HD-EXP-STRESS-ANALYSIS-Chapter 3-Strain & Stress-Strain Relationships-August 2010

EXPERMENTAL STRESS ANALYSS
EAS 5406 / EAS4303 July-November 2010

(Analisis Tegasan Berujikaji)

Prof.Harijono Djojodihardjo, Sc.D.

Department oI Aerospace Engineering

Chapter 3

STRAIN AND STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS

1. DEFINITION OF DISPLACEMENT AND STRAIN

Figure 3: Combinations of displacements and strains. (a) Large displacements, rotations, and
strains., (b) Large displacements and rotations but small strains. (c) Small displacements,
rotations, and strains.

Under the influence of a system of external forces, any point in an elastic structure will
move. The movement of this arbitrary point in space can be represented by a vector
(usually small) known as dispIacement or dispIacement vector., which can be
resolved into their components u, v and w in the Cartesian coordinate system directions
x, y and z, respectively.

t should be noted, that in general the motion of any point in an elastic body subject to a
system of external forces and moments can be distinguished into two parts:
1. A translation and/ or rotation of the body as a whole rigid-body motion, which
can be large or small
2. The movement of the individual point (of fixed identity) of the body relative to
each other deformation, which is generally small, except for specialized
structure
Strain is a geometric quantity which depends on the relative movements of two or three
points in the body and is related to the deformation displacements.
Rigid body displacements will not be considered further, since they do not produce
strain.




Strain:
1. Normal strain: linear change in length of a line segment between two points
divided by the original length of the line segment
2. Shearing strain: angular change between two line segments which were
originally perpendicular
See Figure 1: Due to stress experienced by the body (structure), an arbitrary and
general corner point P of an elemental / infinitesimal cube within the body is displaced
through a distance u in the x direction, v in the y direction, and w in the z direction, to a
new location P*, Similarly, another corner point Q of the infinitesimal cube moves to
appoint Q* by amounts which differ from those at point P, i.e. u*,v* and w* in the x, y
and z direction, respectively. These displacements can be expressed in terms of
displacements u, v and w at P by means of Taylor-series expansion:

Fig. 1

u u u
u u x y :
x y :

= + A + A + A +

; ; ;
; ; x y :
x y :

= + A + A + A +

1

x y :
x y :

= + A + A + A +

:
v
Ay Ax
w
x
y
z
P
P`
Q
Az
Ay`
Ax`
Az`



To be meaningful, it is usually assumed that the cubical infinitesimal element is
sufficiently small so that higher order terms which contain (Ax)
2
, (Ax)
2
, (Ax)
2
, and higher
and higher order derivatives
2
u/x
2
, ..
2
v/y
2
, ...and
2
w/z
2
,.. Can be neglected,
so that the terms shown above are the only significant ones.

Under these conditions, planes will remain planes and straight lines will remain straight
lines in the deformed cube identified by P*Q*, which is a fundamental and bears
significant consequences in the linearized theoretical analysis.

The normal strain can be expressed in terms of the displacements experienced by
points at the ends of the line segment considered. f the line PQ is considered to be
originally oriented parallel to the x-axis, then y and z are constant along PQ if the
displacement for point P are u, v and w. Hence

u
u u x
x
= + A

;
; ; x
x
= + A

x
x
= + A

From the definition of normal strain:

xx
x x
x
s
A A
=
A
a
Or equivalently
)
xx
x x s A = + A b

Fig. 2
x
y
z
P Q
P
Q
Ax
Ax`
w
:
v
u
x
x
+
+ A

' '
;
x
x
x
x




As shown in Fig.2, the deformed length Ax' can be expressed in terms of the
displacement gradients as

)

u ;
x x x x
x x x
+ + +
A = + A + A + A

' ' ' ' ' ' |
c

Squaring (b) and substituting c gives

) ) )

xx
u u ;
x x
x x x x
s

+ + +
+ A = + + + + A

' ' ' ' ' '

|
d
or

xx
u u ;
x x x x
s
+ + +
= + + + +

' ' ' ' ' '
2a
Similarly

yy
; ; u
y y y y
s
+ + +
= + + + +

' ' ' ' ' '
2b

::
u ;
: : : :
s
+ + +
= + + + +

' ' ' ' ' '
2c

The shear-strain components can be related to displacements by considering the
changes in right angle experienced by the edges of the cube during deformation. See
Fig. 3.

