JIR 10.a C4 OSPF

Junos Intermediate Routing
Chapter 4: Open Shortest Path First
2010 Juniper Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. | www.juniper.net | Worldwide Education Services
Chapter Objectives
After successfully completing this chapter, you will be able to:
Explain the operations of OSPF Describe the role of the designated router List and describe OSPF area types Configure, monitor, and troubleshoot OSPF
2010 Juniper Networks, Inc. All rights reserved.
Worldwide Education Services
www.juniper.net | 4-
Agenda: OSPF
Overview of OSPF Adjacency Formation and the DR Election OSPF Scalability Configuring and Monitoring OSPF Basic OSPF Troubleshooting
An Overview of OSPF
OSPF is a link-state IGP used within an AS OSPF floods link-state advertisements
OSPF routers use the received LSAs to create a complete database of the network OSPF uses the shortest-path-first algorithm to calculate the best path to each destination network
OSPF
ISP X
AS 64512
AS 64587
The Link-State Database

All OSPF routers maintain a copy of the database
Database contents consist of information learned through LSAs and must match on all routers within an area SPF algorithm uses the contents of the link-state database as input data to calculate network paths
R2 R1 OSPF Area 0 R3 R4
OSPF Packet Types

The five OSPF packet types include:
Type 1 Hello Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Link-State Acknowledgment
Database Link-State LinkDescription Request State Update
Link-state advertisements are flooded reliably using link-state requests, link-state updates, and link-state acknowledgments.
R1
Link-State Request Link-State Update Link-State Acknowledgment
R2
Hello Packet
Type 1 Hello Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Link-State Acknowledgment Database Link-State LinkDescription Request State Update
Multicast hello packets are used to establish and maintain OSPF neighbor relationships
Sent to 224.0.0.5all OSPF routers address Consist of the OSPF header plus the following fields:
Network mask* Router priority Hello interval* Designated router Dead interval* Backup designated router Options* Neighbor
* Fields that must match to form an adjacency over a broadcast medium; a matching network mask is not required for point-to-point links
Database Description Packet

Database description packets are exchanged during adjacency formation to determine which router is in charge of the database exchange
Describe the contents of the link-state database and consist of the OSPF header, a sequence number, and LSA headers
Link-State Request Packet

Link-state request packets are sent by an OSPF router when that router detects its database is stale
Used to request precise version of database and consist of the OSPF header, link-state type, link-state ID, and advertising router
R1
R2
Link-State Update Packet

Link-state update packets are the basic information block in OSPF and can carry multiple LSAs
Transmitted using multicast to either the all OSPF routers address (224.0.0.5) or the all DRs address (224.0.0.6), and consist of the OSPF header, number of advertisements, and LSAs
R1 R2
Link-State Acknowledgment Packet

Link-state acknowledgment packets are received in response to link-state update packets

A single acknowledgment packet can include responses to multiple update packets and consist of the OSPF header and the LSA header
R1
R2
Agenda: OSPF
Adjacency Formation
R1
Down 2Way ExStart Exchange
Hello (DR=0, Seen = 0) Hello (DR=RT2, Seen = RT1) Hello (DR=RT2, Seen = RT2) DD (Seq=x, Master) DD (Seq=y, Master) DD (Seq=y, Slave) DD (Seq=y+1, Master) DD (Seq=y+1, Slave)
R2
Down Init 2Way ExStart Exchange
Loading
Full
DD (Seq=y+n, Master) DD (Seq=y+n, Slave) LS Request LS Update LS Request LS Update
Full
Adjacency Optimization (1 of 2)
By default, OSPF attempts to form adjacencies with all neighbors discovered on all interfaces
On a broadcast media like Ethernet, this approach is suboptimal because it would require a full mesh of adjacencies
Adjacencies
Adjacency Optimization (2 of 2)
OSPF elects a DR to represent the segment
Minimizes OSPF processes and reduces traffic on segment A BDR is also elected to recover if the DR fails
DR
BDR DR
OSPF adjacencies are only formed with the DR and BDR.
DR
DROther
DROther
DROther
Electing the Designated Router

Every OSPF router has a DR election priority
Priority range is 0255 (default is 128) If two routers share the highest priority, the router with the highest RID is elected The election of a DR is a nondeterministic event
An existing DR will not be replaced The first router on the segment within 40 seconds wins
DR Priority: 255 RID: 192.168.100.10 DR
BDR DR Priority: 128 RID: 192.168.100.100
OSPF Neighbors Versus Adjacencies

