emerging in his dominion. He was accused of being too tender hearted towards those breaching the Shariah. He took lesser decisions against them. The greatest accusation was that he burned down the words and message of Allah the Quran. Some of the rebellious persons accused him of corruption and upsurging the right of his people and money from the Bait-ul-Maal. All these accusations came from the Khawarij. Death of Hazrat Uthman (r.a) Uthman made use of only one weapon. It was his kind and soft words. The Khawarij wanted him to step down from caliphate. But Uthman did not want to become the reason of any civil war in his period. He went to the roof of his house several times and spoke to the rioters. He told them how close he had been to the Holy Prophet. He reminded them what services he had rendered to Islam. But his words fell on deaf ears. Nothing could stop the rioters from mischief. As the day of Haj grew near, the rioters' anxiety grew. In a few days hundreds of men would be back from Haj, they knew. Help from provinces might also arrive. They had to put through their plot without delay or it would be too late. They had to act quickly. Uthman's house was very big. Hasan, Husain, Muhammad bin Talha and Abdullah bin Zubair stood guard at the main gate. The rioters had no wish to cross swords with these men. That would draw the kinsmen of these men into the fight. To avoid this, a part of rioters stealthily jumped over the back wall of the house, and rushed towards where the aged Caliph was. The guards at the main gate knew nothing about what was going on inside. Uthman was sitting with the Holy Book open before him. He was reciting the Qur'an. Muhammad bin Abu Bakr was leading the party of assassins. He got hold of the Caliph's beard and pulled it. "My dear nephew," said Usman, looking into Muhammad's eyes, "if your father had been alive, he would not have liked this conduct of yours." Mr Pahary Page 38

Islamic Religion And Culture The young man was cut to the quick and turned back.

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Then another man hit the Caliph on the head with an axe. The third struck him with a sword. Naila, the faithful wife of Uthman, had her fingers cut off in trying to shield her husband. Then all the rioters fell upon the aged Caliph. They inflicted several wounds on his body. One of them, Amr bin Hamq by name, cut off his head. The news of Usman's cruel murder came as a rude shock to everybody. Ali was stunned when he heard of it. He rushed to Medina. "Where were you?" he rebuked his sons, Hasan and Husain, "when the Commander of the Faithful was murdered?" Similarly, he was angry with Abdullah bin Zubair and others who stood guard at the gate. Usman was murdered on Friday, the 17th of Dhul Hijja, 35 A.H. He served the Ummah for a period of 12 years.

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Islamic Religion And Culture Hazrat Ali Murtadwa (r.a) Introduction

Syllabus 2056

He was the cousin of the holy prophet (s.a.w). According to the prophet, he had a huge retentive memory and was known for his education and intelligence. According to history, he was one of the first, not to say the first, to have memorised the whole of the Holy Quran practically the same time of the prophet (s.a.w). Life before acceptance of Islam He was the son of Abu Twalib and as mother Faatima. He was a descendant of Hashim, cousin and in-law of Holy Prophet (s.a.w). He was 30 years younger than the Holy Prophet (s.a.w). Due to his surroundings, he obtained formal education by which he was able to read and write. He was learned, intelligent and studious. He learned the Quran by heart and was pious well before his acceptance of Islam. He had a good guide in the person of the holy prophet (s.a.w) Life after acceptance of Islam He was the first free boy to accept Islam on the same day the prophet was given wahy. He was always by the side of the prophet (s.a.w) and as such he maintained a written record of the sayings of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w). The latter accepted to get his daughter Hazrat Bibi Faatima (r.a) to Ali. The prophets (s.a.w) lineage was continued through him. He held the post of Chief Justice and was a member of Majlis Shurah. Life of Caliphate and Achievements After the death Uthman (killed by hypocrites after siege of his house by Amr Bin Hamq) there were 3 days where no caliph was ruling over the Islamic dominion. The hypocrites Khawarij gave an ultimatum of 24 hours to elect a caliph. There were 3 names cited for the caliphate namely Ali, Talha and Zubair. Ali was then elected. Ali was able to force the rebels to withdraw from Madinah and to establish peace and order in the city. The powerful governor of Syria, Mu'awiyah, challenged Ali and refused to pay homage to him. Mu'awiyah insisted that Ali should arrest the murderers of 'Uthman and hand them over to him. Ali was a man with a deep sense of justice and did not want to accuse the wrong people. He needed a peaceful period to trace the culprits. But, Mu'awiyah began accusing him of protecting the murderers, and in this way the old enmity between the two families was revived. When he came to power he wanted to change governors for a better control and he went against all advices from his friends not to go ahead. But it was too late to manage and change the situation. Due to the last 6 bad years of Hazrat Uthman, it was difficult to contain all problems. Problems he faced There was a demand for the head of those who murdered Uthman. But Ali wanted to settle first and then find out the culprits. But Talha and Zubair wanted the hypocrites and murderers of Uthman immediately. So they met Aisha to wage an army. Ali didnt appreciate that move and a fight was planned between both armies. It was known as the battle of camel because during the battle Aishas camels feet were cut off. The war was stopped and she was escorted to Madina. Sayyiduna Ali (radi Allahu anhu) had to crush all opposition. A bloody Mr Pahary Page 40

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battle took place near Basrah on the 9th of December 656 A.C. This battle was sparked off by a third force who were the real troublemakers. Just before the battle, both parties had already reached an agreement to settle the dispute. But this third force, the real assassinators of Sayyiduna 'Uthman (radi Allahu anhu), launched an overnight attack on both camps simultaneously. Each side were under the impression that the other had attacked. The battle began. Several thousand men were lost including the two Sahaba. Sayyadah Aishah (radi Allahu anha) was safe. She was riding a camel during the battlehence the name "Battle of the Camel." Sayyiduna Ali (radi Allahu anhu) treated her in a most noble and dignified manner and respectfully sent her back to Madinatul Munawwarah. She praised him and deeply regretted opposing Sayyiduna Ali (radi Allahu anhu). Kufa was now made the capital of the Islamic world. The same problem emerged with Muawiyyah in the Battle of Siffin. Muawiyah didnt want to accept Ali until the latter brought the murderers of Uthman to court. The fight started through mischief-mongers. Ali was on the point to win when Muawiyah took pages of Quran and stuck to sword to stop war. By the clever proposal of Amr bin Al As, the retreating army raised pieces of the Holy Quran on their spears demanding judgement between the two parties. Many pious Muslims on the side of Ali refused to fight seeing the Holy Quran displayed in the air. Ali thought it was a trick and he ordered to continue fight. Hypocrites in the army of Ali turned against him and he had to stop the war. There was an arbitration between Ali and Muawiyah in which Amr bin Aas representing Muawiyah and Abu Musah Ashari for Ali. Abu Musah Al Ashari said both must be abdicated but when it was the turn for Amr bin Aas, the latter surprisingly announced in favour of Muawiyah. His words were: "He has declared the removal of his leader, while I would conform Muaawiyah as the Caliph." Chaos followed. The Islamic dominion was thus divided into 2 parts with 2 caliphs. Syria was under the control of Muawiyyah and the rest under Ali. There was also the battle of Nahrawan against the Kharijites where a few dozens of the hypocrites only escaped. The Kharijites decided to avenge and kill Ali, Amr and Muawiyah. Two escaped except Ali. It was at the time of Fajr prayer that Abdur Rahman bin Muljim stabbed him with a poisoned dagger and he died after 4 days. Ibn Muljim was killed the next day by Hazrat Imam Hassan (r.a). Death of Hazrat Ali (ra) After the battle of Nahrawan the "Khawarij" had gone underground. As a matter of fact they were as much against Hadrat Ali (R.A.) as they were against Hadrat Mu'awiyah (R.A.). They were still working against the Khilafat and they were greatly disgusted with the civil war that seemed endless. To end this state of affairs, they worked out a dangerous plot. According to them Muslims were divided because of differences between Hadrat Ali and Amir Mu'awiyah. They also disliked 'Amr ibn 'As and considered him as chief planner for Amir Mu'awiyah. They decided, therefore, to assassinate all the three of them. It was planned that the three personalities would be struck at the same time on the same day. Three persons, appointed to assassinate Ali, Mu'awiyah, and 'Amr ibn 'As (R.A.) were Abdur Rahman Muljim, Bark ibn 'Abdullah, and 'Amr ibn Bark respectively. Early hours of the 17th of Ramadan, 40 A.H., was fixed for the assassination.

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After the Fajr Swalat of the 17th Ramadan in the year 40 A.H., the three appointed Kharljis struck the three men. Amir Mu'awiyah escaped with a scratch, Hadrat Amr ibn 'As did not turn out for the Imamat because he was sick that day thus was unhurt, but Hadrat Ali (R.A.) was mortally wounded with the poisoned sword of Ibn Muljim. He passed away in the evening of Ramadan 20, 40 A.H. Ibn Muljim was caught by the people after he had struck Hadrat Ali. Hadrat Ali asked the Muslims to slay him if he died. At the same time of his death Hadrat Ali called his sons and advised them to serve Islam and to be good with the Muslims. When somebody asked him should the Muslims take pledge of loyalty at the hands of his elder son, Hadrat Hassan, he replied, "I leave this decision to the Muslims." He also advised people not to kill any person other than the assassin to avenge him. He was sixty three years old at the time of his death and had ruled for five years. Ali lived a simple life. He refused any luxury food and wore simple clothes thinking of the poor. He should sleep on the ground and even sit on the floor. He repaired his own clothes and shoes and even did manual labour. He spent nights in Swalaat and should fast for three days in a row. Honesty, piety, justice and love of truth were the main marks of his character. Additional Material For Past Papers Questions The events that led up to Umar becoming a Muslim. 1. He opposed the Muslims because he believed in the gods of the Kaaba 2. Umar felt strongly about killing Prophet Mohammad to end all problems arising in Mecca; set out with sword 3. He told a clansman where he was going 4. He who suggested Umar sort out Muslims in his own family: his sister and husband 5. Umar angry; Fatima (his sister) hid pages of Quran she was reading but Umar saw them 6. He began hitting Said (his brother in law), Fatima defended her husband and she got hit by Umar 7. Umar was sorry and asked to read pages. Fatima did not trust him and told him to take off his sword wash himself 8. He impressed by words he read of Surah Ta-Ha 9. Umar went to find Prophet 10. The Prophet asked why he had come and Umar said to declare his faith in Allah and His Messenger 11. Everyone rejoiced saying Allahu Akbar 12. He was told the Prophet was praying to Allah to strengthen Islam with Umar 13. From then on Muslims felt strong enough to pray at the Kaaba What made the four Rightly Guided Caliphs (Khulafa al Rashidun) special in Muslim history? 1. They were of exemplary personal character 2. They followed the Quran and Sunnah 3. They had known the Prophet at close quarters so had model to follow they were Ashab 4. They lived simply just as the prophet had done 5. There was election by Majlis-e-Shura Mr Pahary Page 42

Islamic Religion And Culture

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6. After taking oath of allegiance each one reaffirmed their adherence to Islam 7. They were available to the common man at any time 8. They asked Muslims to obey him only so long as he followed Islam e.g. Abu Bakr when elected 9. They promoted healthy pattern of democracy, consultation was the basis of this society 10. They treated their Caliphate as a trust given to them by Allah not inherited like a monarchy 11. They were good administrators 12. Basic human rights of all citizens were guaranteed 13. Non-Muslims enjoyed freedom of opinion, property and religion 14. They themselves took advice from the Shura 15. If problem arose, they looked for solution in Quran, then endeavoured to implement a welfare state which would promote brotherhood, equality, prosperity without differentiation or discrimination 16. The Baitul Mal [treasury] was not considered property of the Caliph 17. They received small allowance 18. Contribution in the compilation of the Quran 19. For individual achievements e.g. Umar wandering around Medina at night to see how people were doing Give two examples to suggest what governments today can learn from the principles the Caliphs followed. 1. Officials to live simply rather than follow ostentatious life styles; Abu Bakr made a will saying he wanted his garden sold to refund the salary given to him as Caliph 2. To promote healthy pattern of democracy [many are dictators]. Caliphs used the Shura to ask opinions 3. Officials in government to treat their position as one of trust, not their right to do what they like 4. To make sure of basic human rights of all citizens 5. To give Minority subjects the same rights especially to practice their religion 6. Baitul Mal must not be considered as their personal property 7. To have a constant watch over their officials and other ministers 8. To constantly monitor the development, projects and problems of their ministers 9. To enhance morality and spirituality throughout the country 10. To accept different the views of all existing religious bodies, especially the minorities. Why do you think it was important to make a collection of the Quran during the periods of the 4 Caliphs? 1. The Prophet had died and therefore there were few remaining who were left to consult about Allahs message; if the revelations were not compiled there may have been conflicting versions which would not be good for Islam 2. Due to the anxiety of Umar for future generations it was incumbent to compile the Quran. The fear after the death of 700 Huffaz of Quran. 3. In order to eliminate any false copy of the Quran and to have a standardised text, Uthman decided for the best interest of the Ummah. 4. The Quran is a miracle for the Muslims. It tells us about things we cannot know of otherwise: Allah, His signs and attributes, the past (stories of earlier prophets) the Mr Pahary Page 43

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present and the future (the Day of Judgement, Paradise and Hell); therefore vital that the revelations had to be recorded 5. The Quran gives infallible guidance to Muslims on how to conduct their lives; it is the foundation of Islam, guides us about Hajj, Ramadan, Zakat and worship; if not compiled it would be irreplaceable 6. Early Muslims were men of vision. They knew the message of the Quran was for all people in the world not just the Arabs. The Muslim empire was expanding, more people becoming Muslim, therefore vital to compile revelations so that the message could be conveyed 7. Allah tells us the Quran is for those who think, therefore early Muslims realised a written version was imperative so that individual Muslims could read it and take Allahs message to heart 8. It is a mean for those who dont know the Quran to handle the book for reading and studying. 9. It is a mean of obtaining blessing and favours from Allah 10. It is a source of guidance and a book to help the Jurists of Islam. Why is the era of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs known as the Golden Age of Islam? 1. Caliphs [khalifa] were from amongst the closest companions of the Prophet; hence the were the best people after the prophets and messengers. 2. Their personal character, conduct and attitude followed the letter and spirit of the Quran and sunnah. 3. Their way of life far from show off and exaggeration but filled with spirituality and simplicity gave them that specific beauty. 4. Each considered becoming Caliph [khalifa] a sacred trust; promoted the healthy pattern of democracy known as the consultative system [shura] 5. They were chosen by this system and were bound by its decisions. They didnt give or take bribes to access khilafate 6. They were devoid of sins and immoralities. They were symbols and role models of the Shariah. 7. Freedom of speech and basic human rights were fully guaranteed for Muslims and non Muslims alike 8. Caliph was accessible during five prayer times each day, on Friday and during Hajj when people came from far and wide 9. They endeavoured to make the Caliphate a welfare state promoting brotherhood, equality, prosperity without discrimination 10. The state treasury [baitul mal] was not private property of Caliph but was meant and used for the public 11. Judiciary was supreme; judges [qadis] were not interfered with even if judgement was against Caliph 12. The Muslim empire stretched far and wide; the message of Islam continued to touch the hearts of people, many became Muslim Describe the relationship between the Prophet and Ali in the years after the first revelation. 1. Both were very close; Ali was brought up in the Prophets household 2. When the Prophet was instructed to warn thy nearest kin [26:214] Ali said I will be your helper 3. He listened and learned from the Prophet Mr Pahary Page 44

Islamic Religion And Culture 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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He was the first child to accept Islam Ali and Abu Bakr stayed behind in Mecca with the Prophet before the Infra He risked his own life by sleeping in the Prophets bed on the night of Hijra Ali had mission to perform, to return things kept with the Prophet for safekeeping During the time of brotherhood in Medina Prophet declared Ali to be his brother [not wanting to show favouritism to any ansar] 9. He was married to Fatima, the Prophets daughter 10. Ali and his family lived a frugal life, just like the Prophets family 11. He worked as a labourer with Prophet, building the mosque in Medina 12. He was the father of Hasan and Husain, Prophets beloved grandchildren 13. He was a scribe of the Prophet [main scribe at Hudaibiyah] 14. He was made standard bearer for the Muslims 15. He was a great warrior in all the battles during the Prophets lifetime 16. Ghadir Khumm episode [For whomever I am the authority and guide Ali is also his guide and authority. Oh God! Be friendly with the friends of Ali and the enemy of his enemies. Whoever helps him, help him, and whoever leaves him, leave him.] 17. Ali [along with others] washed the Prophets body and buried him Main events and contributions of Abu Bakr 1. He solved the crisis at the death of the prophet and brought calm 2. His election and declaration of a democratic country and society 3. Sending of Usamas army 4. Tribes declaring the treaties with the prophet as void and null 5. Tribes reducing the amount of Swalaat to 3 6. Tribes refusing to pay Zakaat 7. Surrounding tribes of the Islamic dominion rebelled 8. Presence of false prophets 9. Crushing down of all these revolts in less than 1 year 10. Compilation of the Quran 11. Administrative measures and achievements (See notes above) Main events and contributions of Umar 1. Election and nomination of Umar through Abu Bakr 2. Crushing down of all Khawarij groups 3. Exile of Jews from Macca and Madina to other parts of the Islamic world 4. Consolidation of Islamic frontiers 5. Conquest of Persia, Syria and Egypt 6. Creation of a well disciplined army 7. Military camps outside the cities with religious facilities 8. Tarawih in Jamaah (Umar said: nimai bidatou haadhihi) 9. Application of Shariah (Ex 3 talaq at one instance) 10. His death and murder 11. Administrative measures and achievements (See notes above) Main events and contributions of Uthman 1. Chosen from a panel of 6 men 2. Wanted to make changes in his government 3. Severe oppositions from different governors Mr Pahary Page 45