Problem 1:
Rederive eq. 2 & 3




Fig.3

Consider the lines PQ and PR. The angle * between P*Q* and P*R* in the deformed
state can be expressed in terms of the displacement gradients, since the cosine of the
angle between any two intersecting lines in space is the sum of the pair-wise product in
the direction cosines of the lines

cos

u x u y ; y ; x x y
x x y y y y x x x x y y
+ + + A A A A A A + + +
= + + + +

A A A A A A
' ' ' ' ' ' | ' ' ' ' ' ' |
d

From the definition of shear strain

xy
x
= e
Which is the deformation of the original angle x/2 into the final deformed angle *.
Therefore
sin sin cos
xy
x

+
= =

' '
f
Substituting d into f and simplifying yields

:
:
;
y
y
+
+ A

' '

u
y
y

x
y
z
P Q
P
Q
Ax
Ax`
w
:
v
u
x
x
+
+ A

' '
;
x
x
x
x

R




sin

xy
u u ; ; x y
x y y x x y x y
+ + + A A +
= + + + +

A A
' '
' ' ' ' ' ' |
g

From b
)
xx
x x s A = + A and
)

yy
y y s A = + A b
therefore

) )
arcsin

xy
xx yy
u ; u u ; ;
y x x y x y x y
s s

+ + + +

|
=
+ +
3a
Similarly

) )
arcsin

y:
yy ::
; ; ; u u
: y y : y : y :
s s

+ + + +

|
=
+ +
3a

) )
arcsin

:x
:: xx
u u u ; ;
x : : x : x : x
s s

+ + + +

|
=
+ +
3a

- Equations 2a-c and 3a-c represent a common engineering description of strain in
terms of positions of points in the body before and after deformation.
- n the development of these equations, no limitations were imposed on the
magnitude of the strains, except that the higher order terms in the Taylor series
expansion for displacement were neglected.
- This restriction has the effect of limiting the length of the line segment (gage
length) used for strain determinations unless displacement gradients ( u/x,
u/y, ...) in the region of interest are essentially constant.
- f displacement gradients change rapidly with position in the region of interest,
very short gage lengths will be required for accurate strain measurements.

n many practical applications and engineering problems of interest, strains produced by
the applied loads are relatively very small, so that products and squares of
displacement gradients will be relatively of lower order of magnitude (much smaller) with
respect to the displacement gradients and from practical interest can be neglected.
With these assumptions, equ. 21-c and 3a-c reduce to the strain displacement
equations frequently utilized in the theory of elasticity, in fact follows directly from the
definition!!!.
The reduced form of strain-displacement equations are:

xx
u
x
s

=
4a



yy
;
y
s

=
4b

::
:
s

=
4c

xy
; u
x y

= +

4d

y:
;
y :

= +

4e

:x
u
: x

= +

4f

. STRAIN EQUATIONS OF TRANSFORMATION

Consider the normal strain in any arbitrary direction. By definition, the strain along PQ
after experiencing deformation to its end state P*Q* is given by

!"
! " !"
!"
s

= a

Fig.4

From geometrical considerations, see Fig 4,
:
v
Ay Ax
w
x
y
z
P
P
Q
Az
Ay`
Ax`
Az`
Q



) ) ) )

!" x y : = A + A + A b
) ) ) )

! " x y : = A + A + A c
n general, the component Ax* will have a different length than the component Ax
because of the deformation of the body in the x-direction. Hence

u u u
x x y :
x y :
+
A = + A + A + A

' '

; ; ;
y x y :
x y :
+
A = A + + A + A

' '
d

x x y :
x y :
+
A = A + A + + A

' '

Substitution of equs. d into c gives

) ) ) )

u ;
! " x y :
x y :
u ; ; u
x y y : : x
y x : y x :
+ + +
= + A + + A + + A

' ' ' '
' '
+ + +
+ + A A + + A A + + A A

' '
' ' ' '
e
Equ. A can be rewritten as

!"
! "
!"
s =
or

)
!"
! "
!"
s
+
+ =

' '
f
Substitution of b and e into f yields

)
) ) )
) ) )

!"
! "
!"
u ;
x y :
x y :
u ; ; u
x y y : : x
y x : y x :
x y :
s
+
+ =

' '
+ + +
+ A + + A + + A

' ' ' '
' '

+ + +
+ + A A + + A A + + A A

' '
' ' ' ' |
=
A + A + A




)
) ) )
) ) )
) ) )