R1 (RID: 1.1.1.1) DR R2 (RID: 1.1.1.2) BDR
Adjacencies
DROther R3 (RID: 1.1.1.3) user@R1> show ospf neighbor Address Interface 172.25.0.4 ge-0/0/1.0 172.25.0.3 ge-0/0/1.0 172.25.0.2 ge-0/0/1.0 user@R4> show ospf neighbor Address Interface 172.25.0.1 ge-0/0/1.0 172.25.0.2 ge-0/0/1.0 172.25.0.3 ge-0/0/1.0
2-way
DROther R4 (RID: 1.1.1.4)
State Full Full Full State Full Full 2Way
ID 1.1.1.4 1.1.1.3 1.1.1.2 ID 1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2 1.1.1.3
Pri 128 128 254 Pri 255 254 128
Dead 33 38 38 Dead 37 35 34
Agenda: OSPF
Scaling an OSPF Network

Problem: As OSPF networks grow, so does the size of the link-state database, which can overload resources
Area 0
Solution: Implement OSPF areas to shrink the size of the link-state database
Area 0
Area 1
Area 0
Area 2 Area 1 Area 0 Area 2
OSPF Areas
AS 65415
Area 0.0.0.0 serves as backbone area and distributes routing information between attached areas.
Areas
Area 0.0.0.1
Area 0.0.0.0
Area 0.0.0.2
An AS can be divided into smaller groups called areas LSA flooding can be constrained to an area, which effectively reduces the size of the link-state database All routers maintain an identical copy of the link-state database on a per-area basis
OSPF Routers
Area border routers (ABRs) belong to Area 0.0.0.0 and an attached area. Backbone routers have at least one link in OSPF Area 0.0.0.0
AS 65415
Area 0.0.0.1
Area 0.0.0.0
Area 0.0.0.2
ASBRs inject routing information from outside the OSPF domain.

Internal routers have all OSPF links in the same area.
OSPF Area Types

Intra-Area Routes Special stub area that allows external routes to be advertised from the area but not received from another area Interarea Routes (Summary Routes) Not-So-Stubby Area Backbone (0.0.0.0) RIP External Routes BGP Default Route Stub Area Does not carry external routes and cannot contain ASBRs
Stub area that receives only a default route from the backbone Totally Stubby Area
Overview of the LSA Packet Types

Router Links Type 1 Network Links Type 2
Describe the state and cost of the routers links (interfaces) to the area (Intra-area).
Originated for multi-access segments with more than one attached router. Describe all routers attached to the specific segment. Originated by a designated router (DR).
Summary Links Type 3 and Type 4
External Links Type 5
NSSA External Links Type 7 NSSA
ABR
Originated by ABRs. Describe networks in the AS but outside of area (Inter-area). Also describe the location of the ASBR.
ASBR
Originated by an ASBR. Describe external destination prefixes or a default route.
ASBR
Used by not-so-stubby areas to import external routes into a stub area.
Test Your Knowledge

Which of the recently discussed LSAs would you expect to find in each of the listed areas?
Stub Area
Not-So-Stubby Area Backbone (0.0.0.0) RIP BGP
Totally Stubby Area
Agenda: OSPF
Junos OS OSPF Support

The Junos OS supports OSPF version 2 and version 3, as well as a number of supporting features, such as:
Stub, not-so-stubby, and totally stubby areas Authentication Summarization External prefix limits Graceful restart Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
Conguring OSPF
[edit protocols] user@R1# show ospf { area <area-id> { <area options>; interface <interface-name> { <interface options>; } } } ospf3 { area <area-id> { <area options>; interface <interface-name> { <interface options>; } } }
Used for IPv4 routing environments
Used for IPv4 or IPv6 routing environments
The Router ID
OSPF uses the RID to identify the router from which a packet originated
You can manually define the RID under the [edit routing-options] hierarchy
[edit routing-options] user@R1# show router-id 192.168.100.1;
The RID is a 32-bit number in dotted quad notation.
If you do not configure a RID, a non-127/8 IP address of the first interface to come online is used (typically lo0) If lo0 does not have a suitable address, the IP address associated with first hardware interface is used
Note: We strongly recommend that you configure a RID to avoid unpredictable behavior if the interface addresses are changed.
Case Study: Topology and Objectives

Use the following topology as a guide to implement OSPF
On R1, redistribute the 172.18.1.0/24 network and ensure that it is installed as an external OSPF route Use metrics to ensure that the path using the ge-0/0/1 interfaces within the backbone area is preferred
Area 0.0.0.0
ge-0/0/1 ge-0/0/2
Area 0.0.0.1
ge-0/0/1 ge-1/0/0 ge-0/0/3
172.26.2.0/30
Area 0.0.0.2
ge-0/0/1 ge-0/0/2 ge-0/0/3 ge-1/0/1
172.18.1.0/24
172.26.1.0/30
172.26.3.0/30
172.26.4.0/30 R4 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.4
R1 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.1
R2 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.2
R3 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.3
Case Study: Conguring OSPF