Islamic Religion And Culture 4. Problems in his army with the Syrians and the Yemenites 5. Burning and Standardisation of the Quran 6. Conquest of Islamic Territories for the first 6 years 7. Charges against him 8. Lost of many of Islamic territories for the last 6 years 9. Murdered by the Khawarij while reading the Quran 10. No caliph for 3 days 11. Administrative measures and achievements (See notes above) Main events and contributions of Ali 1. Election from a panel of 3 men 2. Ultimatum of 24 hours from the Khawarij 3. Desired to change governors 4. Went against advice of the Shurah 5. Rebellions and protests against his decisions 6. Battle of camel (jamal) 7. Battle of Siffin 8. Arbitration and lost of territories (Syria) 9. Islamic dominion having 2 caliphs 10. Battle of Nahrawan 11. Creation and foundation of Shia movement 12. Murdered by the Khawarij 13. Administrative measures and achievements (See notes above)

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Explain how the policies followed by the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs were continued: 1. Put the shariah into practice 2. The character of 4 caliph similar to the prophet, sincerity and truthfulness of Abu Bakr 3. Severity and hardness concerning matters of shariah by Umar 4. Generosity and soft heartedness of Uthman 5. Importance of education and striving in the way of Allah by Ali 6. Baitul maal 7. Majlis shurah 8. Morality and spirituality 9. The status of the poor and the low class 10. The application of the last khutbah at mount Atafat. Explain how the 4 caliphs expanded the policies and teachings of the Prophet: 1. Abu Bakr: crushing down of rebellions and false prophets 2. Expansion of the Islamic state 3. Copies of quran sent to other parts of the Islamic dominion 4. Sending of teachers alongside 5. Umar: consolidation of empire, elimination of jews 6. Conquest till Persia, Egypt, Syria, Rome 7. Morality and spirituality 8. Uthman: education throughout the dominion 9. Shariah in administrative blocks 10. Ali: justice at the cost of his own life 11. Equality and opportunity for ones defence. Mr Pahary Page 46

Islamic Religion And Culture 12. Equal rights of human beings 13. Rights of non Muslims 14. Respect of treaties 15. Majlis Aam 16. Creation of Diwan 17. Fight against corruption and all kinds of immoralities and sins. Past Papers Questions Syllabus 2056

Syllabus 2056

5 (a) How was Abu Bakr chosen as Caliph? [10] (b) Assess Abu Bakrs contribution to the survival of Islam in the period 632634. [10] 6 (a) Why did Muawiya refuse to accept Ali as caliph? [10] (b) What happened as a result of this disagreement between them? [10] (2003) 5 (a) How was Uthman elected? [10] (b) What difficulties did he encounter during his Caliphate? [10] 6 (a) Describe the Muslim victories under Abu Bakr and Umar. [10] (b) Why do you think the Muslims were successful in these victories? [10] (2004) 5 (a) Describe the main successes of the Caliphate of Umar (634644). [10] (b) Why was Islam so successful during this period? [10] 6 (a) What problems did Ali face during his caliphate? [10] (b) How successful was he in responding to these problems? [10](2005) 6 (a) Describe the events that led up to Umar becoming a Muslim. [10] (b) Assess the main achievements of his Caliphate. [10] (2006) 6 (a) What made the four Rightly Guided Caliphs (Khulafa al Rashidun) special in Muslim history? [10] (b) Give two examples to suggest what governments today can learn from the principles the Caliphs followed. [10] (2007) 6 (a) Describe the achievements of Uthman as Caliph. [10] (b) Why do you think problems arose during his Caliphate? [10] (2008) 6 (a) Describe how Abu Bakr was elected as Caliph. [10] (b) Why is the era of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs known as the Golden Age of Islam? [10] (2009) 6 (a) Describe the relationship between the Prophet and Ali in the years after the first revelation. [10] (b) To what extent was Ali successful during his Caliphate? [10] (2010)

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Islamic Religion And Culture Quran Introduction

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Since the sending of prophets to earth and to guide people and Mankind, Allah had bestowed knowledge upon His prophets in various forms such as Wahy - revelation. As such, many books like the Tawraat, Injeel, Zabour, Souhouf and the Quran can be noted. All of them are specific to their people and important for Mankind. Structure The holy Quran is a book of 30 Juz (Siparah), 114 surah, 540 Ruku, 7 manzil and 6666 verses. Maccan Themes There are 86 surahs which were revealed at Macca. The main themes revealed during that period of 13 years were on topics like Allah, the holy prophet, angels, books, destiny, day of judgement, grave, paradise, hell, sacrifice, reward, punishment, strive in Allahs path, education and all Islamic Theoretical Part. Madinan Themes There are 28 surahs which were then revealed at Madina. Their main topics were on the Islamic Law, criminal law, inheritance, will, divorce, marriage, fight in the way of Allah, family law, the hypocrites, local and foreign affairs, dedication to Islam and Islamic Practical Part Mode of Revelation upon which the Quran was revealed: 1. Hazrat Jibril (as) came in his real form with wings to the prophet. In the cave of Hira 2. He used to take the form of a human being, a Sahaba known as Hazrat Dahyah Qalbiy (ra). the hadith on Islam, Iman and Ihsan 3. The prophet (s.a.w) would hear the sound of a bell and verses would be revealed to him. the hadith of Aisha during winter the prophet perspired 4. He would have a dream which would become reality. the move to Macca in the 6th Hijri with the treaty of Hudaibiyyah 5. Allah will converse with him through a veil. 6. He would see Allah with his naked eyes. Miraj (53: 8-13) Compilation of the Quran into 5 stages: 1. It was during the time of the holy prophet (s.a.w). The latter had several scribes who would jot down in their books or records verses revealed by Allah and recited by the prophet (s.a.w). These records were known as Musnad. For example, in the Musnad of Zaid bin Thabit, there were only verses heard by him directly from the prophet (s.a.w). The prophet also used to encourage his Ashab to learn the Quran by heart and there were Quranic competition. 2. It was during the caliphate of Abu Bakr when 700 huffaz Quran were killed in the battle of Yamama. Hazrat Umar was anxious concerning the loss of the holy Quran, not for his generation but for future ones. He then urged Abu Bakr to compile the verses into a book form. With much reluctance and consultation, he agreed to go Mr Pahary Page 48

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ahead and he appointed Zaid bin Thabit for the task. He was authorised to collect all verses kept by all Ashab and he made the first compiled verses of the Quran in a Book form. He followed four steps. First he verified the verse with his own memory. Secondly, Sayyidna Umar, Radi-Allahu anhu, who was a Hafiz, was also in charge of the project and he verified it, too. Thirdly, before the verse could be accepted, the two reliable witnesses had to testify that it was written in the presence of Prophet Muhammad Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam. Fourthly, after that, written verses were collated with the collections of different Companions. It was then kept with Hazrat Hafsa (ra). 3. There was a discussion in the army of Hazrat Uthman concerning the recitation of the Quran by the Yemenites and the Syrians. He gathered and collected all circulating copies of the Quran, burnt them and made 7 copies for distribution to 7 different places of the Islamic dominion. 4. Due to the increasing converts to Islam and the difficulties to read the Quran by the non-Arab and Arab children, Muawiyyah bin Sufyan during the Umayyad dynasty introduced the syntactical marks like fatha, kasra, dwamma, soukoun, tanween, madd among others. 5. Due to the problem of differentiating between the alphabets of the Arabic language, Abdul Malik bin Marwan introduced dots above and below the Arabic alphabets. Importance of The Quran 1. The message itself is divine 2. The Quran is a book of guidance for all generations. 3. It enables people to a new path from darkness to light. 4. It allows man to be far from sins and to avoid pitfalls. 5. The Quran is a book of spirituality. 6. The Quran is a total and complete code of conduct. 7. It enables man to lead a life based on a moral discipline. 8. It is a mean of approaching Allah. 9. Its readings purify the heart from sins and diseases. 10. It eradicates doubts of human beings concerning the law of Halal and Haram. 11. It is a book without error. What is meant by the Quran is the kalam Allah, the word of God? 1. It is the word and saying (speech) directly from Allah 2. There is no mistake in that book 3. It is pure from error, contradiction and lies 4. It is a sacred book with divine lessons and advices 5. It is the unaltered and preserved words of Allah 6. It is the message and guidance from Allah in the words of Allah 7. It is an oath and promise of Allah 8. It is the response from Allah after the believer has asked for guidance 9. It is the answer of Allah to the prophet in search of the Truth Allah 10. It is simply the rules and regulations as in the form of Law Books revealed to other prophets and their worthiness 1. Suhuf to Ibrahim (as) 2. Zaboor to Dawoud (as) Mr Pahary Page 49

Islamic Religion And Culture 3. Tawraat to Musah (as) 4. Injil to Isa) 5. Holy Quran to Muhammad (s.a.w) 6. Their importance can be examined as above mentioned. 7. They were sources of guidance 8. They removed people from darkness to light 9. However, nowadays there are only fragments of the Truth 10. All past books except the Holy Quran were falsified Importance to memorise the Quran as to study its meaning?

Syllabus 2056

1. Benefits found in the Quran 2. People of the Quran are of exalted rank 3. The People of Quraan hope for a trade that will never perish 4. We cannot do without the Book of Allaah azza wa jall 5. Memorisation of the Quraan guides you to the Straight Path 6. The Quraan is a cure for the hardening of the heart 7. The Quraan increases your Imaan 8. Memorisation of Quraan is easy and easily-accomplished 9. None take delight in the Night prayer except the people of Quraan 10. Treasures of goodness in the memorisation of Quraan 11. Hifdh al-Quraan is one of the causes of salvation from the Hellfire 12. From the honour of Allaah is to honour the carrier of Quraan 13. Memorisation of the Quraan is better than the world and all that is in it 14. Tranquility descends upon the people of Quraan and mercy envelopes them 15. The Quraan opens up the doors of goodness for you 16. The Quran is a Cure 17. The recitor of Quraan is not returned to senile old age 18. The Haafidh of Quraan is in the Shade of the Throne of the Most Merciful 19. The Quraan intercedes for its companion on the Day of Judgement 20. The Haafidh of Quraan ascends through the levels of Paradise Main teachings of the Quran about the line of prophetic messengers sent by God In Islam we believe in all the prophets that was sent by GOD before the time of Mohammad (s.a.w) and that was mentioned in the holy Quran. The messenger believed in that which had been revealed unto him from his Lord and (so do) believers. Each one believed in Allah and His angels and His scriptures and His messengers We make no distinction between any of His messengers and they say: We hear, and we obey. (Grant us) Thy forgiveness, our Lord. Unto Thee is the journeying. Prophets were infallible in conveying the message from Allaah. They did not conceal anything that Allah had revealed to them, and they did not add anything from themselves. Allah said to His Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) (interpretation of the meaning): O Messenger (Muhammad)! Proclaim (the Message) which has been sent down to you from your Lord. And if you do not, then you have not conveyed His Message. Allaah will protect you from mankind [5:67] And if he (Muhammad) had forged a false saying concerning Us (Allaah), We surely would have seized him by his right hand (or with power and might), And then We certainly would Mr Pahary Page 50

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have cut off his life artery (aorta), And none of you could have withheld Us from (punishing) him [69:44-47] All the Muslims are unanimously agreed that the Prophets (peace be upon them) especially Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) are infallible and protected from error in that which they conveyed from Allaah. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): By the star when it goes down (or vanishes).Your companion (Muhammad) has neither gone astray nor has erred. Nor does he speak of (his own) desire. It is only a Revelation revealed. He has been taught (this Quraan) by one mighty in power [Jibreel (Gabriel)] [53: 1-5] Past Papers Questions Syllabus 2056 7 (a) Describe how the Quran was collected after the death of the Prophet. [10] (b) Why did the early Muslims regard it as so important to make a written collection of the Quran? [10] (2003) 12 (a) Describe the day in which the Quran was first revealed to Muhammad. [10] (b) If Muslims have the Quran, why do they need the Hadith? [10] (2005) 7 (a) Describe the way the Quran was compiled under the early Caliphs. [10] (b) Why is the Quran important to Muslims? [10] (2006) 7 (a) Explain how the Quran as we have it today is the result of the initiative taken by Umar, Abu Bakr and Uthman. [10] (b) What are the advantages of having a written Quran? [10] (2007) 7 (a) Describe the collection of the Quran during the time of the Prophet and during the Caliphate of Abu Bakr. [10] (b) Why do you think it was important to make this collection? [10] (2008) 7 (a) How were the revelations preserved and finally compiled as the Quran during the Caliphates of Abu Bakr and Uthman? [10] (b) How do the Quran and Hadith differ in importance? [10] (2009) 7 (a) Describe what you know about the structure of the Quran. [10] (b) Why is it important for Muslims to read the Quran? [10] (2010)

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Islamic Religion And Culture Surah For SC Introduction

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All the Surah that we have in the holy Quran they are for specific purposes. Allah has never revealed a verse upon any messenger in vain. There was a reason. It is then the duty and responsibility of each one of us to learn and study these Surahs to our maximum. This chapter will be based on the Tafsir of Hazrat Abdullah Ibn Abbas (ra), sahaba and cousin of the holy prophet (s.a.w) Surah Al Faatiha According to a group of Ulama, the Basmallah forms part of the surah but according to others it doesnt. It was revealed as a blessing for Mankind because according to the prophet (s.a.w), there is no such surah before the time of the prophet (s.a.w). The surah is about the praise and characteristics of Allah. The first four verses deal with the attributes, praise, glory and status of Allah. It gives us an indication of how Allah supersedes everyone. It is also about worship and help being for and from Allah. Then we ask for guidance and we are selective in our demand. We ask for the right path not the opposite. Allah warns us concerning those who took a different way.

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. The name of Allah must always be present at all times. In whatever we undertake, we must imperatively start with the blessings from Allah. Allah gives us a clue on two of His attributes and characters. According to some ulama both attributes mentioned above (Ar Rahman and Ar Rahim) have the same meanings. However, Allah is the most compassionate (towards His people) and merciful (concerning the sufferings and sins of His people)

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds And on his authority it is related that Ibn 'Abbas said, regarding the saying of Allah, Exalted is He, (Praise be to Allah): 'He says: laudation is Allah's in that He is kind towards His created beings and, hence, they praise Him. It is also said that laudation is Allah's because of His excessive blessings upon His servants whom He has guided to believe in Him. It is also said: laudation, absolute unity and godhood all belong to Allah Who has neither progeny, partner, helper nor an assistant. (Lord of the worlds): Lord of any that has a spirit and walks about on the face of the earth and also of the dwellers of heaven. It is also said that this means: the Master of the jinn and human beings. It is also said that (Lord of the worlds) means the Creator of all created beings, their Provider and the One Who changes them from one state into another.

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The Beneficent, the Merciful (The Beneficent) the Gentle. (The Merciful) the Gentle. The Compassionate, the Merciful: that is to say, the One who possesses mercy, which means to want what is good for those who deserve it.

Owner of the Day of Judgment (Owner of the Day of Judgement) the Arbitrator on the Day of Judgement which is the Day of Reckoning and settlement of disputes between created beings, i.e. the Day when people are judged according to their deeds; there is no judge save Him.

You (alone) we worship and You alone we ask for help (Thee (alone) we worship), we turn to you as the only One God and we obey you; ((Thee alone) we ask for help), we ask for your help in worshipping You and from You we obtain confidence in obeying You.

Show us the straight path (Guide us to the straight path) guide us to the established Religion that You are pleased with, i.e. Islam. It is also said that this means: make us firm in holding fast to it. It is also said that the straight path refers to Allah's Book, and guidance to this means guidance to that which it prescribes as lawful or unlawful and to the exposition of its content.