!"
u ;
x y :
x y :
x y :
u ; ; u
x y y : : x
y x : y x :
x y :
s
+ + +
+ A + + A + + A

' ' ' '
' '
+ = +
A + A + A
+ + +
+ A A + + A A + + A A

' '
' ' ' '
+
A + A + A
g

Noting that

)
) ) )

cos( , )
x
x !"
x y :
A
=
A + A + A

)
) ) )

cos( , )
y
y !"
x y :
A
=
A + A + A
h

)
) ) )

cos( , )
:
: !"
x y :
A
=
A + A + A

Then after substitution of h into g, some algebra and rearrangement, one obtains

) ) ) )
) ) )
) ) )

cos , cos , cos ,
cos , cos , cos ,
cos , cos , cos ,
!"
x !" y !" : !"
u ;
x !" y !" : !"
x y :
u ; ; u
x !" y !" : !"
y x : y x :
s + = + +

+ + +

+ + +
+ + + + + +

' '
' ' ' '
i
The following relationship can be used to further simplify equ.

) )

!" !" !" !"
s s s s + = + + = +
since
)

!"
s =
also ) ) )

cos , cos , cos , x !" y !" : !" + + =
Hence, equ. (i) reduces to
) ) )
) ) ) )
) )

cos , cos , cos ,
cos , cos , cos , cos ,
cos , cos ,
!"
u ;
x !" y !" : !"
x y :
u ; ;
x !" y !" y !" : !"
y x : y
u
: !" x !"
x :
s

= + +

+ +
+ + + +

' ' ' '
+
+ +

' '
5a



The derivation of the shearing strain is more involved. Consider the angular change in
an arbitrary right angle formed by two line segments PQ
1
and PQ
2
.
The shearing strain
PQ1,PQ2
can be shown to be

) ) ) )
) )
) ) ) )
) ) ) )
) ) ) )

,

cos , cos ,
!" !" xx yy
::
xy
y:
:x
x !" x !" y !" y !"
: !" : !"
x !" y !" x !" y !"
y !" : !" y !" : !"
: !" x !" : !" x !"
s s
s
= +
+
+ +
|
+ +
|
+ +
|
5b

Equs. 4 and 5a-b can be used to determine the strain components:

) ) )
) ) ) ) ) )

cos , cos , cos ,
cos , cos , cos , cos , cos , cos ,
x x xx yy ::
xy y: :x
x x y x : x
x x y x y x : x : x x x
s s s s

= + +
+ + +
6a
) ) )
) ) ) ) ) )

cos , cos , cos ,
y y xx yy ::
xy y: :x
x y y y : y
x y y y y y : y : y x y
s s s s

= + +
+ + +
6b
) ) )
) ) ) ) ) )

cos , cos , cos ,
: : xx yy ::
xy y: :x
x : y : : :
x : y : y : : : : : x :
s s s s

= + +
+ + +
6c

By choosing PQ
1
parallel to x' and PQ
2
parallel to y', an expression for
x'y'
can be
obtained as follows

) ) ) )
) )
) ) ) )
) ) ) )
) ) ) )

cos , cos ,
x y xx yy
::
xy
y:
:x
x x x y y x y y
: x : y
x x y y x y y x
y x : y y y : x
: x x y : y x x
s s
s
= +
+
+ +
|
+ +
|
+ +
|
6d
Similarly,

) ) ) )
) )
) ) ) )
) ) ) )
) ) ) )

cos , cos ,
y : xx yy
::
xy
y:
:x
x y x : y y y :
: y : :
x y y : x : y y
y y : : y : : y
: y x : : : x y
s s
s
= +
+
+ +
|
+ +
|
+ +
|
6e



and

) ) ) )
) )
) ) ) )
) ) ) )
) ) ) )

cos , cos ,
x y xx yy
::
xy
y:
:x
x : x x y : y x
: : : x
x : y x x x y :
y : : x y x : :
: : x x : x x :
s s
s
= +
+
+ +
|
+ +
|
+ +
|
6f
1

Equatioins 6a-f are the strain equations of transformation and can be used to transform
the six Cartesian components of strain s
xx
, s
yy
, s
zz
,
xy
,
yz
,
zx
relative to the Oxyz
reference system to six other Cartesian components of strain relative to the Ox'y'z'
reference system.