[edit protocols] user@R1# show ASBR (Policy is defined ospf { and applied on the next area 0.0.0.1 { slide.) interface ge-1/0/0.0; interface lo0.0; } } [edit protocols] user@R4# show ospf { area 0.0.0.2 { interface ge-1/0/1.0; interface lo0.0; } }
[edit protocols] [edit protocols] user@R3# show user@R2# show ABRs ospf { ospf { area 0.0.0.0 { area 0.0.0.0 { interface ge-0/0/1.0; interface ge-0/0/1.0; interface ge-0/0/2.0 { interface ge-0/0/2.0 { metric 100; metric 100; Increased metric } } for secondary interface lo0.0; interface lo0.0; path } } area 0.0.0.2 { area 0.0.0.1 { interface ge-0/0/3.0; interface ge-0/0/3.0; } } } }
Case Study: Redistributing the Route

[edit policy-options] user@R1# show policy-statement 2ospf { Redistribution policy is defined under term match-direct-route { [edit policy-options] hierarchy. from { protocol direct; route-filter 172.18.1.0/24 exact; } then accept; } } [edit protocols] user@R1# show ospf { export 2ospf; area 0.0.0.1 { interface ge-1/0/0.0; interface lo0.0; } }
Redistribution policy is applied under [edit protocols ospf] hierarchy.
Test Your Knowledge

What configuration option allows R1 to inject the 172.18.1.0/24 prefix into OSPF as an internal OSPF route while prohibiting adjacency formation?
[edit protocols] user@R1# set ospf area 1 interface ge-0/0/1.0 passive Include the passive option for the interface
Area 0.0.0.1
ge-0/0/1 ge-1/0/0 ge-0/0/3 ge-0/0/1 ge-0/0/2
Area 0.0.0.0
172.26.2.0/30
ge-0/0/1 ge-0/0/2
Area 0.0.0.2
ge-0/0/3 ge-1/0/1
172.18.1.0/24
172.26.1.0/30
172.26.3.0/30
172.26.4.0/30 R4 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.4
R1 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.1
R2 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.2
R3 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.3
Case Study: Monitoring OSPF (1 of 2)

Use the show ospf neighbor command to display OSPF adjacency information
user@R2> show ospf neighbor Address Interface 172.26.2.2 ge-0/0/1.0 172.26.3.2 ge-0/0/2.0 172.26.1.1 ge-0/0/3.0 State Full Full Full ID 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.1 Pri 128 128 128 Dead 39 36 34
Area 0.0.0.1
ge-0/0/1 ge-1/0/0 ge-0/0/3 ge-0/0/1 ge-0/0/2
Area 0.0.0.0
172.26.2.0/30
ge-0/0/1 ge-0/0/2
Area 0.0.0.2
ge-0/0/3 ge-1/0/1
172.18.1.0/24
172.26.1.0/30
172.26.3.0/30
172.26.4.0/30 R4 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.4
R1 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.1
R2 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.2
R3 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.3
Case Study: Monitoring OSPF (2 of 2)

Use show route commands to verify route entries and their selected paths
External prefix injected by R1 inet.0: 13 destinations, 13 routes (13 active, 0 holddown, 0 hidden) + = Active Route, - = Last Active, * = Both user@R2> show route 172.18.1.0/24 172.18.1.0/24 *[OSPF/150] 02:37:46, metric 0, tag 0 > to 172.26.1.1 via ge-0/0/3.0
Remote subnet connecting R3 and R4 is reachable through desired path. inet.0: 13 destinations, 13 routes (13 active, 0 holddown, 0 hidden) + = Active Route, - = Last Active, * = Both user@R2> show route 172.26.4.0/30 172.26.4.0/30 *[OSPF/10] 02:24:29, metric 2 > to 172.26.2.2 via ge-0/0/1.0
Other Key Monitoring Commands

Additional show commands exist to provide detailed information on the operation of OSPF:
show show show show show ospf ospf ospf ospf ospf interface route database statistics log
Displaying OSPF Interface Parameters