The path of those whom Thou hast favoured; Not (the path) of those who earn Thine anger nor of those who go astray (The path of those whom Thou hast favoured), the Religion of those whom You have blessed with the Religion and who are the followers of Moses, before the blessings of Allah deserted them, in that He shaded them with a white cloud and sent down on them honey and quails when they were in the wilderness. It is also said that (the path of those whom Thou hast favoured) refers to the prophets. (Not of those who earn Thine anger), not the religion of the Jews who earned Your anger, whom You forsook and whose hearts You did not protect until they became complaisant. (Nor of those who go astray), nor the religion of the Christians who erred from Islam. Amen: thus shall be its custodians; it is also said that Amen means let it be so. It is also said that it means: O our Lord! Do with us as we have requested You. And Allah knows best. Mr Pahary Page 53

Islamic Religion And Culture Surah Al Alaq

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This surah was the first one to be revealed when the holy prophet (s.a.w) was in the cave of Hira. It elaborates on the need for education and how human beings are deprived of knowledge. It also states the superiority of Allah concerning knowledge, creation and favours upon Mankind when human beings are intellectually limited, beings creatures themselves and with defects, faults and weaknesses.

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

Read: In the name of thy Lord who created And from his narration on the authority of Ibn 'Abbas that he said regarding the interpretation of Allah's saying (Read): '(Read) He says: Read, O Muhammad, the Qur'an; this is the first revelation that Gabriel brought down: (In the name of thy Lord) by the command of your Lord (Who creates) the created beings. This is an indication of the importance of education and the assertion and proof that Allah is the Creator of everything.

Created man from a clot of congealed blood (Creates man) i.e. the son of Adam (from a clot) and the Prophet (pbuh) said: what shall I read? And Gabriel read to him the first four verses of this surah. He created human beings from a tiny amount of sperm clot of congealed blood. This shows his supremacy compared to nowadays scientific work and research.

Read: And thy Lord is the Most Bounteous He said to him: (Read) the Qur'an, O Muhammad: (And thy Lord is the Most Bounteous) and your Lord is Clement and forgives the ignorance of the servants. Allah is the most bountiful towards His creatures and fervent Muslims. He is the Sustainer and provider of our needs. He is the forgiver of our sins. He is the reason of our existence and success.

Who taught by the pen (Who teaches by the pen) Who teaches writing by the pen, this is to show the necessity of being educated and literate. As the saying goes the pen is sharper than the sword, Islam gives vital consideration to the study of Islamic as well as academic education.

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Teaches man that which he knew not (Teaches man) writing with the pen (that which he knew not) before this; it is also said: He taught man the names of all things which he previously did not know. We are born illiterate. We are deprived of knowledge. We are beggars at His gate of knowledge. It is only through the blessings of Allah that we can be education. What we dont know is in the realm of Allah.

And Allah knows best.

Surah Zalzala This surah deals with the last hour where and when everything will be destroyed and annihilated except Allah. It is a description of what will happen and how Man will react. Then the time will come when our acts will be apparent for the judgement day.

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

When Earth is shaken with her (final) earthquake And from his narration on the authority of Ibn 'Abbas that he said about the interpretation of Allah's saying (When Earth is shaken with her (final) earthquake): '(When Earth is shaken with her (final) earthquake) He says: the earth is shaken and quaking and all that which is on it of trees, mountains and building is crumbling down. It will be the last day where no one will be able to escape the final worldly anger and punishment of Allah.

And Earth yielded up her burdens (And Earth yields up her burdens) and the Earth brings out her dead and treasures. The earth will empty its belly, out of its graves burden (human beings) will upsurge. Everything will be plain and clear.

And man says: What ailed her? (And man) i.e. the disbeliever (says: What ailed her?) He says this in astonishment from the horror he sees. People will ask whats wrong with the earth.

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That day she will relate her chronicles (That day) when the earth is shaken (she will relate her chronicles) the earth will inform about the good and evil that were done on its surface. Allah will give it the ability as a witness for the deeds, actions, activities, intentions and sayings of Man on earth.

Because thy Lord inspires her (Because thy Lord inspires her) because your Lord gives her leave to talk. It will be able to narrate with exact precision deeds of unfortunate people on that day.

That day mankind will issue forth in scattered groups to be shown their deeds (That day) when the earth speaks (mankind will issue forth in scattered groups) a group will go to Paradise, these are the believers, and a group will go to hell, and these are the disbelievers (to be shown their deeds) what they have done of good or evil when they were in the life of the world.

And whoso doeth good an atom's weight will see it then Allah then revealed the following verse about a group of people who thought that they are not rewarded for any small goodness they do, nor punished for any small evil they commit, and so Allah urged them to do acts of goodness even if they are small and warned them against acts of evil even if they are small acts: (And whoso doeth good an atom's weight) the weight of the smallest ant (will see it then) in his register and then will be happy with it; it is also said: the believer sees his works in the Hereafter while the disbeliever sees his works in the life of the world,

And whoso doeth ill an atom's weight will see it then (And whoso doeth ill an atom's weight) the weight of a small atom (will see it then) is written in his register and will displease him; and it is also said: the believer sees it in the life of the world while the disbeliever sees it in the Hereafter'.

And Allah knows best.

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Islamic Religion And Culture Surah Quraish

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This surah deals with the people of the Quraish. Especially mentioned is made for the favours Allah bestowed upon them. Allah bestowed His favours upon them during winter and summer. In response to the favours and blessings from Allah, Allah asks for gratitude and worship.

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

For the taming of Quraysh And from his narration on the authority of Ibn 'Abbas that he said about the interpretation of Allah's saying (For the taming of Quraysh): '(For the taming of Quraysh) he says: command Quraysh to be tamed to Allah's divine Oneness; and it is also said this means: mention My blessings to Quraysh so that they be tamed to Allah's divine Oneness.

For their taming (We cause) the caravans to set forth in winter and summer (For their taming (We cause)) as We have tamed (the caravans to set forth in winter and summer) the caravans to set forth in winter to Yemen and in summer to Historic Syria; it is also said that this means: belief in Allah's divine Oneness is not hard for Quraysh just as their winter and summer trips are not hard for them.

So let them worship the Lord of this House (So let them worship) so let Quraysh declare the divine Oneness of (the Lord of this House) of the Lord of the Ka'bah. Ibaadah must be done only for Allah and no one else.

Who hath fed them against hunger and hath made them safe from fear (Who hath fed them against hunger) which lasted seven years; and it is also said this means: Who sufficed them the burden of hunger and travelling in winter and summer, because they used to make two trips a year, one in winter to Yemen and one in summer to Historic Syria, and so Allah sufficed them the burden of doing so (and hath made them safe from fear) of the enemy lest he attacks them; and it is also said: from the fear of the Negus and his host who wanted to destroy the Ka'bah; this surah is also in conjunction with the previous surah'.

And Allah knows best. Mr Pahary Page 57

Islamic Religion And Culture Surah Kawthar

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This surah was revealed upon the holy prophet (s.a.w) in order to comfort him concerning the accusations the people of Quraish fabricated on him. They said that he would never be remembered and there would not be any of his offspring due to the fact that he lost all his sons. Allah, thus sent his surah as a blessing for the prophet (s.a.w) and a curse for those who mocked at the prophet (s.a.w)

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

Lo! We have given thee Abundance And from his narration on the authority of Ibn 'Abbas that he said about the interpretation of Allah's saying (Lo! We have given thee Abundance): '(Lo! We have given thee Abundance) He says: We have given you, O Muhammad, abundant good and included in this abundant good is the Qur'an; it is also said that Abundance (al-Kawthar) refers to a river in Paradise which was given to Muhammad (pbuh);

So pray unto they Lord, and sacrifice (So pray unto thy Lord) in gratitude for that, (and sacrifice) face towards the Qiblah when immolating your sacrifice; it is also said this means: put your right hand on the left hand when in prayer; and it is also said this means: complete your bowing and prostration such that your upper part of the chest is plain; and it is also said that this means: pray to your Lord on the day of immolation and offer a sacrifice.

Lo! It is thy insulter (and not thou) who is without posterity. (Lo! It is thy insulter) the one who despises you ((and not thou) who is without posterity) he will be without family, children, wealth or any goodness; he will not be mentioned after his death, i.e. al-'As Ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi, while you will be mentioned with every good. This is because, when his son 'Abdullah died, they said: Muhammad (pbuh) is without posterity.'

And Allah knows best.

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Islamic Religion And Culture Surah Ikhlass

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This surah was revealed as a response to the demand of the Quraish people of how Allah is, whether He has children, whether He has parents and from where He inherited the whole world. Allah revealed this surah to annihilate their thoughts in comparing Allah with the idols and goddesses.

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

Say: He is Allah, the One And from his narration on the authority of Ibn 'Abbas that he said regarding the interpretation of Allah's saying (Say: He is Allah, the One!): '(Say: He is Allah, the One!) the people of Quraysh asked the Prophet (pbuh): O Muhammad! Describe for us your Lord; is He made of gold or silver? And so Allah revealed this surah to describe His attributes and traits, saying: say to Quraysh, O Muhammad: He is Allah, the One, He has no son or partner.

Allah, the eternally besought of all (Allah, the eternally besought of all!) the Master whose glory is at its peak and for Whom all created beings are in need; it is also said that (al-Samad) means: He Who does not eat or drink; it is also said that this means: He Who does not have an interior; it is also said that this means: the Everlasting; and it is also said this means: the Sufficient; and it is also said this means: He who does not have an entrance or exit.

He begets not nor was begotten And it is also said that al-Samad means :( He begets not nor was begotten) He says: He did not inherit and will not be inherited; and it is also said this means: He does not have a son who will inherit His dominion and He was not begotten, which means that He did not inherit His dominion.

And there is none comparable unto Him (And there is none comparable unto Him) He says: He does not have an opposite, peer, or equal nor anyone who may resemble or begin to resemble Him; and it is also said this means: He does not have any co-equal who would compete with Him about dominion and sovereignty'. Mr Pahary Page 59

Islamic Religion And Culture Additional Material For Past Papers Questions Importance of The Quran

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1. The message itself is divine 2. The Quran is a book of guidance for all generations. 3. It enables people to a new path from darkness to light. 4. It allows man to be far from sins and to avoid pitfalls. 5. The Quran is a book of spirituality. 6. The Quran is a total and complete code of conduct. 7. It enables man to lead a life based on a moral discipline. 8. It is a mean of approaching Allah. 9. Its readings purify the heart from sins and diseases. 10. It eradicates doubts of human beings concerning the law of Halal and Haram. 11. It is a book without error. Relationship between Allah and human beings: 1. Allah is the Praised One and we owe submission to Him 2. Allah is the most Merciful and Compassionate and we need Him. 3. Allah is the Judge and we will be judged 4. Allah is the One to be worshipped and we are the worshippers 5. Allah is the giver and we are the askers 6. Allah is the right path and we are trying to enrol it 7. Allah is the sender of blessings and we are his slaves desiring favours (Faatiha) 8. Allah being the Creator and we are the creatures 9. Allah is the Guide with guidance and we are the wanderers without help 10. Allah is the forgiver and we are the sinners (Baqara) 11. Allah is the decision maker and we have to accept His will (Ali Imran) 12. Allah is the One favoured the prophets and we are only the vicegerents of these prophets. (Ambiyaa) 13. Allah is the Supreme Power and we are nothing (Qasas) 14. Allah is the one who favoured the prophet throughout his life and we have to show our love. (Duha) 15. Allah is the One who decides our destiny and what we have to do it only supplications and ibaadah to him (Qadr) 16. Allah is the One who gives us wealth and richness, so we have to spend in His way (Takaathur) 17. Allah is our own God and we must not commit Kufr or Shirk (Kaafiroun) 18. Allah is the One and Only being Eternal and we are simple mortals 19. Allah is unique within His characteristics and we are full of defects 20. Allah is infallible and we are fallible (Ikhlaas) 21. Allah is the Teacher and we are the students (Alaq) 22. Allah is the One who will send punishment and the last day and we will have to prepare for it (Zalzala) Surah Ikhlaas is said to be one third of the Quran: The whole of the holy Quran elaborates on 3 topics: 1. The Quran from Allah to the Prophet Mr Pahary Page 60

Islamic Religion And Culture 2. The Quran from the Prophet to Human beings 3. The Quran put into practice by Human Beings

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Surah Ikhlaas deals with the first part that is the whole aspect of Allah. As such, the two other parts are Prophet and Human beings. In brief, there must be elaboration on: 1. Allah His uniqueness and literature on Him 2. Muhammad (s.a.w) his Uniqueness and literature on him 3. Mankind His traits and literature on him Different ways is Surat al-Faatiha used in the religious life of Muslims 1. It is used at the beginning of the Quran to praise Allah 2. Each time we read the Quran we (through respect) read the Surah 3. It is read to have Thawab (each letter accounts for 10 thawab) 4. There is no Swalaat without the Surah 5. It is read to have blessings on food 6. If read before any dua, the dua is accepted 7. If read and blow in water for drinking or on any injury or harm with Iman then it is Shifa 8. It is read at the death of a person and the Thawab is sent for the dead person 9. Is used to drive away Jinn from a person as a Ruqya 10. It is used to protect oneself from the influence of Shaitaan Past Papers Questions Syllabus 2056 8 (a) what does Surat Faatiha tell us about mans relation to God in Islam? [10] (b) Why is this surah so important to Muslims? [10] (2003) 11 (a) what does Surat Zilzal say about the end of the world? [10] (b) How might a strong belief in the Last Judgement affect a persons life? [10] (2005) 8 (a) Describe what is taught in verses 1 to 5 of Surat Alaq. [10] (b) Why are these verses particularly important? [10] (2006) 10 (a) what does Surah Kawthar tell us about the Prophets dedication to Islam? [10] (b) What does Surah Ikhlas tell us about Muslim belief in Allah? [10] (2007) 8 (a) what are the main teachings of Surah Faatiha? [10] (B) Explain why this Surah is regarded as so important. [10] (2008) 8 (a) what message did Surat Quraish convey to the people of Mecca? [10] (b) How does the description of the Last Day in Surat Zilzal have an impact on Muslims? [10] (2009) 8 (a) what do Muslims believe about Allah? [10] (b) Why is Surat Alaq: 1-5 important to Muslims? [10] (2010)

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Islamic Religion And Culture Prophets Introduction

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Since the creation and sending of human beings on earth Allah had bestowed Mankind with the presence and help of His messengers and prophets. According to Hadith there are approximately 124000 prophets and messengers. However, the exact number is unknown. It was not revealed. Only the name of 25 prophets has been mentioned in the Quran. Among them we have Hazrat Adam (as), Ibrahim (as), Nuh (as) and Musah (as). Hazrat Adam (as) Allah the Almighty revealed: "Remember when your Lord said to the angels: 'Verily, I am going to place mankind generations after generations on earth.' They said: 'Will You place therein those who will make mischief therein and shed blood, while we glorify You with praises and thanks (exalted be You above all that they associate with You as partners) and sanctify You.' Allah said: 'I know that which you do not know.' Before the creation of Mankind Allah created angels on Wednesday, jinns on Thursday and Man on Friday. Angels were and are fervent and obedient servants of Allah. However, jinn were and are always opposing the law of Allah. They had shed blood on earth and created chaos. That was why the question from the angels. But Allah knows what they dont know. Allah taught Adam all the names of everything, then He showed them to the angels and said: "Tell Me the names of these if you are truthful." They (angels) said: "Glory be to You, we have no knowledge except what You have taught us. Verily, it is You, the All-Knower, the AllWise." He said: "O Adam! Inform them of their names," and when he had informed them of their names, He said: "Did I not tell you that I know the unseen in the heavens and the earth, and I know what you reveal and what you have been hiding?" Allah created Hazrat Adam (as) with earth, water, air and fire. Allah gave him knowledge which angels were unaware of. This is to show the superiority of knowledge of Hazrat Adam (as) over angels and at the same time the superiority of Man over other creatures. Allah asked Adam to teach the angels the names of things that is to show to them his knowledge on Allah and Everything. Remember when We said to the angels: "Prostrate yourself before Adam" They prostrated except Iblis, he refused and was proud and was one of the disbelievers (disobedient to Allah)." The order of prostration was meant to show his superiority again over the angels in creation and knowledge. It was not like prostration of ibaadah for Allah. It is a sign of respect. Iblis disobeyed due to his pride, knowledge and his creation out of fire which is above earth, but earth is submissive. We said: "O Adam! Dwell you and your wife in the Paradise and both of you freely with pleasure and delight of things therein as wherever you will but come not near this tree or you both will be of the Zalimeen (wrongdoers)." Then the Satan made them slip therefrom (the Mr Pahary Page 62