These expressions are comparable with those for stress components, equ. 6a-f in
chapter 2.

xx xx xy xy
yy yy y: y:
:: :: :x :x
9 s t
9 s t
9 s t

(7)

1
These expressions are comparable with those for stress components, equ. 6a-f in chapter 2.




3. PRINCIPAL STRAINS

There is a logical relationship as well as similarity between stress and strain, as can be
observed from previous section. One may infer that there exist at most three distinct
principal strains along with their three associated directions. Substituting conversions
indicated by equ. (7) in previous section into equ. 7 of chapter 2, one obtains:

)

xy y:
:x
n xx yy :: n xx yy yy :: :: xx n
y: xy xy y: :x
:x
xx yy :: xx yy ::

s s s s s s s s s s s s

s s s s s s
+
+ + + + +

' '
+
+ +

' '

The roots of this cubic equation in s
n
give the principal strains.
Similar to the situations for stresses, there are three possibilities:

1. f s
1
. s
2
. and s
3
are distinct, then n
1
,n
2
and n
3
are unique and mutually
perpendicular.
2. f s
1
= s
2
= 9
3
, then are distinct, then n
1
,n
2
and n
3
are unique and mutually
perpendicular.
3. f s
1
= s
2
= s
3
, then a hydrostatic state on stress exists and every direction is a
principal

There are also three strain-invariants, which are analogous to the three stress-
invariants. Again, by substituting equ. 7 into equ. of chapter 2, there is obtained:

) )
xx yy :: x x y y : :
J s s s s s s = + + = + +

xy y:
:x
xx yy yy :: :: xx
x y y :
: x
x x y y y y : : : : x x
J

s s s s s s

s s s s s s
+
= + +

' '
+
= + +

' '
3.9

xx y: yy :x :: xy xy y: :x
xx yy ::
x x y : y y : x : : x y x y y :
x x y y : :
: x
J
s s s
s s s
s s s
s s s
+
= +

' '
+
= +

' '

t can be shown that other equations for stresses in Chapter 2 can be easily converted
to equations in terms of strains.



. COMPATIBILITY

One may tend to believe, that the three equations expressing the deformation
component u, v and w in the x, y and z direction, respectively, in the O-XYZ frame of
reference as given by equ. 4 will yield a unique situation. However, such situation alone
may imply an arbitrary strain field, even more, it may represent an impossible
displacement field, such as in which the body might contain voids after deformation.

To dwell into this matter further, one may start with the definition (which is also the first
order strain-displacement analysis) of shear strain, say

xy
; u
x y

= +

a
Differentiating
xy
once with respect to x and again with respect to y gives

xy
u ;
x y x y x y

= +

b
Noting that

xx
u
x y y
s
=

and

yy
;
x y x y
s
=

c & d
and substituting these into a, one obtains

xy yy
xx
x y y x
s
s

= +

e
which dictates one of the requirements for valid displacement field which logically
follows the strain-displacement relationship, which ensures that the body considered is
simply connected (no void). By the same token, similar operations for
y:
and
:x
yield:.

y: yy
::
y : : y
s
s

= +

f
and

:x xx ::
: x x :
s s
= +

g

Equs. e, f and g comprise three out of six equations known as compatibiIity reIations,
to be derived subsequently.
Equs c, e, f and g can be further combined to give a convenient relationship between
xx
s and
xy
,
y:
, and
:x
. For this purpose, use the following relationship
) ( ) ( ) ( ) . 0 1 = +
and get



xy y:
xx :x
y : x : x y

s
+
= + +

' '
h
By similar mathematical operations, one will get

yy y: xy
:x
: x y x y :
s
+
= + +

' '
i

xy y:
:x ::
x y : y : x

s
+
= + +

' '
j

Hence the compatibility relations that have to be satisfied by the strain field are given by

xy yy
xx
x y y x
s
s

= +

10a

y: yy
::
y : : y
s
s

= +

10b

:x xx ::
: x x :
s s
= +

10c

xy y:
xx :x
y : x : x y

s
+
= + +

' '
10d

yy y: xy
:x
: x y x y :
s
+
= + +

' '
10e

xy y:
:x ::
x y : y : x

s
+
= + +

' '
10f.

Problem 2:
Rederive for 2D case



. VOLUME DILATATION

Consider a small rectangular element in a deformed body which has its edges oriented
along the principal axes.