Use the show ospf interface command to display OSPF interface parameters
user@R2> show ospf interface Interface State Area ge-0/0/1.0 BDR 0.0.0.0 ge-0/0/2.0 DR 0.0.0.0 lo0.0 DR 0.0.0.0 ge-0/0/3.0 DR 0.0.0.1 DR ID 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.2 BDR ID 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 Nbrs 1 1 0 1
Area 0.0.0.1
ge-0/0/1 ge-1/0/0 ge-0/0/3 ge-0/0/1 ge-0/0/2
Area 0.0.0.0
172.26.2.0/30
ge-0/0/1 ge-0/0/2
172.18.1.0/24
172.26.1.0/30
172.26.3.0/30
R1 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.1
R2 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.2
R3 - lo0/RID: 192.168.1.3
Displaying OSPF Route Information

Use the show ospf route command to display routes learned from, and advertised to, OSPF
user@R2> show ospf route Topology default Route Table: Prefix 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.3 172.18.1.0/24 172.26.1.0/30 172.26.2.0/30 172.26.3.0/30 172.26.4.0/30 192.168.1.1/32 192.168.1.2/32 192.168.1.3/32 192.168.1.4/32 Path Type Intra Intra Ext2 Intra Intra Intra Inter Intra Intra Intra Inter Route Type AS BR Area BR Network Network Network Network Network Network Network Network Network NH Metric Type IP 1 IP 1 IP 0 IP 1 IP 1 IP 100 IP 2 IP 1 IP 0 IP 1 IP 2 NextHop Interface ge-0/0/3.0 ge-0/0/1.0 ge-0/0/3.0 ge-0/0/3.0 ge-0/0/1.0 ge-0/0/2.0 ge-0/0/1.0 ge-0/0/3.0 lo0.0 ge-0/0/1.0 ge-0/0/1.0 Nexthop addr/label 172.26.1.1 172.26.2.2 172.26.1.1
172.26.2.2 172.26.1.1 172.26.2.2 172.26.2.2
External prefix injected by R1

Metric for ge-0/0/2.0 interface was modified in earlier configuration example.

Displaying the OSPF Link-State Database

Use the show ospf database commands to view the OSPF link-state database
user@R2> show ospf database OSPF database, Area 0.0.0.0 Type ID Adv Rtr Router *192.168.1.2 192.168.1.2 Router 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.3 Network 172.26.2.2 192.168.1.3 Network 172.26.3.2 192.168.1.3 Summary *172.26.1.0 192.168.1.2 Summary 172.26.4.0 192.168.1.3 Summary *192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 Summary 192.168.1.4 192.168.1.3 ASBRSum *192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 OSPF Type Router OSPF Type Extern database, Area 0.0.0.1 ID Adv Rtr 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1 AS SCOPE link state database ID Adv Rtr 172.18.1.0 192.168.1.1 ABRs maintain a separate database for each OSPF area to which they are attached. Seq 0x8000000c 0x80000023 0x80000005 0x80000005 0x80000007 0x80000025 0x80000006 0x8000001a 0x80000007 Seq 0x80000007 Seq 0x80000005
Age 1387 1249 2049 2449 2541 2249 1618 1649 2310 Age 56 Age 96
Opt 0x22 0x22 0x22 0x22 0x22 0x22 0x22 0x22 0x22
Cksum Len 0x84ae 60 0x545e 60 0x43e3 32 0x38ed 32 0x4db7 28 0xe9f8 28 0xa3bb 28 0x57ef 28 0x93c9 28
Opt Cksum Len 0x22 0x82c3 48 Opt Cksum Len 0x22 0x374c 36
Displaying OSPF SPF-Related Information

Use the show ospf log command to display OSPF SPF-related information
user@R2> show ospf log Last instance of each event type When Type Elapsed 04:28:24 SPF 0.000074 04:28:24 Stub 0.000030 04:28:24 Interarea 0.000042 04:28:24 External 0.000016 04:28:24 NSSA 0.000003 04:28:24 Cleanup 0.000049 Maximum length of each event type When Type Elapsed 20:09:11 SPF 0.000110 Last 100 events When Type 16:38:21 NSSA
Elapsed 0.000003
Displaying OSPF Statistics

Use the show ospf statistics command to view OSPF statistics
user@R2> show ospf statistics Packet type Hello DbD LSReq LSUpdate LSAck DBDs LSAs LSAs LSAs LSAs LSAs LSAs Sent 52 9 2 46 37 Total Received 17 7 2 45 33 Last 5 seconds Sent Received 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0, 40, 10, 0, 8, 2, 39, last last last last last last last 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 seconds seconds seconds seconds seconds seconds seconds : : : : : : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
retransmitted : flooded : flooded high-prio : retransmitted : transmitted to nbr: requested : acknowledged :
Agenda: OSPF
OSPF Troubleshooting Tool Kit