Islamic Religion And Culture

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Paradise), and got them out from that in which they were. We said: "Get you down all with enmity between yourselves. On earth will be a dwelling place for you and an enjoyment for a Time." Allah created Hazrat Eve (ra) out of the crooked ribs of Adam as a companion in Jannah. They were allowed to stay in Jannah, to eat whatever they desired but not to approach the forbidden fruit. Shaitaan influenced and their curiosity deceived them. They were sent to earth. Then Adam received from his Lord Words. His Lord pardoned him (accepted his repentance). Verily He is the One who forgives (accepts repentance), the most Merciful. We said: "Get down all of you from this place (the Paradise), then whenever there comes to you Guidance from Me, and whoever follows My Guidance there shall be no fear on them, nor shall they grieve. But those who disbelieve and belie Our Ayah (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, and signs and revelations, etc.) such are the dwellers of the Fire, they shall abide therein forever." (Chapter 2:30-39, Qur'an). Allah forgave Adam and Eve but as a symbolic punishment he sent them on earth. However, the decision was already taken when Allah announced that He will create a viceroy on earth. Adam's Life on Earth Hazrat Adam had to face many problems inexistent in Jannah like weathering, cyclones, old age, wife, children and the Everyday chores. Above all, he had to struggle with the spirit of evil. Satan, the cause of his expulsion from Paradise, continued to beguile him and his children in an effort to have them thrown into the eternal hellfire. The battle between good and evil is continuous. The First Four Children The pinnacle of earthly bliss was reached when Adam and Eve witnessed the birth of their first children, a set of twins. Adam was a devoted father and Eve a contented mother. The twins were Cain (Qabil) and his sister. Later Eve gave birth to a second set of twins, Abel (Habil) and his sister. The family enjoyed the bounties and fruits of the earth provided by their Lord. The children grew up to be strong and healthy young adults. Cain tilled the land while Abel raised cattle. Cain's Disobedience The time arrived when the two young men desired life partners. This was part of Allahs plan for mankind, to multiply and form nations with different cultures and colors. Allah revealed to Adam that he should marry each son to the twin sister of the other. Adam instructed his children according to Allah's command, but Cain was displeased with the partner chosen for him, for Abel's twin sister was not as beautiful as his own. Cain's Jealousy of Abel Adam was in a dilemma. He wanted peace and harmony in his family, so he invoked Allah for help. Allah commanded that each son offer a sacrifice, and he whose offering was accepted would have right on his side. Abel offered his best camel while Cain offered his worst grain. His sacrifice was not accepted by Allah because of his disobedience to his father Mr Pahary Page 63

Islamic Religion And Culture

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and the insincerity in his offering. This enraged Cain further. Realizing that his hopes marrying his own beautiful sister were fading, he threatened his brother. "I will kill you! I refuse to see you happy while I remain unhappy!" Abel feeling sorry for his brother, replied, "It would be more proper for you, my brother to search for the cause of your unhappiness and then walk in the way of peace. Allah accepts the deeds only from those who serve and fear Him, not from those who reject His Commands." The First Death Abel was intelligent, obedient, and always ready to obey the will of Allah. This contrasted sharply with his brother who was arrogant, selfish and disobedient to his Lord. Abel did not fear his brother's threats, but neither did he want his brother to be hurt, Allah had blessed Abel with purity and compassion. Hoping to allay the hatred seething in his brother Abel said, "My brother, you are deviating from the right path and are sinful in your decisions. It is better that you repent to Allah and forget about your foolish threat. But if you do not then I will leave the matter in the hands of Allah. You alone will bear the consequence of your sin, for the Fire is the reward of the wrong-doers." This brotherly plea did nothing to lessen the hatred in Cain's heart, nor did he show fear of Allah's punishment. Even familial considerations were cast aside. Cain struck his brother with a stone killing him instantly. This was the first death and the first criminal act committed by man on earth. When Abel had not appeared for some time, Adam began to search for him but found no trace of his beloved son. He asked Cain about Abel's whereabouts. Cain insolently replied that he was neither his brothers keeper nor his protector. From these words his father understood that Abel was dead and Adam was filled with grief. The First Burial Meanwhile Cain did not know what to do with his brother's corpse. He carried it on his back wandering from place to place trying to hide it. His anger had now subsided and his conscience was saddled with guilt. He was tiring under the burden of the corpse which had started to have a stench. As a mercy, and to show that dignity could be retained Even in death, Allah sent two ravens that began fighting, causing the death of one. The victorious bird used its beak and claws to dig a hole in the ground, rolled its victim into it and covered it with sand. Witnessing this, Cain was overcome with shame and remorse. "Woe unto me!" he exclaimed. "I was unable to do what this raven has done, that is to hide my brother's corpse." Cain then buried his brother. This was also the first burial of man. Lessons to be derived from the history of Adam and support to Muslims: 1. Allah has the ability and capacity to create anything out of nothing. 2. It is the wish and will of Allah to give Adam (as) the knowledge of all things. 3. Iblis that is Shaitaan is the declared enemy of Islam. 4. Obedience to Allah is of foremost matter. (Adam approaching the forbidden tree) 5. It is only through sincere forgiveness that Allah will forgive a sinner. 6. The earth is only a passage, hard for the believers (problems faced by Adam on earth) 7. It is always impartial to obey to Allah though against the will / desire of ones own son. 8. Pride was the main reason why Iblis was banned from Jannah. 9. Jealousy was the first sin nurtured by Mankind. (Qabils jealousy towards Habil) 10. The first crime and burial of humanity. 11. The sadness and regret of a father (Adam) for his 2 lost sons (Habil being killed and Qabil being strayed). Mr Pahary Page 64

Islamic Religion And Culture Hazrat Ibrahim (as) Description of Ibrahim and his Family

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Ibrahim was born in a place known as Babylonia. At that time some people worshipped idols of stone and wood; others worshipped the planets, stars, sun and moon; still others worshipped their kings and rulers. Ibrahim was born into that atmosphere, into a typical family of that ancient time. The head of the family was not even an ordinary idolater, but was one who totally rejected Allah and who used to make the idols with his own hands. Some traditions claimed that Ibrahim's father died before his birth and he was raised by an uncle whom Ibrahim called father. Other traditions said that his father was alive and was named Azer. Into that family Ibrahim was born, destined to stand against his own family, against the entire system of his community. In brief, he stood against all kinds of polytheism. Ibrahim's Childhood He was endowed with spiritual understanding from an early age. Allah enlightened his heart and mind gave him wisdom from childhood. Allah the Almighty stated: "Indeed We bestowed aforetime on Ibrahim his (portion of) guidance, and We were Well Acquainted with him (as to his Belief in the Oneness of Allah etc.). (Ch 21:51) During his early childhood Ibrahim realized that his father made strange statues. One day, he asked him about what it was he made. His father replied that he made statues of gods. Ibrahim was astonished and he spontaneously rejected the idea. Ibrahim's Hatred for Idols Years passed and Ibrahim grew. Since his childhood his heart had been full of hatred for these idols. He could not understand how a sane person could make a statue and then worship what he had made. He noticed that these idols did not eat, drink or talk and they could not even turn themselves right side up if someone turned them upside down. At first, such a sight seemed funny to Ibrahim, but later he began to feel angry. Ibrahim Discovers Allah One night Ibrahim left his house to go to a mountain. He walked alone in the dark until he chose a cave in the mountain where he sat resting his back against its wall. He looked at the sky. He had hardly seen it when he remembered that he was looking at planets and stars which were worshipped by some people on earth. His young heart was filled with tremendous pain. He considered what was beyond the moon, the stars and the planets (i.e. Allah) and was astonished that these celestial bodies were worshipped by men when they had been created to worship and obey their Creator, appearing and disappearing at His command. (6:75-83 Quran). He examined one by one and realized that his people were in manifest error. Ibrahim Breaks the Idols He explained to them the beauty of Allah's creation, His power and wisdom. Idol worship is detested by Allah for Allah is the Lord of the universe Who created mankind, guided him and provided him with food and drink and cured him when he was sick and Who will cause him to Mr Pahary Page 65

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die and be raised up again. It was He to Whom Ibrahim prayed and Who would forgive his sins on the Day of Judgment. However, they would not give up but clung fast to idolatry. Ibrahim left his father's house and abandoned his people and what they worshipped. He decided to do something about their state of disbelief, but did not reveal it. He knew that there was going to be a great celebration on the other bank of the river which would be attended by all the people. Ibrahim waited until the city was empty, and then came out cautiously, directing his steps towards the temple. The streets leading to it were empty and the temple itself was deserted for the priests had also gone to the festival outside the city. Ibrahim went there carrying a sharp axe. He looked at the stone and wood statues of the gods and at the food laid in front of them as offerings. He approached one of the statues and asked: "The food in front of you is getting cold. Why don't you eat?" the statue kept silent and rigid. Ibrahim asked all the other statues around him: "Will you not eat of the offering before you?" (Ch 37:91) He was mocking them for he knew they would not eat. He once again asked then: "What is the matter with you that you do not speak?" (Ch 37:92) He then raised his axe and started smashing the false gods worshipped by the people. He destroyed them all except one on whose neck he hung the axe. After this his anger subsides and he felt at peace. He left the temple. He had fulfilled his vow to show his people a practical proof of their foolishness in worshipping something other than Allah. The Idolaters Question Ibrahim When the people returned, they were shocked to see their gods smashed to pieces, lying scattered all over the temple. They began to guess who had done that to their idols and Ibrahim's name came to their minds. (Ch 21:59-67 Quran) Furious, they demanded that Ibrahim be arrested and tried. Ibrahim did not resist. This was precisely what he had been aiming for, so that he could show them up in public for their foolish beliefs. At the trial they asked him if he was responsible for breaking the idols. Smiling, he told them to ask the biggest idol which was still whole. He told them that he must be the culprit! They replied that he knew well that the idol could not speak or move which gave Ibrahim the chance to prove the foolishness of worshipping these lifeless objects. They then realized the senselessness of their beliefs. However, their arrogance would not allow them to admit their foolishness. All they could do was to use their power of authority as tyrants usually do to punish Ibrahim. They kept him in chains and planned their revenge. The Idolaters try to burn Ibrahim Anger was burning in their hearts. They decided to throw Ibrahim into the biggest fire they could build. All the citizens were ordered to gather wood as a service to their gods. Ignorant, sick women vowed that if they were cured they would donate so much wood to burn Ibrahim. For several days they collected fuel. They dug a deep pit, filled it with firewood and ignited it. They brought a catapult with which to cast Ibrahim into the fire. Ibrahim was put on the catapult, his hands and feet were tied. The fire was ready with its flame reaching the sky. The people stood away from the pit because of the great heat. Then the chief priest gave his order to cast Ibrahim into the fire. Mr Pahary Page 66

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The angel Gabriel came near Ibrahim's head and asked him: "O Ibrahim do you wish for anything?" Ibrahim replied: "Nothing from you." The catapult was shot and Ibrahim was cast into the fire. But his descent into the blaze was as descent on steps in a cool garden. The flames were still there, but they did not burn for Allah the Almighty had issued His command: "O fire! Be you coolness and safety for Ibrahim." (Ch 21:69 Quran) The fire submitted to the will of Allah, becoming cool and safe for Ibrahim. It only burned his bonds, and he sat in the midst of the fire as if he were sitting in a garden. He glorified and praised Allah the Almighty, with a heart that contained only his love for Allah. There was not any vacant space therein for fear, awe, or worry. It was filled with love only. Fear and awe were dead, and the fire was turned into coolness, making the air pleasant. Those who love Allah as Ibrahim did, did not fear. Ibrahim challenges those who proclaim themselves as gods, King Namrud Ibrahim had established a definite reasoning against idolaters. Nothing was left for him except to reason against the people who proclaimed themselves gods. When the king, Namrud, heard of Ibrahim's safe exit from the fire he became very angry. He feared that the status of godhead he had proclaimed for himself was challenged by an ordinary human being. (Ch 2:258 Quran) Ibrahim's fame spread throughout the entire kingdom. People talked about how he had been saved from the blazing fire and how he had debated with the king and left him speechless. In the meantime, Ibrahim continued calling people to believe in Allah, exerting a great effort to guide his people to the right path. He tried every means to convince them. However in spite of his love and care for his people, they felt angry and deserted him. Only one woman and one man of his people shared his belief in Allah. The woman's name was Sarah and she became his wife. The man's name was Lut and he became a prophet. When Ibrahim realized that no one else was going to believe in his call, he decided to emigrate. He left his people and travelled with his wife and Lut to a city called Ur, then another called Haran, and then to Palestine. Allah the Almighty told us: "So Lut believed in him (Ibrahim's message of Islamic Monotheism). He (Ibrahim) said: "I will emigrate for the sake of my Lord. Verily, He is the All Mighty, the All Wise." (Ch 29:26) After Palestine, Ibrahim travelled to Egypt, calling people to believe in Allah wherever he travelled, judging fairly between people, and guiding them to truth and righteousness. Hadith about Ibrahim, Sarah and Hajr Abu Hurairah narrated that Ibrahim (pbuh) did not tell a lie except on three occasions, twice for the sake of Allah (Exalted and Almighty) when he said: "I am sick," (when his people were holding a festival in honour of their gods, Ibrahim excused himself by saying he was sick. (Ch 37:89 Quran) and when he said: "(I have not done this but) the big idol has done it." The (third was) that while Ibrahim and Sarah (his wife) were going (on a journey), they passed by (the territory of) a tyrant. Someone said to the tyrant: "This man (Ibrahim is accompanied by a very charming lady." SO, he sent for Ibrahim and asked him about Sarah saying "Who is this lady?" Mr Pahary Page 67

Islamic Religion And Culture

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Ibrahim said: "She is my sister." Ibrahim went to Sarah said "O Sarah! There are no believers on the surface of the earth except you and me. This man asked me about you and I have told him that you are my sister do not contradict my statement." the tyrant then called Sarah, and when she went to him, he tried to take a hold of her with his hand, but his hand got stiff and he was confounded. He asked Sarah: "Pray to Allah for me and I shall not harm you." So Sarah asked Allah to cure him and he got cured. He tried to take hold of her for the second time, but his hand got as stiff as or stiffer than before and he was more confounded. He again requested Sarah: "Pray to Allah for me, and I will not harm you." Sarah asked Allah to again, and he became all right. He then called one of his guards who had brought her and said: "You have not brought me a human being but have brought me a devil." The tyrant then gave Hajr as a maid servant to Sarah. Ibrahim, gesturing with his hand, asked: "What has happened?" She replied: "Allah has spoiled the evil plot of the infidel or immoral person and gave me Hajr for service." Abu Hurairah then addressed his listeners saying: "That Hajr was your mother, O Bani Ma is Sama (Arab, the descendants of Ishmael, Hajar's son)." Hajr and Sarah Ibrahim's wife Sarah was sterile. She had been given an Egyptian woman Hajr, as a servant. Ibrahim had aged and his hair was grey and after many years spent in calling people to Allah. Sarah thought she and Ibrahim were lonely because she could not have a child. Therefore, she offered her husband her servant Hajr in marriage. Hajr gave birth to her first son Ishmael (Ismail) when Ibrahim was an old man. Ibrahim and His son Ismail (as) It was at the age of 98 that Ibrahim had his son, Ismail. He took care of his son to the best of his capacity. One night he dreamt of Allah asking him to sacrifice his desired one. It was only after 3 nights of the same dream that he told his son who accepted immediately. He brought his son to the open air, tied his hands and feet to slaughter him. When he was on the point to cut his throat, Allah sent Jibril (as) to exchange the son by a lamb from Jannah. Lessons to be derived from the history of Ibrahim and support to Muslims: 1. His hatred attitude towards idols 2. His logical approach concerning the inability and wrong concept of idol worshipping 3. His challenge to his chiefs 4. His desire to change the concepts of his people 5. His executed plan in destroying the idols and his acceptance of his deeds 6. His faith in Allah during the event of the big fire 7. His leaving of his country to different parts of the world 8. His wahy given in the wilderness in the desert 9. His faith in the decision of Allah to sacrifice his son 10. His eagerness to please Allah at the detriment of the one he loved the most 11. His attitudes and imaan giving him the title of Kalimullah and Khalilullah The particular links between Prophet Ibrahim and Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) 1. 2. 3. 4. Both are prophets with the same God and the same message They were grown up among the idol worshippers. They never worshipped anything or anyone apart from Allah They were against idol worshipping and were disgusted with their society. Page 68

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5. They warned their people concerning their ill-founded deeds and the punishment of Allah. 6. They challenged the people of their country 7. They were persecuted and opposed 8. They were beaten up and their lives were endangered 9. They had faith in Allah and they didnt give up 10. They had to leave their country in search for a better place to practise their religion 11. They were honoured by Allah throughout their lives and their people converted to Islam 12. After the reconstruction of the Kabah, Ibrahim invocated Allah to send a messenger from among his people and as such the prophet was the descendant of Ismail, son of Ibrahim

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Islamic Religion And Culture Hazrat Nuh (as) Variation on the Birth of Noah