The length of each side of the block may have changed, but the element will not be
distorted since there are no shearing stress. The .ange in volume of such an element
divided by the initial volume, known as the voIume diIatation, is by definition given by

' '
'
=

' - the initial volume before deformation, which is equal to the product of the
three sides of the element a
1
, a
2
, and a
3

'* - the final volume after deformation, which is equal to the product of the
three sides of the deformed element a*
1
, a*
2
, and a*
3

Since:
)

, , s = + )

, , s = + )

, , s = +
then

) ) )

, , , , , ,
, , ,
s s s + + +
=
Neglecting higher order terms, one obtains

J s s s = + + =

xx
9
V
V*



Equation (11) indicates that the volume dilatation D is equal to the first invariant of
strain, which is independent of the coordinate frame of reference utilized. 'olume
dilatation is thus a coordinate independent entity.

Problem 3:
What are the physical significance of J2 and J3 (web search etc)

. STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
.
Stress and strain have been considered individually with the only assumption that the
material is continuous. Of practical interest is the stress-strain relationship. For that
purpose, certain restrictive assumptions regarding the body material must be
introduced.
One familiar assumption, which has been used in practice for simplicity such as the
Hooke's law, is linearity of the stress versus strain in the body. With the linear stress-
strain relationship, which in many practical instances are realistic, it will be possible to
write the following general stress-strain expressions:

xx xx yy :: xy y: :x
K K K K K K 9 s s s = + + + + +

yy xx yy :: xy y: :x
K K K K K K 9 s s s = + + + + +

:: xx yy :: xy y: :x
K K K K K K 9 s s s = + + + + + 12
xy xx yy :: xy y: :x
K K K K K K t s s s = + + + + +

y: xx yy :: xy y: :x
K K K K K K t s s s = + + + + +

:x xx yy :: xy y: :x
K K K K K K t s s s = + + + + +
where K
11
to K
66
are the coefficients of elasticity of the material and are independent of
the magnitudes of both the stress and the strain, provided the elastic limit of the material
is not exceeded. f the elastic limit is exceeded, the linear relationship between stress
and strain no longer holds, and equ. 12 are no more valid.

There are 36 elastic coefficients in equ. 12, but not all are independent. By strain energy
considerations, these coefficient can be reduced to 21. By assuming isotropic material,
the 21 coefficients of elasticity reduce to two constants:

xx xx
J 9 2 3s = +

yy yy
J 9 2 3s = +

:: ::
J 9 2 3s = +

xy xy
t 3 =
y: y:
t 3 =
:x :x
t 3 = (13)
where

xx yy ::
J s s s = + + - Iirst invariant oI strain
2 Lame`s constant
3 shear mod::s

Equation 13 can be solved to give



) )
)

xx xx yy ::
2 3 2
s 9 9 9
3 2 3 3 2 3
+
= +
+ +

) )
)

yy yy :: xx
2 3 2
s 9 9 9
3 2 3 3 2 3
+
= +
+ +

) )
)

:: :: xx yy
2 3 2
s 9 9 9
3 2 3 3 2 3
+
= +
+ +

xy xy
t
3
=
y: y:
t
3
=
:x :x
t
3
=

The elastic coefficients 3 and 2 arise from a mathematical treatment of the general
linear stress-strain relations.
n experimental work, Lame's constant 2 is never used since it has no physical
significance. The shear modulus 3 , however, has physical significance and can be
measured.

Consider two-dimensional case of pure shear:

xx yy :: :x y:
9 9 9 t t = = = = =
From equ. 14:

xy
xy
t
3
= 15a
Hence the shear moduIus 3 is the ratio of the shearing stress to the shearing
strain in a two-dimensionaI state of pure shear.

n a conventional tension test, often used to determine the mechanical properties of
materials, a long slender bar is subjected to a state of uniaxial stress, in the longitudinal
x direction. For this particular case:

xx :: xy y: :x
9 9 t t t = = = = =

Again, from Equ. 14:

)
xx xx
2 3
s 9
3 2 3
+
=
+
a

)
yy :: xx
2
s s 9
3 2 3
= =
+
b

n the elementary understanding of strength of materials, the stress-strain relations for
the case of uniaxial stress are often given as



xx xx
E
s 9 = c

yy :: xx
E
4
s s 9 = = d
Equating the coefficients in equs. A and b to those in c and d, there is obtained

)
E
3 2 3
2 3
+
=
+
15b

)
2
4
2 3
=
+
15c
E is the well known modulus of elasticity and 4 is the Poisson ratio, which is defined as:

yy
xx
s
4
s
= 15d
Equations 15a-d indicate the conversion from Lame's constant 2 and the shear modulus
3 to the more commonly used modulus of elasticity E and Poisson's ratio 4 .

