PHYSICS 2A

Prof: Kim Griest (last updated: 12/01/11) Formula sheet Constants and Factors

Speed of light: c = 299, 792, 458 m/s exactly (about 3 108 meters/sec) Newtons constant G = 6.67 1011 m3 /s2 kg 2 Earth constants: Acceleration of gravity at surface: g = 9.8m/s , Mass: MEarth = 5.97 1024 kg, radius: rEarth = 6.37 106 m Mass of proton and neutron about 1.67 1027 kg Mass of electron: me = 9.11 1031 kg Density of air: = 1.2 kg/m3 ; Density of water: = 1000 kg/m3 ; 1 dyne = 105 Newtons 1 mile = 1609 m; 1 foot = 0.3048 m; 1 foot = 12 inches; 1 mile = 5280 ft 1 pound (lb) = 4.448 Newton, corresponding to the weight from mass of 0.454 kg; 1 ton = 2000 lb Newton = kg m /s2 ; Joule = Newton m; Watt = Joule/sec Formulas Velocity as a derivative of position: v = dr/dt Acceleration as a derivative of velocity: a = dv/dt = d2 r/dt2 For constant acceleration: v = v0 + at For constant acceleration: r = r0 + v0 t + 1 at2 2 2 For constant acceleration in a straight line: v 2 = v0 + 2a(x x0 ) Frame of reference: v = v V ; v is velocity w.r.t. frame S, v is w.r.t. frame S which moves at V w.r.t. frame S 2 Projectile trajectory: (start at x = 0, y = 0, speed v0 , angle 0 : y = x tan 0 gx2 /(2v0 cos2 0 ) 2 Range of projectile above: x = (v0 /g) sin 20 Circular motion at constant speed: a = v 2 /r, toward center of circle Non-uniform circular motion: radial: ar = v 2 /r, tangential: at = dv/dt Newtons force law: Fnet = dp/dt, where momentum is p = mv; or if constant mass: Fnet = ma Weight: W = mg Hookes law for a spring: F = kx, where k is the spring constant Friction: Static: Fs k N ; Kinetic: Fk = k N ; N is the Normal Force 1 Drag Force: FD = 2 CD Av 2 Work (constant force in 1-D): W = Fx x; Work (variable force in 3-D): W = 1 Kinetic Energy: K = 2 mv 2 , Work-Energy theorem: Wnet = K Power: P = dW/dt; P = F v
r2 r1

F dr

Conservative forces: F dr = 0; Dierence in potental energy is independent of path taken. B Potential Energy: UAB = A F dr; in 1-D: Fx = dU/dx Potential Energy: gravitational near Earth surface: U = mgh; spring elastic: U = 1 kx2 ; gravita2 tional in general U = GM m/r Newtons law of Gravity: F = GM m r r2 Orbital period: T 2 = 4 2 r3 /(GM ) Escape velocity: vesc = 2GM/r

Rotational equations: = d/dt, = d/dt, vt = r, at = r Torque: = r F = dL/dt = rF sin ; direction given by Right Hand Rule 2 Rotational analog of Newtons law: = I, where moment of inertia, I = mi ri for discrete 2 masses and I = r dm for continuous masses 1 Rotational kinetic energy: Krot = 2 I 2 ; Wrot = d 2 Some moment of inertias: Solid sphere about center: I = 5 M R2 ; 2 2 Hollow sphere about center: I = 3 M R ; Solid cylinder about axis: I = 1 M R2 ; 2 1 Hollow cylinder about axis: I = M R2 ; Thin rod about center:I = 12 M l2 ; Thin rod about end I = 1 M l2 3 Angular momentum: L = r p = I; direction given by Right Hand Rule A B = y Bz Az By ) z Bx Ax Bz ) + k(Ax By Ay Bx ) = AB sin (direction by RHR) i(A j(A Static Equilibrium; Fi = 0 and i = 0 Center of mass: rCM = ( mi ri )/Mtot