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Ibn Abbas narrated that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: "The period between Adam and Noah was ten centuries." (Sahih Bukhari, Noah was born 1056 years after Adam's creation (or after he left the Garden of Eden). Noah's People - Idolaters For many generations Noah's people had been worshipping statues that they called gods. They believed that these gods would bring them good, protect them from evil and provide all their needs. They gave their idols names such as Waddan, Suwa'an, Yaghutha, Ya'auga, and Nasran. Allah the Almighty revealed: "They (idolaters) have said: "You shall not leave your gods nor shall you leave Wadd, nor Suwa, nor Yaghuth, nor Yauq nor Nasr (names of the idols)." (CH 71:23 Quran). Ibn Abbas explained: "Following upon the death of those righteous men, Satan inspired their people to erect statues in the places where they used to sit. They did this, but these statues were not worshiped until the coming generations deviated from the right way of life. Then they worshipped them as their idols." (Bukhari) Noah's Reasoning with his People He clarified to them how the devil had deceived them for so long and that the time had come for this deceit to stop. Noah spoke to them of Allah's glorification of man, how HE had created him and provided him with sustenance and the blessings of a mind. He told them that idol worshipping was a suffocating injustice to the mind. He warned them not to worship anyone but Allah and described the terrible punishment Allah would mete out if they continued in their evil ways. Division among Noah's People Noah's people were divided into two groups after his warning. His words touched the hearts of the weak, the poor, and the miserable and soothed their wounds with its mercy. As for the rich, the strong, the mighty and the rulers they looked upon the warning with cold distrust. They believed they would be better off if things stayed as they were. Therefore they started their war of words against Noah. (CH 11:25-27). Thus the conflict between Noah and the heads of his people intensified. The disbelievers tried to bargain: "Listen Noah, if you want us to believe in you, and then dismiss your believers. They are meek and poor, while are elite and rich; no faith can include us both." Noah listened to the heathens of his community and realized they were being obstinate. However, he was gentle in his response. He explained to his people that he could not dismiss the believers as they were not his guests but Allah's. (Ch 11:29-31 Quran)

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Islamic Religion And Culture The Length of Noah's Preaching

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Noah continued to call his people to believe in Allah for nine hundred fifty years. Allah the Almighty said: Indeed We sent Noah to his people and he stayed among them a thousand years less fifty years (inviting them to believe in the Oneness of Allah (Monotheism) and discard the false gods and other deities). (Ch 29:14 Quran) Noah Prays for the Disbelievers End There came a day when Allah revealed to Noah that no others would believe. Allah inspired him not to grieve for them at which point Noah prayed that the disbelievers be destroyed. He said: "My Lord! Leave not one of the disbelievers on the earth. If you leave them, they will mislead Your slaves and they will beget none but wicked disbelievers." (Ch 71:27 Quran) Allah accepted Noah's prayer and commanded him: "And construct the ship under Our Eyes and with Our Inspiration and address Me not on behalf of those who did wrong; they are surely to be drowned." (Ch 11:37 Quran) Noah Builds the Ark Noah chose a place outside the city, far from the sea. He collected wood and tools and began to day and night to build the ark. The people's mockery continued: "O Noah! Does carpentry appeal to you more than prophethood? Why are you building an ark so far from the sea? Are you going to drag it to the water or is the wind going to carry it for you?" Noah replied: "You will come to know who will be put to shame and suffer." (Ch 11:38-39 Quran) The Flood begins The ship was constructed, and Noah sat waiting Allah's command. Allah revealed to him that when water miraculously gushed forth from the oven at Noah's house that would be the sign of the start of the flood, and the sign for Noah to act. The terrible day arrived when the oven at Noah's house overflowed. Noah hurried to open the ark and summon the believers. He also took with him a pair, male and female, of every type of animal, bird and insect. Seeing him taking these creatures to the ark, the people laughed loudly: "Noah must have gone out of his head! What is he going to do with the animals?" (Ch 11:40 Quran) The Number of Believers Noah's wife was not a believer with him so she did not join him; neither did one of Noah's sons, who was secretly a disbeliever but had pretended faith in front of Noah. Likewise most of the people were disbelievers and did not go on board. Ibn Abbas stated that there were 80 believers.

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Islamic Religion And Culture Description of the Flood

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Water rose from the cracks in the earth; there was not a crack from which water did not rise. Rain poured from the sky in quantities never seen before on earth. Water continued pouring from the sky rising from the cracks; hour after hour the level rose. The seas and waves invaded the land. The interior of the earth moved in a strange way, and the ocean floors lifted suddenly, flooding the dry land. The earth, for the first time was submerged. The Flood Ends It was said: "O Earth! Swallow up your water, and O sky! Withhold (your rain)." The water was diminished (made to subside) and the Decree (of Allah) was fulfilled (the destruction of the people of Noah). And it (the ship) rested on Mount Judi, and it was said: "Away with the people who are Zalimeen (polytheists, and wrongdoing)!" And it was said: "O Noah! Come down (from the ship) with peace from Us and blessings on you and on the people who are with you (and on some of their offspring), but (there will be other) people to whom We shall grant their pleasures (for a time), but in the end a painful torment will reach them from Us." (Ch 11:41-48 Quran) With the issue of the divine command, calm returned to earth, the water retreated, and the dry land shone once again in the rays of the sun. The flood had cleansed the earth of the disbelievers and polytheists. The Believers Disembark Noah released the birds, and the beasts which scattered over the earth. After that the believers disembarked. Noah put his forehead to the ground in prostration. The survivors kindled a fire and sat around it. Lighting a fire had been prohibited on board so as not to ignite the ship's wood and burn it up. None of them had eaten hot food during the entire period of the floor. Following the disembarkation there was a day of fasting in thanks to Allah. Noah's Death The Quran draws the curtain on Noah's story. We do not know how his affairs with his people continued. All we know or can ascertain is that on his deathbed he requested his son to worship Allah alone, Noah then passed away. Abdullah Ibn Amr Ibn Al as narrated that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: "When the death of the Messenger of Allah Noah approached, he admonished his sons: 'Indeed I would give you far reaching advice, commanding you to do two things, and warning you against doing two things as well. I charge you to believe that there is no god but Allah and that if the seven heavens and the seven earths were put on one side of a scale and the words "there is no god but Allah" were put on the other, the latter would outweigh the former. I warn you against associating partners with Allah and against pride." (Sahih al Bukhari) Some traditions said that his grave is in the Scared Mosque in Mecca, while others said that he was buried in Baalabak, a city in Iraq. Mr Pahary Page 72

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Lessons to be derived from the history of Nuh and support to Muslims: 1. His disgust for idol worshipping 2. His eagerness to change his people attitudes and faith 3. His unlimited desire to spread Islam for more than 950 years 4. His faith in Allah concerning the wrath on the unbelievers 5. His constant warning to his people 6. His dilemma with his own family especially his wife and his son 7. His regret of the disbelief and the attitudes of some of his own relatives and people 8. His perseverance though psychological persecutions continued 9. His faith in the boat and the flood 10. His preparation for the great event for Allahs punishment 11. His patience during the 40 days and nights

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Islamic Religion And Culture Hazrat Musah (as)

Syllabus 2056

Moses's mother was pregnant with Aaron (as) in a year that boys were spared; thus she gave birth to the child publicly and safely. During a year in which boys were to be slain, she gave birth to Moses (as); thus his birth caused her much terror. She was afraid he would be slain, so she nursed him secretly. He took birth during the period where Pharaoh decided to kill all boys taking birth as it was prophesized that a boy would kill him. Allah inspired the mother of Musah saying: "Suckle him (Moses), but when you fear for him, then cast him into the river and fear not, nor grieve. Verily! We shall bring him back to you, and shall make him one of (Our) Messengers." (Ch 28: 2-7 Quran). No sooner had the divine revelation finished that she obeyed the sacred and merciful call. She was commanded to make a basket for Moses. She nursed him, put him into the basket, then went to the shore of the Nile and threw it into the water. Her mother's heart, the most merciful one in the world, grieved as she threw her son into the Nile. However, she was aware that Allah was much more merciful to Moses than to her, that He loved him more than her. Allah was his Lord and the Lord of the Nile. Hardly had the basket touched the water of the Nile than Allah issued His command to the waves to be calm and gentle while carrying the child would one day be a prophet. She instructed her daughter to follow the course of the basket and to report back to her. As the daughter followed the floating basket along the riverbank, she found herself right in the palace grounds and saw what was unfolding before her eyes. The basket came to rest at the riverbank, which skirted the king's palace. The palace servants found the basket with the baby and took it to the Pharaoh and his queen. When the queen beheld the lovely infant, Allah instilled in her a strong love for this baby. Pharaoh's wife was very different from Pharaoh. He was a disbeliever; she was a believer. He was cruel; she was merciful. He was a tyrant; she was delicate and goodhearted. She was sad because she was infertile and had hoped to have a son. Hardly had she held the baby than she kissed him. Pharaoh was much amazed when he saw his wife hugging this baby to her breast. He was much astonished because his wife was weeping with joy, something he had never seen her do before. She requested her husband: "Let me keep the baby and let him be a son to us. The queen called for some wet nurse but the baby was not ready to accept anyone. Musahs sister was anxious and she told the queen that she knew someone who could feed him. She reunited the mother and the child. (Ch. 28:10-13) Allah had granted Moses (pbuh) good health, strength, knowledge, and wisdom. The weak and oppressed turned to him for protection and justice. One day in the main city, he saw two men fighting. One was an Israelite, who was being beaten by the other, an Egyptian. On seeing Moses, the Israelite begged him for help. Moses became involved in the dispute and, in a state of anger, struck a heavy blow on the Egyptian, who died on the spot. Upon realizing that he had killed a human being, Moses's heart was filled with deep sorrow, and immediately he begged Allah for forgiveness. He had not intended to kill the man. He pleaded with Almighty Allah to forgive him, and he felt a sense of peace filling his whole being. Thereafter Moses began to show more patience and sympathy towards people. The next day he saw the same Israelite involved in another fight. Moses went to him and said: "You seem to be a quarrelsome fellow. You have a new quarrel with one person or another Mr Pahary Page 74

Islamic Religion And Culture

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each day." Fearing that Moses might strike him, the Israelite warned Moses: "Would you kill me as you killed the wretch yesterday?" The Egyptian with whom the Israelite was fighting overheard this remark and reported Moses to the authorities. Soon thereafter, as Moses was passing through the city, a man approached and alerted him: "O Moses, the chiefs have taken counsel against you. You are to be tried and killed. I would advise you to escape." (Ch 28:15-21 Quran) Moses left Egypt in a hurry without going to Pharaoh's palace or changing his clothes. Nor was he prepared for traveling. He did not have a beast of burden upon which to ride, and he was not in a caravan. Instead, he left as soon as the believer came and warned him of Pharaoh's plans. He travelled in the direction of the country of Midian, which was the nearest inhabited land between Syria and Egypt. His only companion in this hot desert was Allah, and his only provision was piety. There was not a single root to pick to lessen his hunger. The hot sand burned the soles of his feet. However, fearing pursuit by Pharaoh's men, he forced himself to continue on. He travelled for eight nights, hiding during the day. After crossing the main desert, he reached a watering hole outside Midian where shepherds were watering their flocks. He went to the spring, where he saw two young women preventing their sheep from mixing with the others. Moses sensed that the women were in need of help. Forgetting his thirst, he drew nearer to them and asked if he could help them in any way. (Ch 28:22-24 Quran) The young ladies returned home earlier than usual, which surprised their father. Moses's gentle behaviour was noticed by the father and his daughters. The kind man invited him to stay with them. Moses felt at home with this happy household, for they were friendly and feared Allah. The old man proposed him to stay and work for 8 years or more and in return he could marry one of his daughters. He stayed and became a shepherd and served the old man for more than 8 years. (Ch 28:25-28 Quran) One day after the end of this period, a vague homesickness arose in Moses's heart. He wanted to return to Egypt. He was fast and firm in making his decision, telling his wife: "Tomorrow we shall leave for Egypt." Moses Begins His Prophethood Moses left Midian with his family and travelled through the desert until he reached Mount Sinai. There Moses discovered that he had lost his way. He sought Allah's direction and was shown the right course. At nightfall they reached Mount Tur. Moses noticed a fire in the distance and said to his family: "I shall fetch a firebrand to warm us." As he neared the fire, he heard a sonorous voice calling him: "O Moses, I am Allah, the Lord of the Universe." Moses was bewildered and looked around. He again heard the strange voice. "And what is in you right hand, O Moses?" Shivering, Moses answered: "This is my staff on which I lean, and with which I beat down branches for my sheep, and for which I find other uses." (This question was asked so that Moses' attention would focus on the staff and to prepare him for the miracle which was to happen. This was the beginning of Moses's mission as a prophet). The same voice commanded him: "Throw down your staff!" He did so, and at once the staff became a wriggling snake. Moses turned to run, but the voice again addressed him: "Fear not and grasp it; We shall return it to its former state." The snake changed back into his staff. Moses's fear subsided and was replaced by peace, for he realized that he was witnessing the Truth. Next, Allah commanded him to thrust his hand into Mr Pahary Page 75

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his robe at the armpit. When he pulled it out, the hand had a brilliant shine. Allah then commanded Moses; "You have two signs from Your Lord; go to Pharaoh and his chiefs, for they are an evil gang and have transgressed all bounds." However, Moses feared that he would be arrested by Pharaoh, so he turned to Allah saying: "My Lord! I have killed a man among them and I fear that they will kill me." Allah assured him of his safety and set his heart at rest. (Ch. 20: 9-24) He wanted his brother Haroon to accompany him and Allah made both prophets. Moses (pbuh) and Aaron (pbuh) went together to Pharaoh and delivered their message. Moses spoke to him about Allah, His mercy and His Paradise and about the obligations of monotheism and His worship. Pharaoh recognized him as the same kid he sheltered. (Ch 26:16-31 Quran) Musah (as) wanted to show him his miracle. Musah threw his stick which turned into a serpent. He drew out his hands and they were white. Then there was the contest between Musah and Pharaohs magicians. Musahs big serpent ate all the snakes of the magicians. (Ch 20:58-76 Quran). Pharaoh was angry, called his men and ordered them to build a tower for him to see whether there was another god in heaven. He started persecuting the believers. Allah commanded Moses to warn Pharaoh of a punishment in this world for his faithlessness and his persecution of the children of Israel. As a portent of the punishment which Allah would meet out, the Nile did not flood its banks to soak the dry land as it normally did. As a result, crops failed, leading to famine. However Pharaoh remained arrogant, so Allah caused a huge flood, which devastated the land. (Ch 7:134 Quran) Then another sign came, the sign of lice, which spread amongst the Egyptians, carrying diseases. Their refuge to Moses and their promise to him was repeated. His prayer to Allah was repeated and so, too, their breach of promise, as usual. A sign of frogs was revealed. The land suddenly filled with frogs. They jumped on the food of the Egyptians, shared their houses, and distressed them greatly. The Egyptians went to Moses again, promising him to release the children of Israel. He prayed to his Lord, and Allah relieved them of the problem of the frogs, but they again broke their promise. Then the last sign was revealed, the sign of blood. The Nile water was changed into blood. When Moses and his people drank the water, it was, for them, ordinary water. However, if any Egyptian filled his cup with the water, he discovered his cup full of blood. They hurried to Moses as usual, but as soon as everything returned to normal, they turned their backs on Allah. It appeared that Pharaoh would never believe in Moses message, nor would he stop the torture of the children of Israel. Allah inspired Moses to conduct his people of Egypt, but only a few of his people believed in his message. Almighty Allah decided to put an end to Pharaoh's crimes after He had given him several chances. Allah commanded Moses to depart, and the children of Israel received reluctant permission from the Pharaoh to go out of the city for the feast. They prepared themselves to leave Egypt. This later became known as Exodus (emigration). They carried with them their jewels and borrowed a lot of jewels from the Egyptians. In the darkness of night, Moses led his people towards the Red Sea, and in Mr Pahary Page 76

Islamic Religion And Culture

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the morning they reached the beach. By then Pharaoh was aware of their departure, so he mobilized a huge army to pursue them. The impatient children of Israel soon became agitated and Joshua (Yusha), Ibn Nun, exclaimed: "In front of us is this impassable barrier, the sea, and behind us the enemy; surely death cannot be avoided!" Moses replied that he would wait for further guidance from Allah. These words filled them with some hope, but man is always impatient for results: they were willing to surrender themselves back into slavery. At that moment Allah revealed to Moses: "Smite the sea with your staff!" Moses did as he was commanded. A fierce wind blew, the sun shone brightly, and in a flash the sea parted, the crests of the waves standing like mountains on each side. Moses led his people across. This miracle proved Moses's oft-repeated claim. "Verily! My Lord is with me!" As they looked back, they saw Pharaoh and his army approaching, about to take the very path which had been opened for them. In great fear and panic, they pleaded with Moses to ask Allah to close the sea. However, Allah commanded Moses not to smite the sea with his staff again, for Allah's decree was already in action. Pharaoh and his army had seen the miracle, how the sea had parted, but being the pretender that he was, Pharaoh turned to his men and proclaimed: "Look! The sea has opened at my command so that I may follow those rebels and arrest them!" They rushed across the parted waters, and when they were midway, Allah commanded the sea to return to its former state. Terror-stricken Pharaoh, realizing his end had come, declared out of fear: "I believe that there is no god worthy of worship except Allah in Whom the children of Israel believe, and I am of those who surrender to Him." But Allah did not accept this declaration from the tyrant, and the waters closed over him, drowning him and his entire army. (Ch 26:52-68 Quran) (Ch 10:90-92 Quran) However, the people of Musah were ungrateful. Though Allah had bestowed favours upon them, they desired more. Moses knew that his people were fit for nothing. Pharaoh was dead, but his effect upon their souls still remained. Their recovery needed a long period of time. Moses returned to his Lord, telling Him that he was responsible only for the actions of himself and his brother. He prayed to his Lord to judge between his people and himself. Allah the Exalted issued His judgment against this generation whose nature was corrupted by the Egyptians: they must wander restlessly in the wilderness until this generation had died or become senile and had created another generation, a generation which had not been defeated from within and which could fight and score victory. The days of restless wandering began. Each day ended where it began and began where it ended. They started walking to no destination, day and night, morning and evening. They entered Sinai. Moses came to the same place where he had spoken to Allah for the first time. He appealed to Allah for guidance in judging over his people. Allah instructed him to purify himself by fasting for thirty days, after which he was to go to Mount Sinai, where he would be given the law by which he would govern his people. The ancients said that after Moses fasted thirty days, he hated to speak to his Lord because of the odour of his mouth. He ate a plant of the earth and then his Lord said to him: "Why did you break your fast?" Moses said: "O my Lord, I disliked to speak to You with my mouth not having a pleasant smell." Allah said: "Do you not know, Moses, the odour of the faster's mouth is more fragrant to Me than the rose. Go back and fast ten days; then come back to Me." Moses did what Allah commanded.

