The Black Death

As the Black Death, the great European pandemic known from 1347 to 1353, an estimated 25 million deaths - demanded - a third of the then European population.The
trigger was a variant of Yersinia pestis plague Reger. [1] [2] These previously represented by the dominant part of the theory of the scientific community has been questioned due to historical and medical evidence. That still plague the word is often used synonymously with the Black Death, is derived from the Latin word for pestis plague, not by pathogens. The pandemic broke out first according to current knowledge in Asia and came via the trade routes of Europe. Messina took the sailors dragged the epidemic began.Some areas were depopulated, while other regions safe from the disease or were affected only slightly. In Florence, survived only a fifth of the citizens of the disease.For the territory of modern Germany is estimated that one in ten inhabitants of the Black Death killed as a result. Hamburg, Cologne and Bremen, who went to the cities in which a large proportion of the population died. Much less, however, the number of deaths in East Germany. The social impact of the Black Death goes a long way: Jews were quick to suspect that caused the poisoning and poisoning of wells by the epidemic. This led to many parts of Europe to the Jewish pogroms and local extinction of the Jewish communities. Even when secular or spiritual leaders tried to prevent it was his loss of authority of the social upheaval following the epidemic is so high that it often unsuccessful. Missing point of the assignment, underweight, poor / lack of individual documents, the lack of main views, the lack of research in history (the debate is not new) Since the discovery of the bacterium Yersinia pestis in the late 19 century is the prevailing view is known as a pathogen responsible for the pandemic of death as a black man. This is supported by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, the properties, which include a very high potential for infection, the symptoms associated with infection and detection of Yersinia DNA in human dental pulp or the skeleton of the eighth and 14th Century. [3] 2010 An international group of researchers reported they could from the medieval tombs in Europe and Asia to isolate several genetic variants of Yersinia pestis.Los researchers concluded that different genetic variants of the Black Plague bacteria were responsible. The spread is made by China in the Red Sea to Europe. [4] [5] Other scientists point out, however, that the Yersinia pestis caused by the disease untreated for far from being achieved, the mortality rate, which attribute the origin of medieval plague. As an argument against Yersinia pestis as the cause of the Black Death also mentioned that neither the one nor the rapid propagation velocity of the story describes the symptoms consistent with those obtained from the bubonic plague that is expected. The traditions say that the travelers of the disease from village to village and from city to city, the evidence gathered over direct transmission from person to person as the distribution by rat fleas. [6] Therefore, jumps from the European rat flea (Nosopsyllus fasciatus) are very reluctant human blood and human rights rat flea underestimated India (Xenopsylla cheopis) has proven out until long after the arrival the Black Death in Europe. Also missing from descriptions currently an epidemic of domestic rats odds, as in the 19 Century in Beulenpestausbrchen ever recorded in Asia. A group of researchers from the University of Marseille by Didier Raoult, director of the Department of Clinical Microbiology, he argues, the body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis), the plague bacteria nearly two weeks stays in the blood and the pathogen eliminates long their droppings, is a crucial factor in the transmission have been. Already in 1665 showed that the Dutch Dr. Van Isbrand Diemerbroeck the disease could be transmitted through infected clothing. Not only

the rats and the human need to make changes to fleas, but also the people traveling with body lice plague in their clothes were not that transmission can infect other people away from the regions affected by the plague. However, this transmission route of bubonic plague in modern times only very limited local outbreaks, as occurred in Peru. [7] This theory can, therefore, the rate of spread of plague in the Middle Ages does not explain much better. That is only 20 meters weeks propagation velocity estimated transmission rat to rat, therefore, should not be considered as a limiting factor, but the cruising speed of humans. This also explains overcoming a distance of 3700 km from Naples to Tromso in three years during the last major epidemic of the Middle Ages. Also derived from medieval chronic incubation of three to four weeks, is not typical of bubonic plague. [7] Apart from Yersinia pestis, smallpox, typhus, cholera and typhoid are discussed as a trigger of the pandemic. In addition, other diseases like Anthrax are discussed as the cause of mass extinctions, many, as the propagation speed and the route of infection, however, speak of a hemorrhagic fever as a trigger, a group of viral diseases, the most famous of the Ebola virus. An argument against Yersinia pestis offers a CCR5 gene mutation in humans, in the 32 base pairs are not present. This mutation called CCR532 (CCR5-Delta32) is found in approximately ten percent of the population of Europe, close but could not be in Asia or East Africa. [8] Mathematical models for the spread of this mutation to a selection pressure of about 700 years, the time the Black Death in Europe. Recent studies indicate that a much older age for the original mutation and the selection effect. A statement on the selection factor is therefore almost impossible. This mutation could have been an advantage for genetic survival of pathogens, but offers no protection against Yersinia pestis. The most likely in this day, smallpox, the previous selection. [9]