Hydrostatic stress
To establish the definition and physical significance of a fifth elastic constant, consider a
state of hydrostatic stress:

xx yy ::
p 9 9 9 = = =

xy y: :x
t t t = = =
Where p is the uniform pressure acting on the body.

Adding to-gether the first three of equ. (13), obtain:
)

p J 2 3 = +
or

p J KJ K
2 3 + +
= = =

' '

Hence:
p
p
p



p
K
2 3 +
= =
The constant K is known as the Bulk modulus and is the ratio of the applied hydrostatic
pressure to the volumetric dilatation.

SUMMARY

There are five elastic constants: 2, 3, E, 4, and D:
2 - Lame Constant, it has no physical significance
(thus cannot be directly measured)
t is employed because mathematically it simplifies stress-
strain relations
3 - shear modulus
xy y:
:x
xy y: :x
t t
t
3

Has both mathematical and physical significance
E - modulus of elasticity
)
E
3 2 3
2 3
+
=
+

Most recognized and are used in almost all areas of stress
analysis.
4 - Poisson's ratio
)
2
4
2 3
=
+

Most recognized and are used in almost all areas of stress
analysis.
K - Bulk modulus

p
K
2 3 +
= =
s used primarily for computing volume changes in a given
body subjected to hydrostatic pressure.
where
D - dilatation

' '
J
'
s s s
= + + =
Out of these five elastic constants, there are only two independent ones. The
relationships between these elastic constants are exhibited in Table 1.

The constants E and 4 will be used almost exclusively in following discussions.
Therefore, expressions for strains will be rewritten using these two constants, as
follows.

)
xx xx yy ::
E
s 9 ; 9 9

= +
|

)
yy yy :: xx
E
s 9 ; 9 9 = +
|
(16a,b,c)



)
:: :: yy xx
E
s 9 ; 9 9

= +
|

)
xy xy
E
;
t
+
=

)
y: y:
E
;
t
+
= (16d,e,f)

)
:x :x
E
;
t
+
=
$imiary, Ior stress:
) )
) )

xx xx yy ::
E
9 ; s ; s s
; ;

= + +
|
+

) )
) )

yy yy :: xx
E
9 ; s ; s s
; ;
= + +
|
+
(17a,b,c)
) )
) )

:: :: xx yy
E
9 ; s ; s s
; ;

= + +
|
+

)
xy xy
E
t
;
=
+

)
y: y:
E
t
;
=
+
(17d,e,f)

)
:x :x
E
t
;
=
+




Table 1 Relationships between the elastic constants

2= 3= E= 4= K=
2,
3

)
)

E
3 2 3
2 3
+
=
+

)
2
4
2 3
=
+

K
2 3 +
=
2,
E

)
E 2
3
+
=

)
E 2
;
2
+
=

)
E
K
2 + +
=

2,
4

)
2 ;
3
;
=
) )
E
2 ; ;
;
+
=

)
K
2 ;
;
+
=
2,
K

)
K 2
3
=
)
K K
E
K
2
2

K
2
4
2
=

3,
E
)
E
E
3 3
2
3
E 3
4
3
=
)
E
K
E
3
3
=

3,
4

3;
2
;
=

) E 3 ; = +

)
)

K
3 ;
3
+
=

3,
K

K 3
2

=

K
E
K
3
3
=
+

)

K
K
3
4
3
=
+

E,
4
) )
E ;
2
; ;
=
+

)
E
3
;
=
+

)
E
K
;
=

K,
E
)
K K E
K E
2
EK
K E
3 =
K E
K
;

=

4,
K;
2
;
=
+

)
)

K ;
3
;
=
+

) E K ; =

E E 2 2 = + +




From Barber Elasticity (Kluwer, 2002)

)
) ) ) ; ; ;
;
9
+
+
+
+ +
=

xx
:: yy xx
xx
E0
0 0 0 E


































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EXPERMENTAL STRESS ANALYSS

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Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen

HD-EXP-STRESS-ANALYSIS-Chapter 3-Strain & Stress-Strain Relationships-August 2010

HD-EXP-STRESS-ANALYSIS-Chapter 3-Strain & Stress-Strain Relationships-August 2010