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Islamic Religion And Culture

Syllabus 2056

Moses (pbuh) had been gone for forty days and his people were becoming restless, for they did not know that Allah had extended his time by a further ten days. Samiri, a man who was inclined towards evil, suggested that they find themselves another guide, as Moses had broken his promise. He said to them: "In order to find true guidance, you need a god, and I shall provide one for you." So he collected all their gold jewellery, dug a hole in which he placed the lot, and lit a huge fire to melt it down. During the casting, he threw a handful of dust, making actions like a magician's to impress the ignorant. From the molten metal he fashioned a golden calf. It was hollow, and the wind passing through it produced a sound. Since superstition was imbedded in their past, they quickly linked the strange sound to something supernatural, as if it were a living god. Some of them accept the golden calf as their god. Haroun tried to reason them but in vain. On his return Moses saw his people singing and dancing around the calf statue. Furious at their paganistic ritual, he flung down the Tablet of the Law he was carrying for them. He tugged Aaron's beard and his hair, crying: "What held you back when you saw them going astray? Why did you not fight this corruption?" Aaron replied: "O son of my mother, let go of my beard! The fold considered me weak and were about to kill me. So make not the enemies rejoice over me, nor put me among the people who are wrong-doers." Moses's anger began to subside when he understood Aaron's helplessness, and he began to handle the situation calmly and wisely. Therefore, the crime of worshipping the calf did not pass unpunished. Moses commanded the elite of the children of Israel to pray to Allah for forgiveness and demonstrate their repentance. He chose seventy men out of them and ordered them: "Rush towards Allah and repent for what you did and ask His forgiveness for what you left." Moses returned to Mount Sinai with the seventy elders and there he communicated with Allah. The elders heard Moses speaking with his Lord. (Allah spoke to Moses directly.) This was, perhaps, the last miracle that they would see, and it was hoped that it would be sufficient enough to convey the religion to their hearts forever. However, the seventy elite who heard the miracles were dissatisfied. This was a tragedy that amazes one. It was a tragedy that indicated those who were hard-hearted and who continued to hold onto sensual and material concerns. Their stubborn demand was rewarded with punishing lightning bolts and a violent quaking that stupefied their souls and bodies at once, leaving them dead. Lessons to be derived from the history of Musah and support to Muslims: 1. Prophethood is given to the one Allah decides 2. He was brought up among the disbelievers for then to reform them. 3. He supported the poor and was disgusted with his immoral society. 4. To leave freely he had to migrate to Midian. 5. In search of refuge he was guided by Allah and occupied the job of a shepherd. 6. He was given wahy in the wilderness. 7. To support his job Allah gave him 2 miracles and his brother as support. 8. He was not reluctant to face any enemy. 9. He came to his people as a warner and a giver of good tidings. 10. He didnt give up his mission although only the poor accepted him and he was persecuted. Mr Pahary Page 78

Islamic Religion And Culture

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11. He was a comfort for his people in times of punishment where he asked Allah to relieve his followers. The particular links between Prophet Musah and Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Both are prophets with the same God and the same message They were brought up among the idol worshippers. They never worshipped anything or anyone apart from Allah They were against idol worshipping and were disgusted with their society. They warned the people concerning their ill-founded deeds and the punishment of Allah. 6. They challenged the people of their country 7. They were persecuted and opposed 8. They were beaten up and their lives were endangered 9. They had faith in Allah and they didnt give up 10. They had to leave their country in search for a better place to practise their religion 11. They were honoured by Allah throughout their lives and their people converted to Islam Similarities among all prophets 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. They were sent with the same message of Tawheed They were sent with the same mission to spread Islam They were given books of guidance They were accepted and sometimes, not to say most of the times, they were rejected They were constantly persecuted and some were burned alive, crucified, hung, beheaded, killed or exiled 6. They were always ready to sacrifice whatever they had for the cause of Islam 7. They were the ones to suffer the most 8. They were the ones having miracles at their possessions 9. They were the ones who had to migrate in order to leave and practice Islam in peace 10. They were the righteous and the blessed people 11. They are considered as guides in this world, the Qabr and the next (Aakhirah) 12. They were sources of blessings as long as they were in the midst of their people 13. No punishment was bestowed upon them and their people (real followers) as long as they were among them 14. They will be responsible for the Shafaah (intersession) of their people in Aakhirah 15. They all had the same code of conduct based on Morality, Imaan (faith), Taqwa (fear of Allah) and Sabr (patience and perseverance). Past Papers Questions Syllabus 2056 9 (a) Describe the story of the Prophet Musa as told in the Quran. [10] (b) In what ways did this story provide support and inspiration for the early Muslims? [10] (2003) 9 (a) Describe the story of Adam as told in the Quran. [10] (b) What are the most important lessons for Muslims contained in this story? [10] (2004) Mr Pahary Page 79

Islamic Religion And Culture

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9 (a) Outline two stories told in the Quran about the Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham). [10] (b) Comment on his significance in the life of Muslims. [10] (2006) 8 (a) Describe the story of the prophet Nuh (Noah) as told in the Quran. [10] (b) We make no distinction between any of them. (Quran 2:136) Discuss this statement with reference to Allahs prophets. [10] (2007) (136. Say (O Muslims): "We believe in Allah and that which has been sent down to us and that which has been sent down to Ibrahim (Abraham), Isma`il (Ishmael), Ishaq (Isaac), Ya`qub (Jacob), and to Al-Asbat (the offspring of the twelve sons of Ya`qub), and that which has been given to Musa (Moses) and `Isa (Jesus), and that which has been given to the Prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and to Him we have submitted (in Islam).'') 9 (a) Relate what is written in the Quran of one of two occasions when Allah spoke to the Prophet Musa (Moses) on the mountain. [10] (b) What do Muslims learn from reflecting on the life of Musa? [10] (2008) 9 (a) Describe the story of the Prophet Adam and his wife as told in the Quran. [10] (b) What lessons can Muslims learn from this? [10] (2009) 9 (a) Describe the main events in the life of Prophet Ibrahim as related in the Quran. [10] (b) Explain the particular links between Prophet Ibrahim and Prophet Muhammad. [10] (2010)

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Islamic Religion And Culture Pillars of Islam Introduction

Syllabus 2056

In Islam, there are five pillars which are of great importance for the Muslim individual as well as for the community. They are the foundations and backbones of the religion of Islam. The rejection of anyone of them will render the person a disbeliever. In order to be accepted as a Muslim, one must imperatively put all of them into practice. Accordingly, there are Shahadah, Swalaat, Sawm, Zakaat and Hajj. Shahadah: Testimony The first pillar of Islam is Shahadah which means to attest. Here there is the question of accepting and attesting the unity of Allah and the prophethood of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w). It is thus divided into two parts Allah and Muhammad. There is no need to introduce who is Allah and who is the prophet Muhammad (s.a.w). A brief introduction from the students is important. However, to believe in Allah is to believe in the uniqueness of Allah which is divided into three: 1. Being The being of Allah is not and cannot be compared. We cant attribute any form, shape and density to Him. This brings us to say that Allah is a noor, deprived of head, hands, feet, nose, mouth and any bodily part. Many may say that several parts of physical aspects are mentioned in the Quran, but it must be known that they are used metaphorically. 2. Attributes no one will be able to possess the same qualities as Allah does. We can be forgiving, intelligent, wise, powerful, dependant, merciful, compassionate but not to the extent as Allah is. 3. Action when Allah decides on something, He just has to say Be to it and it is. However, we, human beings must resort to resources and material for the creation or building of anything. The prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) is unique on four bases. 1. He is the first and the last meaning that he was the first to be created by Allah and the last to be sent to spread Islam to Mankind. 2. He is considered as a universal prophet meaning that he has been prophesised by all prophets before his coming and is accepted by all by the leader of all prophets. 3. His message is considered as a universal message meaning that the Quran is a book of guidance for all times to come. It will never change and no book will be sent after it. 4. He is considered as a mercy for Mankind meaning that he was sent not as a destructor but as a mercy towards both Muslims and non-Muslims, animals and plants, jinn and angels.

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Islamic Religion And Culture Swalaat: Prayer

Syllabus 2056

All prophets before the coming of the holy prophet (s.a.w) had their Swalaat namaz for their own people. When the prophet (s.a.w) came, he perfected the institution of Swalaat. It is thus divided into Farz, Wajib, Sunnah Muakkidah, Sunnah Ghair Muakkidah and Nawafil (Nafil). All of them are important for the progress of Mankind. There are different steps in Swalaat such as the: Takbeer, Qiyam, Ruku, Sajdah, Jalsah, Qadah, Salaam. There are some conditions and requirements to be respected for Swalaat such as: 1. To be a Muslim 2. To attain the age of puberty 3. To be sane of mind 4. To be in the state of Taharaat (Ghusal and Wudhu) 5. To wait for the Time of Swalaat 6. To find a proper Place of worship 7. To wear clean cloth 8. To find the Direction of Qiblah 9. To formulate the Intention (Niyyat) of Swalaat. 10. To know how to perform Swalaat There are many benefits derived from Swalaat such as: 1. It brings Barakat (Blessing) in ones life 2. It protects us from sins and impurities 3. It protects us from punishment in all worlds 4. It is the Beauty of the Swalih (pious) 5. There are Thawab (Reward) for all others deeds 6. Our Dua (Invocation) will be accepted 7. We will be Loved by every creature 8. We will receive Dua of angels, animals and human beings 9. We will Cultivate Taqwa (fear) for Allah 10. We will be loved by Allah and the holy prophet (s.a.w) Difference between Swalaat of men and women 1. Takbeer: for men the hands must be raised till the lobes of the ears and for women till the shoulders 2. Qiyam: for men the hands must be tied either below or above the navel and for women they are tied on the stomach (breasts) 3. Ruku: for men the ruku must be 90 degree and for women till the hands touch the knees. 4. Jalsa / Qadah: for men the right foot must be elevated upright and the left foot flat turning to the right. For women both feet must turn to the right 5. Sajdah: for men the elbows must be apart from the body and for women close to the body. For men the waist must be elevated and for women flat with the stomach on the thighs. Mr Pahary Page 82

Islamic Religion And Culture Sawm: Fasting

Syllabus 2056

This institution has been present for all prophets since Hazrat Adam (a.s). For past prophets, it was over a period of 40 days but for the Ummah of the last prophet (s.a.w), it is over a period of twenty-nine or thirty days. It was made Farz in the second year of Hijri and it spread from Sehri till Iftar. There is prohibition of eating, drinking and sexual intercourse. However, before and after these hours they are allowed. Sins are still prohibited. Fasting is one kind of Ibaadah meant to purify the individual. Requirements for Sawm: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Must be a Muslim Must attain the age of Baligh Must not be in period of menstruation (Haiz) Must be in the month of Ramadhan Must observe strictly the time of Sehri and Aftar

What must be done during the month of Ramadhan: OR Muslim Observance of Ramadhan 1. Wake up for Tahajjud and Tilaawat of the Quran 2. Sehri and dua 3. Swalaat Fajr and the rest in Jamaah 4. Dua and Aftar 5. Taraawi after swalaatul Isha 6. Qiraat of the Quran for the whole month 7. Lailatul Qadr for Ibaadah. More Ibaadah. 8. No sin, insult or harm 9. Nothing going against the Shariah 10. No drink and eat from Sehri to aftar 11. No sexual intercourse from Sehri till aftar 12. If possible, complete the whole of the Quran in that month 13. If possible, learn some verses of the Quran 14. More and more Ibaadah of all types (especially the missed ones to be replaced) 15. Take important resolutions towards becoming a better human being and Muslim There are some benefits derived from Sawm such as: 1. Blessings in our lives 2. We obtain the Beauty of the Swalih (pious) and Swabir (patient) 3. Our Dua (Invocation) will be accepted 4. We will Cultivate Taqwa (fear) for Allah and Sabr (Patience) 5. There will be Purification of heart, mind and body 6. We will feel the sufferings of the poor 7. We will develop qualities of patience and tolerance 8. It is a training period of Ibaadah to be continued throughout lifetime 9. Our Darjah (stage) will increase in the sight of Allah 10. It has been Scientific proven to be beneficial. Mr Pahary Page 83

Islamic Religion And Culture Zakaat

Syllabus 2056

Before the coming of the last prophet Muhammad (s.a.w), zakaat existed in form of Sadaqa or generous gifts. It was not yet standardised. However, with the coming of the last book of guidance, the Quran, it was established at 2 % on our wealth. Zakaat can be taken from money, wealth, business, gold, and silver among others. It is the taking of money from the rich and better off to be given to the poor and the needy. The rates differ as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. on cash 2 % on Silver 52 Tolas (598.40 g) on Gold 7 Tolas (85.5 g) on Khums (On Mines) 1/5 of produce on Ushr (Land Tax) 1/10 - 1/20 of produce.

Zakaat collected by: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Masjid Registered Madrassah Registered Darul Uloom Registered non Governmental Islamic Associations Any Baitul Maal

Many people can take Zakaat such as: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The first condition is the person must be a Muslim The poor and the beggar The collectors of Zakaat The new Converts The slaves in search of Freedom (no more exist) The Debtor (Islamic purpose) The person in great difficulty and Obligation The travellers in need of help

Those giving Zakaat are: 1. The first condition is the person must be a Muslim 2. He must possess the minimum amount of Nisab a. on cash (2 %) the amount must be for the financial year (12 months) 3. He must possess the minimum amount of Nisab a. on Silver 52 Tolas (598.40 g) b. on Gold 7 Tolas (85.5 g) c. on Khums (On Mines) 1/5 of produce d. on Ushr (Land Tax) 1/10 - 1/20 of produce 4. If one criteria is not enough to reach the Nisab, then a mixture of the value of more than one item. Example: if the value of silver is Rs 10 / gm the person must have at least (598.40 gm) Rs 5984 worth of silver. if the value of gold is Rs 1000 / gm the person must have Mr Pahary Page 84

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at least (85.5 gm) Rs 85500 worth of gold. If the person has less silver and less gold, we add the value of both silver and gold and then we calculate its 2 % of the whole. There are many benefits such as: 1. Barakat (blessings) in our lives 2. Protection from poverty 3. Barakat in money 4. Purification of money 5. Flow of money among the people 6. An opportunity to help the needy 7. To attain righteousness 8. To create a proximity with the poor 9. A sense of solidarity and gentleness towards the poor and the needy 10. The acknowledgement of the worthiness of money

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Islamic Religion And Culture Hajj: Pilgrimage

Syllabus 2056

The last pillar is Hajj. Before the rulings of the prophet Muhammad (s.a.w), all prophets in a way or another had visited the holy Kabah. It was during the time of Hazrat Ibrahim (a.s) and his son Ismail (a.s) that Allah had ordered Man to come to the Kabah or else it was towards Jerusalem. It became farz since the tenth year of Hijri of the prophets (s.a.w) life. There are various steps such as: 1. The move to Macca for Umrah 2. On the 8th of Dhul Hijja, the move from Macca to Mina before noon 3. The move from Mina to Arafat on the 9th after Fajr prayer 4. The move from Arafat to Muzdalifa on the 9th after Maghrib 5. The move from Muzdalifa to Mina on the 10th before sunrise 6. The stoning of the 1st Shaitaan before Zawaal 7. The move to Macca for the shaving of the head and the Tawaaf Ziyarah 8. The return to Mina on the same day to beat the 3 Shaitaan on the 11th and 12th 9. The leaving of Mina to Macca for Tawaaf al Wida 10. The visit to Madina There are many benefits derived from that institution such as: 1. Blessings in all worlds 2. The protection from punishment in all worlds 3. The protection from poverty 4. The encapsulating of all pillars of Islam 5. The unity among Muslims and nations 6. The strengthening of Islam 7. The spiritual Development 8. The historical enhancement 9. The sense of belonging to the Prophet (s.a.w) 10. The unlimited rewards for each Ibaadah done Additional Material For Past Papers Questions What features distinguish the 5 daily prayers from the Jumah [Friday] prayers? 1. Jumah prayer is only once a week and it is Fard 2. It is offered only on Fridays at the time of Zohr 3. It is an encouragement for people to put on their finery (good and purified cloth) 4. It is obligatory to be held only in congregation (Jamaah) 5. The number of Rakaat is 4 Sunnah 2 Fard 4 Sunnah 2 Sunnah 2 Nafil 6. Two calls of Adhan one at the regular time and the second before the Khutbah 7. The Khutbah with special message 8. Jumah is also an Id day of festivity 9. It commemorates the 2 nafil Shukranah of Hazrat Adam (as) 10. It invites for a larger gathering and contribution of Muslims in forms of Sadaqa How does Zakat differ from Sadaqah? 1. Zakaat is Fard but Sadaqa is Nafil Mr Pahary Page 86