In October 2011 an international group of researchers from the U.S., UK, Canada and Germany, published in the journal Nature that I was able to decipher the complete genetic makeup of the Reger of pests such as the Black Death lasted about the year 1350 in Europe. This was in a London cemetery of skeletons isolated bacteria Yersinia pestis as the causative agent of plague in doubt, the 14th century have been identified. [10] The researchers conducted other experts who have agreed to date other pathogens may be responsible for the Black Death. The existing related to the next plague bacteria varies scientists in the only structure in the twelve points of the 14 th century and bacteria of the day so produced is very similar. [11] Term "Black Death" []

Extract of the woodcut "Totentanz" (Hans Holbein the Younger). Holbein made it clear that the Black Death know neither the state nor the school. The term "Black Death" was not used in the Middle Ages by the pandemic - chroniclers of the time spoke of the "big death" or the "great plague." Danish and Swedish Writers Century 16 used the term "black" as a name for the outbreak of the pandemic in 1347, in order to emphasize the terrible, horrible disease. Black is not used here in terms of color, but as an expression of a particularly horrible or depressing, sad experience. The German physician Justus Friedrich Karl Hecker picked that name again in 1832. Impressed by the growing epidemic of cholera only publication was Black Death in the fourteenth century on the 1347-1353 pandemic, a lot of attention. It was translated into English in 1833 and beyond, reprinted several times. The terms "Black Death" or "Black Death" is so naturalized especially in developing countries-and German-speaking English to refer to the pandemic of the 14th century. Europe before the outbreak of the disease [] There are many factors that led to the population initially sparsely populated in Europe

quadrupled between 900 and 1300th This coincided with the recovery of land and the emergence of many new cities, such as the growth of cities along the old. The most developed areas of Europe were in southern England, northern France in the valleys of the Seine and the Loire, including Paris and the surrounding German Rhine Valley, the Hanseatic cities of the North, in Flanders and the Netherlands and northern Italy from the Po valley to Rome. This central area was populated much stronger than the rest of Europe, and in these areas were also the largest cities. European society before 1300 were very well equipped universities built impressive Gothic cathedrals, and experienced a boom in art and literature.Between 1214 and 1296, especially in Western Europe is no more war hindered the progress of society.

Black Death part 2

While theology and philosophy at the universities playing major roles, the focus of Natural Sciences has received little. The little chemical knowledge that he had found only in the use of alchemy, what is known about astrology and astronomy was Wahrsagunggenutzt. In particular, knowledge of medicine has developed very little.They did not understand the cause of disease and had not idea of appropriate countermeasures. As Norman Cantor said that medieval society was predominantly non-medical response to the devastating effects of a pandemic - prayer and penance, quarantining the sick, the healthy and away from the search for scapegoats. Events of special importance since before the outbreak of the Black Death. From 1290 there was a large part of Europe to prolonged starvation. Studies on the evolution of prices of wheat in Norfolk suggests that there were nineteen years 1290-1348 in which the wheat was scarce. Similar studies for the French Languedoc as a result of twenty years with food shortages during the period of 1302 1348th 1314-1317 were years of famine in northern Europe. In the years 1346 and 1347 there was a famine in southern and northern Europe. Already in 1339 and 1340, epidemics occurred in the Italian cities, which led to a significant increase in mortality. Sources indicate that mainly deals with this disease to intestinal infections.Outbreak of the pandemic in Asia and spread to Europe []Apparently, the first outbreak, and only in Europe from the plague before the Black Plague of Justinian was the emperor at the time of Justinian (527-565), which is considered the largest ancient plague Europa.Rompi 541 first from the East and spread very rapidly throughout the Mediterranean. [12] The detailed descriptions of research historian Procopius dessptantiken usually assumed that it is precisely in this condition corresponded to the bubonic plague, which may be related to other diseases occurred. She came to about 770 in about twelve years of rhythm in appearance and according to some historians had far reaching consequences, since it was caused by the decrease in population in the Middle East and the Mediterranean as a geopolitical power vacuum had contributed significantly to the expansion of Islam. These relationships are very controversial, especially as can the actual consequences of the plague of Justinian estimate. Of 632 feet of Bab al-Mandeb, the strait about 27 km wide and the only natural compound of the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean, under Muslim rule, which made direct contact between the Christian world of the Mediterranean and Asia. [13] However, the issue remains unresolved, the plague estimated 770 - seem to have disappeared at the same time for nearly six centuries of Europe - which is 230 years after its first outbreak, and 140 years after the start of the Islamic expansion. Better than your demise, you can probably explain his comeback: According to a hypothesis of