Primary troubleshooting tools for OSPF include traceoptions and CLI show commands
Protocol traceoptions
CLI show commands
Common Adjacency Problems

Adjacency problems and checklist items include:
Problem
No neighbor detected
Checklist
Check physical and data link layer connectivity Check for mismatched IP subnet/mask, area number, area type, authentication, hello/dead interval, or network type Check MTU settings to ensure that they match Normal for DR-Other neighbor
Stuck in ExStart state Stuck in 2-way state
Using Traceoptions
Use traceoptions to identify adjacency formation issues; a sample configuration is shown:
[edit protocols] user@R1# show ospf { traceoptions { file trace-ospf; flag error detail; flag event detail; } area 0.0.0.0 { interface ge-1/0/0.0; interface lo0.0; } }
User-defined file-name and flag options. Include the detail option to generate additional details in the associated log file.
Area 0.0.0.0
ge-1/0/0 ge-0/0/3
R1 - lo0: 192.168.1.1
.1
172.26.1.0/30
.2
R2 - lo0: 192.168.1.2
Displaying the Log File Contents

Use the show log file-name command to display the contents of the traceoptions log file
user@R1> show log trace-ospf Oct 13 09:05:51.748087 OSPF packet ignored: area mismatch (0.0.0.1) from 172.26.1.2 on intf ge-1/0/0.0 area 0.0.0.0 Oct 13 09:05:51.748208 OSPF rcvd Hello 172.26.1.2 -> 224.0.0.5 (ge-1/0/0.0 IFL 73 area 0.0.0.0) Oct 13 09:05:51.748237 Version 2, length 44, ID 192.168.1.1, area 0.0.0.1 Oct 13 09:05:51.748250 checksum 0x8c5c, authtype 0 Oct 13 09:05:51.748264 mask 255.255.255.252, hello_ivl 10, opts 0x2, prio 128 Oct 13 09:05:51.748281 dead_ivl 40, DR 172.26.1.2, BDR 0.0.0.0 According to the log file, R2 has the wrong OSPF area configured.
ge-0/0/3
Area 0.0.0.0
R1 - lo0: 192.168.1.1
ge-1/0/0
.1
172.26.1.0/30
.2
R2 - lo0: 192.168.1.2
Viewing OSPF Error Counters

Use the show ospf statistics command to view OSPF errors
user@R1> show ospf statistics Receive errors: 410 area mismatches 17 mtu mismatches 81 Hellos received with our router ID
Use clear ospf statistics to refresh counters

user@R1> clear ospf statistics
Summary
In this chapter, we:
Explained the operations of OSPF Described the role of the designated router Listed and described OSPF area types Configured, monitored, and troubleshot OSPF
Review Questions
1. What is the purpose of OSPF LSAs? 2. What benefits can exist by segmenting a large singlearea OSPF environment into multiple areas? 3. What is the difference between an ABR and an ASBR? 4. List some common OSPF area types and their functional considerations.
Lab 3: Open Shortest Path First

Configure and monitor OSPF.

JIR 10.a C4 OSPF

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Junos Intermediate Routing

Chapter 4: Open Shortest Path First

2010 Juniper Networks, Inc. All rights reserved.

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The Link-State Database

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OSPF Packet Types

Database Link-State LinkDescription Request State Update

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Database Description Packet

Database Link-State LinkDescription Request State Update

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Link-State Request Packet

Database Link-State LinkDescription Request State Update

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Link-State Update Packet

Database Link-State LinkDescription Request State Update

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Link-State Acknowledgment Packet

Link-state acknowledgment packets are received in response to link-state update packets

Database Link-State LinkDescription Request State Update

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DD (Seq=y+n, Master) DD (Seq=y+n, Slave) LS Request LS Update LS Request LS Update

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OSPF adjacencies are only formed with the DR and BDR.

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Electing the Designated Router

DR Priority: 255 RID: 192.168.100.10 DR

BDR DR Priority: 128 RID: 192.168.100.100

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OSPF Neighbors Versus Adjacencies

DROther R4 (RID: 1.1.1.4)

State Full Full Full State Full Full 2Way

ID 1.1.1.4 1.1.1.3 1.1.1.2 ID 1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2 1.1.1.3

Pri 128 128 254 Pri 255 254 128

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Scaling an OSPF Network

Area 2 Area 1 Area 0 Area 2

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ASBRs inject routing information from outside the OSPF domain.

Internal routers have all OSPF links in the same area.

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OSPF Area Types

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Overview of the LSA Packet Types

Summary Links Type 3 and Type 4