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2. Zakaat must be given during the month of Ramadhan but Sadaqa can be offered at any time 3. Zakaat must be rightly calculated but for Sadaqa, any amount can be given 4. Zakaat is given to Muslims only but Sadaqa can be given to both Muslims and non Muslims 5. Zakaat cant be given to the family or descendant of the Prophet (s.a.w) but Sadaqa can be given to them 6. Zakaat must be in the form of money but Sadaqa can take any form 7. Zakaat must be used for specific means but Sadaqa can be used for anything and everything 8. Zakaat must be taken by specific persons but Sadaqa can be taken by anyone Past Papers Questions Syllabus 2056 10 (a) What are the requirements for Salat? [10] (b) In what ways does Salat influence the daily life of Muslims, both as individuals and as a community? [10] (2003) 10 (a) What are the requirements for fasting in Ramadan? [10] (b) In what ways does Ramadan strengthen Muslims as individuals and as a community? [10] (2004) 8 (a) What does Islam teach about zakat? [10] (b) How does zakat benefit individual Muslims and the whole Muslim community? [10] (2005) 10 (a) Describe the main stages of the Hajj. [10] (b) Discuss the importance of: (i) ihram and (ii) wuquf. [10] (2006) 9 (a) How do Muslims perform daily prayers (salat)? [10] (b) How far is the mosque (masjid) a focal point in the lives of Muslims? [10] (2007) 10 (a) What are the main observances followed by Muslims during the month of Ramadan? [10] (b) Give reasons why this month is special. [10] (2008) 10 (a) Who are the people entitled to be recipients of zakat? [10] (b) Why is zakat important in Muslim life? Give five reasons. [10] (2009) 10 (a) Describe the rites performed during the Hajj. [10] (b) Explain how the Hajj unites the Muslim community. [10] (2010)

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Islamic Religion And Culture Articles Of Faith Introduction

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For one to be considered as a Muslim, one must believe in the articles of faith. Disbelief in anyone of them will render the person a disbeliever. This is to show to what extent they are of utmost importance. It can be said that they are means in regulating our deeds, activities and thoughts in this present world. They are seven in number such as Allah, Angels, Books, Messengers, Day of Judgement, Destiny, and Life after Death. Allah He is no doubt our Creator, our Sustainer, our Provider, our Protector among others. We depend on Him and we obtain help from Him. Ibaadah is meant for Him and we must be at his service for all the time. He is the giver and the taker of life. He is unique in Being, Attributes and Action. We have already discussed that through the chapter Pillars of Islam. If a disbelief in Allah occurs, then one is not considered as a Muslim. Angels They are Creatures of Allah being created from light. There are four Main Angels, namely Hazrat Jibril, Hazrat Mikail, Hazrat Israil and Hazrat Israil. There are other main angels like Hazrat Malik, Ridwaan, Munkar, Nakir, and the 2 noble writers angels Kiraaman Kaatibin. They are always obedient to Allah. They are creatures of wings 2, 3 and 4 pairs of wings. They are mortal and they will also taste death as human beings. But we dont know how this is done. Why are they created? 1. To praise Allah in all worlds and near the throne of Allah 2. To help Human Beings both Muslims and non-Muslims 3. To say Ameen over our dua 4. To protect human beings 5. To bring Wahy to Prophets 6. To help prophets and the righteous 7. To help in the creation of creatures 8. To help in distributing food and drink 9. To help man in this world, Qabr and Aakhirah 10. To be witnesses of our good and bad deeds among others. Books Since the sending of prophets and nations to earth, Allah has sent many books or set of orders to human beings. They are divine guidance for the progress of Man in all worlds. Among others we have the Tawraat to Hazrat Musah (as), the Zabour to Hazrat Dawoud (as), the Souhouf to Hazrat Ibrahim (as), the Injeel to Hazrat Isa (as) and the Quran to the last Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w). these books and scriptures are divine and wont be able to imitate. They are devoid of sins .

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Islamic Religion And Culture Why were we given books? 1. They act as source of guidance for Mankind 2. Code of conduct for success 3. Reminder of the favours from Allah 4. Lessons derived from stories therein 5. Ways of how to avoid Pitfalls 6. Ways to distinguish between Halal and Haram 7. Means to obtain wisdom 8. Ways to remember Allah 9. To tenderise the heart 10. To teach us about Allah, prophets and Mankind Messengers

Syllabus 2056

According to Hadith there are approximately 124000 prophets and 313 messengers. They are the vicegerent of Allah sent to help Mankind. They are closer to Allah than anyone. Their intercessions are important. They are different prophets for different periods such as Adam, Shiite, Nuh, Musah, Isa, Ismail, Ibrahim, Zakariyyah, Idris, Haroun, Dhun Nun, Yaqub, Dawoud, Sulliman, Ayyub and Muhammad among others. They had been sent as messengers and vice gerent of Allah. All of them accepted Allah and monotheism. They are infallible, that is they dont commit sins. Why were they sent? 1. They were sent with orders and commands from Allah as messages to their people. 2. They are examples to be followed 3. They are our educators 4. They are our interprets of the holy Books 5. They are magnets of blessings from Allah 6. They are shields from punishment for Mankind 7. Their dua are accepted by Allah 8. They acted as guides 9. Their lives are as codes of conduct 10. They know Allah much more than we do know. Day of Judgement That day will come but when and how, we dont know. The seriousness and gravity of that day can be seen through the numerous Hadith on that day. Those Muslims who spent their time in Ibaadah and for the best cause Islam, will find himself rewarded on that day. The one who went against the Shariah and Islam will find oneself poor and deprived of help to enter paradise. The punishment will be the fire of hell. Ways of how our lives can change through the knowledge of that day. 1. 2. 3. 4. The fear of that day can bring a person to stop committing sins. The fear of the punishment of Hell The fear of the unknown The fear of the anger of Allah can lead someone to adhering by the Shariah. Page 89

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5. This can lead a Muslim behaving as a real Muslim, considering the Holy Prophet (s.a.w) as the model, respecting the rights of Allah and human beings. 6. The idea of benefiting in the Aakhirah all stages and phases of test in the Hereafter and to be close to Allah and the prophet can change ones behaviour. Destiny It is always said that one has a good fate or a bad destiny. In whatever case it depends on three parties Allah, oneself and Shaitaan. Allah is the Master mind behind our destiny. He has written only what is right and good for the individual. He does never want what is bad for His servants. Secondly, it is our own responsibility to decide either to take the right or the wrong path. Allah is and will never be responsible for our taking of the way of Shaitaan. Thirdly, it will be the work of Shaitaan to influence us in order to commit sins and go against Shariah. As such we will be responsible for our bad deeds. However, repentance and abstinence from sins, live as a real and good Muslim, follow the Shariah, read much of the Quran, send Darood upon the Prophet (s.a.w), think of Allah, make khidmat (service at) for ones parents, differentiate between Halaal and Haraam, help and be beneficial to human beings, think of death and make dua can change our destiny. Life after Death This is a normal and inevitable stage in the life of all people. It will happen but when we dont know. This is only in the hands of Allah. Life after death in our grave can be pleasant as well as unpleasant depending on the deeds, Ibaadah, sayings and intention of human beings. What is important is to follow the Shariah in order to avoid punishment of the grave and be prepared for the three questions and the answers such as who is your Lord? What is your religion? What do you think of that person? No one knows the physical sufferings of that moment if the answers are wrong. However, in order to benefit a life of a good Mumin in Qabr, one must: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Follow the Shariah Make much sincere Ibaadah Read much of the Quran and Darood Shareef Take care of ones parents and relatives Cater for the rights of both Muslims and non-Muslims Cater for the needs of the weak Be a perfect practical and sincere Muslim among others.

Additional Material For Past Papers Questions: Explain how Angels, Books and Prophets are connected with one another as part of Gods plan to give guidance to his creatures. 1. 2. 3. 4. The importance and roles of Angels towards Mankind (to elaborate) The importance and roles of Books towards Mankind (to elaborate) The importance and roles of Prophets towards Mankind (to elaborate) Angels are the creatures of Allah meant to deliver the message of Allah in the form of Wahy found in books to the vicegerents of Allah as Prophets and messengers.

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Islamic Religion And Culture Past Papers Questions Syllabus 2056 7 (a) Give a brief description of the articles of faith in Islam. [10] (b) According to Islam, what is the importance of holy books? [10] (2005) 11 (a) Describe the six articles of faith in Islam (imaan mufassil ). [10] (b) Discuss your understanding of any two of them. [10] (2006)

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9 Explain briefly the importance in Islam of the following: (a) Gods predestination of all events (b) Zakat [Almsgiving] (c) enjoining what is good and prohibiting what is wrong (d) the Day of Judgement. [20] (2005) 8 (a) What do Muslims believe about Allah? [10] (b) Why is Surat Alaq:1-5 important to Muslims? [10] (2010)

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Islamic Religion And Culture Id-ul Fitr And Id-ul Adha Introduction

Syllabus 2056

In Islam there are customs and practices as well as religious festivals. Sometime these religious festivals are merged with the customs and traditions of a country. According to the scholars of Islam there are many different religious festivals and among them there are two widely recognised. They are Id-ul Fitr and Id-ul Adha. Id-ul Fitr Literally speaking id means feast, festival or holiday. Fitr means separation or breaking. As such, id-ul Fitr means the feast of the breaking and here it implies the breaking of the fast of the month of Ramadhan, the 9th Islamic month. It has always been the practice of past prophets to show their gratitude to Allah by worship and Ibaadah and in return Allah would bestow Wahy revelation upon them. However during the time of the holy prophet (s.a.w) when he entered Madina, these two days (id-ul Fitr and Id-ul Adha) were moments of amusement and joy. So the prophet (s.a.w) declared them as feast for Muslims. Id-ul Fitr commemorates the ending of 1 month of Ibaadah, fasting and sacrifice by the Muslims and in return for their efforts, Allah bestow on them the feast day. It starts as from the sighting of the moon on the last day of Ramadhan by Swalaatul Maghrib. According to the prophet (s.a.w) that night is considered as full of blessings and the Swalaat Fajr must be done in Jamaah. It is recommended to take a bath (Ghusal), wear good (or new) clothes according to the Islamic practice and pay Zakaat if not yet paid. The Climate on the day of Id: 1. The Swalaatul Id can be offered either in open field or Masjid (depending on population). 2. There is no Azan and no Iqaamah before the Namaaz Id. 3. It is done in 2 Rakaat (units) of Swalaat Waajib with 6 additional Takbeer or 12 according to other schools of thought. 4. In the 1st Rakaat there are 3 Takbeer before Qiraat and for the 2 nd Rakaat there are 3 Takbeer before Ruku. 5. After the Swalaat there is a khutbah read for the occasion 6. After which dua can be made in any language. 7. Then there will be greetings by the Muslims. 8. There can be family union or gathering for the feast. 9. Gifts can be distributed as a mean of happiness. 10. Amusement can be conducted as long as there must be no show off. Id-ul Adha Id having the meaning of feast and Adha means slaughtering leads to the feast of the slaughtering of the animal. This is done during the month of Dhul Hijja for the period of Hajj. It is a way to remember the history of Hazrat Ibrahim (as) and his son Hazrat Ismail (as) and the event of the sacrifice. This was accepted and executed in the love of Allah. It is conducted in the same way as Id-ul Fitr is done with the small difference that after the Swalaat-ul id-ul Adha, there is the slaughtering of the animal. It must not be done after Swalaat-ul Fajr or before Swalaat-ul id. It is against the prophets (s.a.w) practice. If a person cant afford a whole animal, then it can be shared into a maximum number of 7 persons. The Mr Pahary Page 92

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one share of the meat is then divided into 3 parts - One for the relatives, one for the poor and one for oneself. The Swalaat-ul id-ul Adha is conducted as mentioned above. However, the khutbah will be based on id-ul Adha and the lessons from the sacrifice of Hazrat Ibrahim (as) and Hazrat Ismail (as). Importance / Significance of both Id in Islam Accordingly, it is a remarkable achievement in the service of Allah for the Muslims as follows: 1. It is a Thanksgiving Day thanks to Allah and human beings for favours and help and everything. 2. It is also a Day of Remembrance we must remember the favours of Allah and Human beings. 3. It is a Day of Victory we went against Shaitaan and ourselves to perform Ibaadah. 4. It is a Harvest Day it is the overall blessings from Allah for the whole Ramadhan and also for Id-ul Adha. 5. It is a Day of Forgiveness we must ask forgiveness from Allah and human beings. 6. It is a Day of Peace there is peace of mind among Muslims and sending of peace from Allah in our hearts. 7. It is a Day of Reward Allah will reward us for the efforts of Ramadhan and gifts distributed among Muslims. 8. Swalaat-ul-Fajr in Jamaah in Mosque creates brotherhood and fraternity. Through the Swalaat-ul-id and Khutbah lessons derived. 9. It is the feast of the Muslims 10. It is a mean to learn some lessons conducted by the Imam Past Papers Questions Syllabus 2056 8 (a) Describe what happens on Id al-Adha (Id ud-Doha). [10] (b) Discuss the religious meanings of this rite. [10] (2004) 11 (a) Describe the religious rites that are performed when a Muslim dies. [10] (b) What is the religious significance of Id-ud-Doha [Id ul Adha]? [10] (2009)

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Islamic Religion And Culture Birth, Marriage And Funeral Introduction

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The above mentioned topics of birth, marriage and funeral are of great importance in a life of a Muslim. All of them must be conducted in the Islamic way of life. It does occur that unislamic concepts, especially European, western and Indian cultures made their way to incorporate the three above institutions. Birth This is a natural process of begetting, through a mother and a father except for Hazrat Adam (as), Hazrat Bibi Hawa (ra) and Hazrat Isa (as). In Islam, it is a blessing, both for boys and girl and for the parents and families. We, as Muslims must follow the principles of Islam when it comes to birth. The prophet (s.a.w) encouraged the reading of the Quran, Dhikr, Tasbih, and Ibaadah all done to ask protection for the child and best delivery during the pregnancy, to avoid all kinds of sins small and big. There are different steps at the birth of a child such as: 1. On the 1st day to pronounce the Athan in right ear and Iqaamah in left ear as a Sunnah of the prophet 2. To give the baby a sweet food very small amount like a small piece of date as a sunnah 3. On 7th day to perform the Aqiqah as sunnah (2 animals for the boy and 1 animal for the girl). 4. To shave the head and weight the hair and distribute the value of the weight in money to the poor 5. To circumcise the boys only 6. To welcome the baby with prompt and thanks but no show off, singing and dancing 7. It is also advisable to read the 1st 5 verses of Surah al Alaq at the birth of a baby it brings about blessings. The birth of a child has different meanings like: 1. The sending of human beings from Alaamul Arwah (where our souls are before we came to earth) to Alamul Ajsam (this present physical world) 2. A start of new life as a Muslim 3. The mission of spreading Islam 4. The opportunity to praise and worship Allah 5. To remind us and remember the pact we made with Allah in Alamul Arwah to follow His prophet (s.a.w) 6. To execute the order of Allah and to follow the Shariah through the Quran and the Sunnah as a rights of Allah 7. To help and to serve human beings as a rights of human beings 8. To spend our time in Ibaadah and send Darood upon the Prophet (s.a.w) 9. To represent the Holy Prophet who represented the Law of Allah on earth Vicegerent that is to honour Islam 10. To take the pathway towards Aakhirah and Jannah.