the author William Bernstein led the invasion of the Mongols in the late 13 century, a new era of enhanced direct trade links between Europe and Asia, through which the Plague bacteria are found mainly in wild rodent populations in Asia, could be reintroduced to Europe. [14] 1338 or 1339 the plague arrived in the Christian community of the Assyrian Church of Lake Yssykkl in what is now Kyrgyzstan. 1345 The first people who became ill at Sarai on the lower Volga and the Crimea, in 1346 the inhabitants of Astrakhan affected first. That same year, the disease reached the limits of contemporary Europe: The Golden Horde besieged the city held by the Genoese port Kaffa (now Feodosia) in the Crimean peninsula - with his entourage, the disease came from the walls of the city. It has been reported that the deaths from diseases linked to its besiegers catapults and threw the city. The people of Kaffa should have thrown the bodies into the sea immediately. From today's perspective, it is possible that the disease to the inhabitants of Kaffa, came to a transmission of the pathogen, but also come for the rats. With the advance of the pandemic, the disease reached Kaffa in the most remote sales network of the Genoese, which covered the entire Mediterranean coast. Run from Ships, the disease occurred in 1347 in Constantinople, Cairo and Messina in Sicily. It spread over the next four years, first in the lake, and then through the overland route through Europe. She took in two main ways: After a short time arrived in the region of Languedoc, Montpellier, CarcassonneWith the

boats, the crew was infected, the disease came from Genoa to Marseilles, where the epidemic was followed by the Rhone River in the north. in August 1348 and also
Bordeaux, Avignon and Aix, where he remained for seven months. Avignon was the papal residence time and one of the major European cities. March 1348 had already arrived in Toulouse and Paris in May. [15] From there, the plague came through the Brenner pass in Austria.The second wave of expansion came from Venice. About the Black Death arrived in Tyrol, Carinthia, Styria and Vienna after previously achieved. Vienna was the only city in which every death received the last sacraments, suggesting that it is better in Vienna than in other cities were able to maintain social order in the face of the epidemic erupted. In the area of modern Germany, in Norway (see the plague in Norway), Sweden and Ireland, the disease first appeared in the year 1349th To reduce the risk of infection of 1,347 ships were entering the disease is suspected, isolated for 40 days (quarantine, in French "une quarantine Jours de" = number of 40 days). The invention of this measure is attributed to Venice. The quarantine imposed and may have prevented the crew from the coast, which did not prevent the rats infected with the rope of the ship made landfall along, and thus contributed to the spread of the disease. Demographic and political impact of the Black Death []

Giovanni Boccaccio is probably the most important witness to the pandemic of 1347 to 1353rd experience has been processed in its literary collection of short stories Decameron. About the devastating impact of the epidemic in Florence, wrote: "This could be sure - especially in the morning - went through the city to see countless corpses lie. Then would come stretchers loaded or there was a lack of them, their dead in a bare board. It also happened that they took in a stretcher, two or three, not once but many times can tell you, exercising the same grave the bodies of husband and wife or two, and three brothers and his father and his son. " - Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron

Used literature: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic, http://blackdeathfacts.com/ and http://www.history.com/ this-day-in-history/avalanches-plague-central-europe