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Islamic Religion And Culture Marriage

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This has been the Sunnah and principle of all prophets before the coming of the holy prophet (s.a.w). Their rules were different to those of our rules today but the main idea was to please Allah. All Ibaadah are for that cause. It is a tie between 2 persons, a man and a woman. In Islam, celibacy is Haram and Nikah is the Sunnah of the Prophet (s.a.w). It is a Bond and contract where terms and conditions of marriage can be stipulated. Each partner must then obey and adhere by the terms and conditions. Breaching of any one is against the Shariah. It is the beginning of marital relationship and rights of both parties and Shariah must be observed and accepted. There are some Islamic rules and regulations to be set up for a Nikah to be accepted and validated. 1. 2. 3. 4. There must be the proposal and acceptance of both the man and the woman There must be two witnesses from both sides, There must be the dowry in form of either money, wealth or any valuable goods The khutbah delivered by the father of the girl or by the Imam and the approval of the parents. 5. There must be the Imam The Muslim Marriage in Mauritius: 1. Betrothal it is only a way to make people know of the intention of marriage. It is an engagement contracted by the 2 persons. There must not have singing, dancing, music, alcoholic drink etc 2. Mawlood it is done to seek the blessings of Allah and dua for the future couple. There is the recitation of the Quran and dua. 3. Mehendi it is a Indian practice where there is the application of henna and the sharing of marriage gifts in between the boy and the girl. There must not be show off and music. 4. Nikah there must be the above mentioned conditions 5. Walimah it is conducted after the couple had sexual intercourse, after 3 days. 6. Chawtari it is an Indian practice where family will gather around a meal. No music and show off is allowed The Importance and Significance of Marriage 1. Marriage is important as it is a Sunnah of the prophet 2. It is a way of procreation 3. It is a mean to avoid sins and pitfalls 4. It is a way to support each other 5. It is a way to continue a lineage 6. It is to have a life partner 7. It is to avoid mental and physical stress 8. It is to induce the physical development of the man and woman 9. It allows us to be responsible 10. It helps in to attain piety and obtain Jannah.

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Islamic Religion And Culture Funeral

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It has different names like Mayyit, Mayyat, Burial, Death process and there are religious ceremonies, traditions and culture for the burial. It is the leaving of this physical world (Alamul Ajsam) to the world of Qabr (Alamul Barzakh). It is a mere transition. After the death of the person, there are some procedures like: 1. The bath of the dead must be as gentle as possible men being responsible for the bath of the dead male women for the dead female. It is done as the same Ghusal as when we are alive but with more respect and gentleness. 2. We then put on the Qafn the white cloth over the body of the man and woman. 3. There is the reciting of the Quran and Dua. 4. The namaz Janaza is either performed inside a mosque or at a graveyard. It is in 4 Takbeer (Takbeer + Thana + Al Faatiha / Takbeer + Darood Ibrahim / Takbeer + Dua of Maghfirat / Takbeer + Salaam). 5. At the graveyard, the body is placed on the back with the head turning to the right. 6. There can be tilaawat, prayer and dua for the dead person, especially Dua of forgiveness and for the Qabr and Aakhirah. The Significance of death: 1. It is the start of our test exam in Qabr 2. A prelude of what is waiting us in Paradise 3. The possibility of the beatific vision of Allah 4. The sight of the Holy Prophet 5. The start of eternal life 6. The feeling of security and peace 7. The start of reward being bestowed 8. No worldly worry 9. Or the prelude of punishment in the Aakhirah 10. The fright of the dark with threat False Concepts on Funeral: 1. Not to ask dua for the death many people say and advocate that after the death of a person there is no dua or recitation of the Quran. 2. To cover all mirrors at home supposedly not to see the rouh of the dead 3. To make Isaaluth Thawab on the 40th day some advocate that it is obligatory that a Khatamul Quran be done exactly on the 40 th day after burial or else the rouh will not be free. Asking dua for the dead can be at any time 4. The rouh will roam if the Khatam is not done then the rouh will roam in the house 5. The cloth of a woman if a widowed woman dies, she must be covered with a blue cloth instead of a white one. Past Papers Questions Syllabus 2056 9 (a) Describe a typical Muslim marriage ceremony in your country. [10] (b) Explain the religious significance of the main parts of the ceremony. [10] (2005) Mr Pahary Page 96

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12 (a) Describe the marriage ceremony and the ceremonies that follow the birth of a baby in Islam. [10] (b) Explain the significance of one of these. [10] (2007) 11 (a) Describe the religious rites that are performed when a Muslim dies. [10] (b) What is the religious significance of Id-ud-Doha [Id ul Adha]? [10] (2009) 11 (a) How is a Muslim marriage ceremony conducted? [10] (b) What do you think is meant by the Hadith Marriage is half of faith? [10] (2010)

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Islamic Religion And Culture Hadith Introduction

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After the sending of the holy Quran to the holy prophet (s.a.w) there was the need for explanation and interpretation of the divine message. Then came the work and part of the mission of the prophet (s.a.w). Hadith And Sunnah Literally, Hadith means a narration or a recitation of a specific event. Sunnah is the deeds of the prophet (s.a.w). However, according to Islamic terminology Hadith is generally characterised as the deeds, sayings and silent approval of the holy prophet (s.a.w). A hadith is divided into two parts: 1. The isnad: It is the chain of narrators or reporters. It is the list of Ashab, Tabiin, Tabut Tabiin and scholars who have heard or reported the Hadith directly or indirectly from the holy prophet (s.a.w). The number of person in an Isnad varies. It may reach 150 persons. 2. The Matn: It is the text or context. It is what has been reported or done by the prophet (s.a.w) or any Sahaba. Criteria For Isnad There are some criteria for an Isnad to be considered as good: 1. The narrator must be a Muslim 2. He must be pious 3. He must be a practicing Muslim 4. He must have a retentive memory 5. He must not be a liar 6. He must be clean from any judicial case against him 7. He must be known for his knowledge 8. He must be known for his authority 9. He must have lived among the pious men 10. He must be dedicated to religion. Criteria For Matn There are some criteria for the Matn to be respected: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The text must not be against the Quran The text must not be against any Swahih Hadith or Hadith Qudsiy It must not be against any article of faith It must not be against logic and nature It must not give precise time, date, day, year of the day of judgement It must not include rough words.

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Islamic Religion And Culture Types of Hadith There are 4 types of Hadith, namely:

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1. Swahih a. Swahih li dhaatihi is a Hadith whose chain of narrators is unbroken, every narrator is reliable (aadil), well-known for memorization and preservation (dabt) of the hadith b. We have also Swahih li ghayrihi which is a hadith having the same qualities as the previous one except for the dabt of a narrator which may be slightly less reliable but that is compensated for by the fact that the hadith is narrated from many chains of people. [The word dabt refers to a narrator having a good grasp of what he narrates as well as a sound memory and/or carefully kept books.] 2. Hasan a. Hasan li dhaatihi is a hadith which has the qualities of Swahih except that the dabt is not as reliable and there are not enough other chains of narrations to raise it to the status of Swahih li ghayrihi. b. Hasan li ghayrihi is a hadith which is lacking in more than one quality required for the Swahih but this lack is again compensated for by the presence of other chains of transmission of the same hadith 3. Dwaif: It is a hadith which is lacking more than one of the qualities of Swahih and there are not enough alternate chains to raise its status to Hasan 4. Matrook and Mawdu a. Matrook is a hadith in whose chain is a narrator known for being a Liar b. Mawdu is a hadith in whose chain is a narrator upon whom it is established that he fabricated hadith. Importance of Hadith In many different ways Hadith is important both for the individual Muslim and the Ummah. 1. It is a personal Code of Conduct 2. It forms part of the Shariah 3. Is a complement to the Quran 4. It is the Tafsir and explanation of the verses of the Quran 5. It gives details on how to perform Ibaadah and other acts of worship 6. It helps to avoid pitfalls 7. It helps to upgrade our status through wazifah 8. It helps in having the knowledge of the life of the prophet and the Salaf 9. It explains how to deal with Muslims and non-Muslims 10. It elaborates on Halal and Haram 11. It is an example in all spheres of live (materialistic and spiritual)

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Islamic Religion And Culture Relationship between Quran and Hadith Allah Almighty says in the Quran what means:

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[[We sent them] with clear proofs and written ordinances. And We revealed to you the message that you may make clear to the people what was sent down to them and that they might give thought.] (An-Nahl 16:44) Commenting on this verse, Imam Al-Baghawi, one of the well-versed scholars of Islam, said in his tafseer: "The message in the verse refers to the divine inspiration. And the Prophet is the clarifier of the divine inspiration. The explanation of the Quran is to be sought in the Sunnah." (Al-Baghawi 25) Thus, the relation between the Quran and the Sunnah is such that the latter is a clarification of the former. The Sunnah explains and interprets the Quran. It gives more details about what is concisely mentioned in the Quran, especially when it comes to legal rulings. Many laws, as well as acts of worships, are briefly mentioned in the Quran. Then, the Sunnah elaborates on such items and gives more details and explanation or interpretation. A good example for this is the prayers. The Quran orders Muslims to pray, but it does not mention how many times Muslims should pray. Or, when and how to pray but it does mention what means: And obey Allah and obey the messenger; but if you turn away, then upon Our messenger is only [the duty of] clear notification. (At-Taghabun 64:12) And it also mentions what means And whatever the messenger has given you, take; and what he has forbidden you, refrain from. And fear Allah; indeed, Allah is severe in penalty. (Al-Hashr 59:7) So, Allah orders us clearly to follow and obey the messenger and take whatever he gives us. And as we are talking about prayers, the Prophet says: "Pray as you saw me praying." (Al-Bukhari) Zakah (obligatory alms), fasting the month of Ramadan, monetary transactions, and so on. All of the above titles are touched on briefly by the Quran but the Sunnah elaborates on them. It is worth mentioning that Quran is communally transmitted from generation to generation in such a way that huge number of people memorised and transmitted it to the subsequent generation all the way from the time of the Prophet until today. This is what Mr Pahary Page 100

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makes the Quran so authentic, because it is impossible that an entire generation will be mistaken in their narration. On the other hand, not all the Sunnah was transmitted to us in the same way like the Quran, only some if it is. However, Muslim scholars developed a very scientific and sophisticated methodology to categorise the narrations that come to us from the Prophet. This science is called hadith methodology. Using certain scientific criteria, they can tell which narration is authentic and which is not. In a nutshell, the Quran is inspired by Allah in meaning and wording. However, the Sunnah is inspired by Allah in meaning while the wording is from Prophet Muhammad. Allah says in the Quran what means: Nor does he speak from [his own] inclination. It is not but a revelation revealed. (An-Najm 53:3-4). So, the Sunnah, as the Prophetic text, comes right after the Quran as part of the revelation, and both of them are the two main sources of Islam. Allah made it clear that Sunnah should be followed when he says: He who obeys the Messenger has obeyed Allah. (An-Nisaa' 4:80). Another hadith that shows that Quran and Sunnah are interrelated, and warns against taking the Quran and abandoning Sunnah goes: "Indeed I have been given the Book (that is, the Quran) and something like it along with it." (Abu Dawud) To conclude, the Quran and the Sunnah together are the sources of guidance and laws for Muslims. The Sunnah is the explanation and interpretation of the Quran. That is why they cannot be separated, as they work harmoniously to convey the message of Islam and show people what Allah wants from them in order for them to lead the best life on this earth and also to win Heaven in the hereafter. Different Topics From Hadith No. 11 Doubt There is no doubt (mistake) in it (2: 2) Hazrat Hasan bin Ali (ra): I memorized from the messenger of Allah his saying : "Leave that which makes you doubt for that which does not make you doubt." (Tirmithi and Nasai) Hazrat Abu Hurairah (r.a) said : The messenger of Allah said : "Part of someone's being a good Muslim is his leaving alone that which does not concern him. " (Tirmidhi) Both from the Quran and the Hadith, there is clear indication that we must abstain from everything which is doubtful. Once we have doubt on anything we must refrain from doing it. Mr Pahary Page 101

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It can be eating, drinking, working, talking, deciding on anything or any other we must avoid the doubtful. No. 13 Love "And among His signs is this that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that ye may dwell in tranquillity with them, and He has put love and mercy between your (hearts); verily in that are signs for those who reflect." (30: 21) Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "If Allah loves a person, He calls Gabriel saying, 'Allah loves so and-so; O Gabriel! Love him.' Gabriel would love him and make an announcement amongst the inhabitants of the Heaven. 'Allah loves so-and-so, therefore you should love him also,' and so all the inhabitants of the Heaven would love him, and then he is granted the pleasure of the people on the earth." (Bukhari :: Book 4 :: Volume 54 :: Hadith 431) We must cultivate love for Allah, the holy prophet (s.a.w), human beings and all creatures of Allah in our hearts. We must not show antipathy against anyone. When we will spread love, Allah will love us and all angels will show their love for us. No. 15 Generosity And whatever you spend in good, it will be repaid to you in full, and you shall not be wronged. (2: 272) Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: Allah's Apostle was the most generous of all the people, and he used to reach the peak in generosity in the month of Ramadan when Gabriel met him. Gabriel used to meet him every night of Ramadan to teach him the Qur'an. Allah's Apostle was the most generous person, even more generous than the strong uncontrollable wind (in readiness and haste to do charitable deeds). (Bukhari :: Book 1 :: Volume 1 :: Hadith 5) If we want and desire Allah to show and bestow His generosity upon us, it will be our duties and responsibilities to show to what extent we are generous towards human beings and towards Allah in the path of Islam. If we are not generous towards our families and Mankind and if we dont show thanks and gratitude to Allah, then we wont be on the right way of the prophet (s.a.w). No. 16 Tolerance Save those who believe and do good works, and exhort one another to truth and exhort one another to endurance (103: 3) Jarir bin `Abdullah (May Allah be pleased with him) reported: Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, "He who is deprived of forbearance and gentleness is, in fact, deprived of all good.'' [Muslim] Ibn `Abbas (May Allah be pleased with them) reported: Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said to Ashaj Abdul-Qais (May Allah be pleased with him), "You possess two qualities that Allah loves. These are clemency and tolerance.'' (Muslim)

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Patience, tolerance and forbearance are specific elements of Sabr. It is very important in the spiritual development of human beings. It has been much exhorted in the Quran and the Hadith concerning its benefits and the status of any one having patience and tolerance. No. 34 Evil "Whoever recommends and helps a good cause becomes a partner therein, and whoever recommends and helps an evil cause shares in its burden." (4: 85) On the authority of Abu Sa'id al-Khudri, (ra) said: I heard the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu 'alayhi wasallam, say: "When any one of you sees anything that is disapproved (of by Allah), let him change it with his hand. If he is not able to do so, then let him change it with his tongue. And if he is not able to do so, then let him change it with his heart, though that is the weakest (kind of) faith."(Muslim) Shaitaan being our declared and open enemy, we are exhorted through the Quran and Hadith to guard ourselves from evil. We are summoned not to engage in evil and not to encourage evil. We are encouraged to deal and exhort good. Evil sayings, deeds, concepts and thoughts will lead us to Jahannam. No. 39 Forgiveness "Show forgiveness, speak for justice and avoid the ignorant." (7: Verse 199) The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) reported that the devil said to God: "I shall continue to lead Thy servants astray as long as their spirits are in their bodies." And God replied: "(Then) I shall continue to pardon them as long as they ask My forgiveness." (AlTirmidhi, Hadith 742) Human beings always commit sins and act unjustly. It is in the practice of Islam to forgive the sins of others. However, it may happen that we are right. In whatever case, ask forgiveness first and in return Allah will forgive us for our past and present sin. We will always be helped by Allah. Past Papers Questions Syllabus 2056 11 What does Islam teach about (a) Forgiveness, [10] And (b) generosity? [10] In your answer, refer to any teachings of the Quran and Hadith you have studied. 12 (a) How did the early Muslims select sahih (very sound) Hadith? [10] (b) Why are the Hadith so important for Muslims today? [10] (2003) 11 What does Islam teach about (a) Love, [10] and (b) tolerance? [10] In your answer, refer to any teachings of the Quran and Hadith you have studied. Mr Pahary Page 103

Islamic Religion And Culture 12 (a) Name and briefly describe the four main types of Hadith. [10] (b) Why do Muslims need the Hadith? [10] (2004)

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10 (a) What are the teachings in the set Hadith on tolerance, evil and forgiveness? [10] (b) Suggest three present-day situations in which Muslims could apply these teachings. [10] 12 (a) Describe the day in which the Quran was first revealed to Muhammad. [10] (b) If Muslims have the Quran, why do they need the Hadith? [10] (2005) 12 (a) Describe two ways in which the Hadith of the Prophet affect the daily life of Muslims. [10] (b) Referring to the Hadith you have learnt, discuss the concept of tolerance in Islam. [10] (2006) 11 (a) What were the rules followed for selecting authentic Hadith? [10] (b) How does the sunnah help Muslims to understand their faith and to lead a better life? [10] (2007) 12 (a) In the Hadith you have studied, what did the Prophet say about: (i) being generous, and (ii) being tolerant? [10] (b) Explain why knowledge of the Hadith is important for Muslims. [10] (2008) 12 (a) What principles were used to classify the Hadith as being sahih, hasan, daif and mauzu?[10] (b) Hadith 13 is on the concept of brotherly love. How could Muslims put its teachings into practice in their own lives? [10] (2009) 12 (a) How did Muslims classify Hadith into sahih, hasan, daif and mauzu? [10] (b) How would you apply the teaching of the Hadith on generosity in your life? [10] (2010)

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