Elementary Triangle Geometry

Mark Dabbs

Solutions to Exercises



































Version 1.0 April 2004
(www.mfdabbs.com)
2

3
Problem 1. Prove:
4
A B C
r r r r R + + =

Solution:

( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )(
( )( )( )
)
( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
3 2
3 2
2
,
,
2
,
2
,
2 2
,
,
,
4 , as required (on us
lhs
s a s b s c s
s b s a s s c
s a s b s s c
s a b s s c c s a s b
s s a s b s c
s s a b c abc
s s a s b s c
s s s abc
s s a s b s c
abc
abc
R

= + +

( +
= +
(


( +
=
(


( + + +
=
(


(
+
=
(


(
=
(

=

ing (5.2)).

using (6.2) and (6.10)

4
Problem 2. Prove:

1 1 1 1
A B C
r r r r
+ + =

Solution:

( ) 3
,
3 2
,
,
1
, as required (on using (6.2)).
s a s b s c
lhs
s a b c
s s
s
r

= + +

+ +
=

, using (6.10)
5
Problem 3. Prove:

1 1 1
A B C
h h h
1
r
+ + =

Solution:

2 2 2
1 1 1
,
2 sin sin 2 sin sin 2 sin sin
1 1 1
,
sin sin sin sin sin sin
sin sin sin
sin sin sin
,
sin sin sin sin sin sin
2sin 2sin 2sin
2 sin sin 2 sin sin 2 sin
lhs
R B C R C A R A B
a b c
B C C A A
A B C
A B C
a B C b C A c A B
a A b B c C
a B C b C A c A
= + +
= + +
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
= + +
= + +
B
( )
2 2
,
sin
1 1 1
,
2 2 2
1
,
2
,
1
B
a b c
b c
a b c
s
r
= + +

+ +
| |
=
|
\ .
=

using (9.2)
using (4.7)
using the forms of (5.3)
, as required (on using (6.2))

Notice the much simpler method based upon the observation that


1 1 1
2 2 2 A B
ah bh ch =
C
,

which leads immediately to( above. )
6
Problem 4. Prove:


2
A B C
r r r rs =
2
A B C
r r r r =

Solution to r r r :
2
A B C
rs =

( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )
3
3
3
2
,
1
,
,
,
lhs
s a s b s c
s a s b s c
s
s s a s b s c
s
s
rs s
rs

=

=

=

=

=
=

using (6.10)
using (5.6)
, using (6.1)
2
, as required.

Solution to r r :
2
A B C
r r =

Using the above result we have on multiplication by that
2
A B C
r r r rs = r

( )
2 2
2
2
,
,
A B C
r r r r r s
rs
=
=
, as required.
7
Problem 5. Prove:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
4 cos cos cos
4 cos cos cos
s R A B C
Rr A B
=
= C


Solution to ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
4 cos cos cos s R A B C = :

Multiply together all cyclic forms of (6.7) to give


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
3
1 1 1
2 2 2
sin sin sin
cos cos cos
abc A B C
A B C
= r


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
3
1 1 1
2 2 2
2
3
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
cos cos cos sin sin sin ,
cos cos cos ,
4
cos cos cos ,
4 4
1
cos cos cos ,
4
1
cos cos cos ,
4
4 cos cos cos
r A B C abc A B C
r
r A B C abc
R
r abc
r A B C
R R
r A B C
R
r A B C rs
R
R A B C s
=
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=
=

using (6.8)
using (5.2)
using (6.1)
, as required.


Solution to ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
4 cos cos cos Rr A B C = :

Using the above result we have on multiplication by that r


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
4 cos cos cos ,
4 cos cos cos ,
rs Rr A B C
Rr A B C
=
=

as required (on using (6.1)).
8
Problem 6. Prove:


cos cos cos 4 sin sin sin a A b B c C R A B + + = C
Solution:


( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 sin cos 2 sin cos 2 sin cos ,
2 sin cos sin cos sin cos ,
sin2 sin2 sin2 ,
2 2 2 2
2sin cos sin2 ,
2 2
2sin cos sin2 ,
2sin 180 cos sin2 ,
2sin cos sin2 ,
lhs R A A R B B R C C
R A A B B C C
R A B C
A B A B
R C
R A B A B C
R C A B C
R C A B C
= + +
= + +
= + +
+ | | | | | |
= +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
= + +
= +
= +
D
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) | | ( )
2sin cos cos 2sin sin sin sin2 ,
2sin cos cos 2sin sin sin 2sin cos ,
2sin cos cos 2sin sin sin 2sin cos 180 ,
2sin cos cos 2sin sin sin 2sin cos ,
(2sin cos cos 2sin sin sin
2si
R C A B C A B C
R C A B C A B C C
R C A B C A B C A B
R C A B C A B C A B
R C A B C A B
= + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
= +

D
n cos cos 2sin sin sin ),
4 sin sin sin
C A B C A B
R A B C
+
=

+

using (4.7)
, as required.
9
Problem 7. Prove:

2
A B B C C A
r r r r r r s + + =

Solution:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
2
2
2
2
2
, using (6.10)
,
3
,
3 2
, using (5.6)
, as required.
lhs
s a s b s b s c s c s a
s a s b s c
s a s b s c
s a b c
s
s s a s b s c
s s
s
s

= + +

( + +
=
(


( + +
=
(

(
=
(

=

10
Problem 8. Prove:

( )
2
1 1 1 1
4
A B C A B C
abcs
r r r r r r R r
+ + =
+ + +

Solution:

From Problem 2. and Problem 1. rearranged we have:


( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1 1
,
4
4
,
4
4
,
4
, using (5.2)
4
1
, using (6.2)
4
, as required.
4
lhs
r R r
R r r
r R r
R
r R r
abc
r R r
abc
R r
s
abcs
R r
=
+
+
=
+
=
+
| |
|
\ .
=
+
=

| |
+
|
\ .
=
+

11
Problem 9. Prove:
( ) ( )
2
1 1
2 2
4 cos cot
B C
r r R A a A + =

Solution:


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1
2 2
2
1
2
4 cos sin cos 4 cos cos sin , using (8.6)
4 cos sin cos cos sin ,
4 cos sin ,
4 cos sin 90 ,
4 cos , as required.
lhs R A B C R A B C
R A B C B C
R A B C
R A A
R A
= +
= + (

= + (

(
=

=
D



Further, we have

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
2
1
2
4 cos 4 , using (7.5)
, using (5.2)
,
cot , as required (using (6.5)).
s s a
R A R
bc
s s a abc
rs bc
s a
a
r
a A

12
Problem 10. Prove:

( )( )( ) ( ) 4
A B B C C A A B B C C A
r r r r r r R r r r r r r + + + = + +

Solution:


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
2
3
1 1 1
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
2
4 cos 4 cos 4 cos , using above
64 cos cos cos ,
4 4 cos cos cos ,
4 , using above
4 , as required (using above).
A B B C C A
lhs R A R B R C
R A B C
R R A B C
R s
R r r r r r r
=
=
=
=
= + +
Problem 10
Problem 5
Problem 7

13
Problem 11. Prove:
( )( )( )
2
4
A B C
r r r r r r Rr =

Solution:

( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
, using (6.10) and (6.2)
,
, using (5.6)
,
4
, using (5.2)
4 ,
4 , as required (on using (6.2)).
lhs
s a s s b s s c s
a b c
s s a s s b s s c
abc
s
abc
s
R
s
R
s
Rr

| || || |
=
| | |
\ .\ .\ .
=

=

| |
=
|
\ .
=

14
Problem 12. Prove:


3
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 64 4
A B B C C A A B C
R R
r r r r r r r r r r r r a b c r s
| || | | | | | | || |
+ + + = =
| | | | | |
\ . \ .\ . \ .\ . \ .


Solution to
3
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 64 4
A B B C C A
R R
r r r r r r a b c r s
| || | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ .\ .\ .
|
:


( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
,
,
4
, using
4
, using
4
, using
4 4
,
4
,
B C C A A B
A B B C C A
A B B C C A
A B C
A B B C C A
A B C
A B C
r r r r r r
lhs
r r r r r r
r r r r r r
r r r
R r r r r r r
r r r
Rs
r r r
Rs
rs
R R
r s rs
R
| || | | | + + +
=
| | |
\ .\ .\ .
+ + +
=
+ +
=
=
=
=
=

Problem 10
Problem 7
Problem 4
2
3
2 2 2
using (6.1)
4
, using (5.2)
4
64
, as required.
R
abc
R
R
a b c
=
| |
|
\ .
=


Solution to
3
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 64 4
A B C
R R
r r r r r r a b c r s
| | | |
=
| |
\ .\ .\ .
| |
|
:

We rearrange the results of Problem 2 to give the forms below.


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, ,
A B C B C A C A B
r r r r r r r r r r r r
= + = + = + .

The result follows by direct substitution.
15
Problem 13. Prove:


( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2
1 1 1
s a s b s b s c s c s a r
+ +

1
=

Solution:


( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( ) | |
| |
2
2
2
2
2
2
,
,
3 -
, using (5.6)
3 2
,
,
1
, as required (on using (6.2))
s s a s s b s s c
lhs
s s a s b s c s s a s b s c s s a s b s c
s s a s s b s s c
s s a s b s c
s s a b c
s s s
s s
r

= + +

+ +
=

+ +
=

| |
=
|
\ .
=

16
Problem 14. Prove:


( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 1 b c b c a 6 = + +
Solution:

From the Cosine Rule (4.5) and Area Rule (5.1) we have both

2 2 2
2 cos (i)
and 2 sin 4 (ii)
bc A b c a
bc A
= +
=


Squaring and adding, , gives ( ) ( )
2
i ii +
2

( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 cos sin 16 .
Hence, 4 16 , as required.
b c A A b c a
b c b c a
+ = + +
= + +

17
Problem 15. Prove:

( ) ( )
2 2
4 sin 2 sin 2 b A a = + B
Solution:


| |
( )
2 2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2 sin cos 2 sin cos ,
sin sin sin cos
4
sin sin
sin sin sin cos
4 ,
sin sin
sin cos sin cos
4 4 , using (5.3)
sin sin
4
sin cos sin cos ,
sin
4 4
sin 180 sin ,
sin sin
4 ,
rhs b A A a B B
A C B A
b
B C
B C A B
a
A C
B A A B
C C
B A A B
C
C C
C C
= +
=
+
= +

= +

=
=
D
as required.

18
Problem 16. Prove:

( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
tan tan tan s A B = C
Solution:

From (6.8) and Problem 5 we have the results


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
4 sin sin sin ,
4 cos cos cos .
r R A B C
s R A B C
=
=

On division we have

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2 2
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
tan tan tan
tan tan tan , using (6.2)
tan tan tan , as required.
r
A B C
s
A B C
s
s A B C
=

=
=

19
Problem 17. Prove:


2
2 sin sin sin R A B C =
Solution:


( )( )
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
sin , using (5.1)
2 sin 2 sin sin , using (4.7)
4 sin sin sin ,
2 sin sin sin , as required.
lhs ab C
R A R B C
R A B C
R A B C
=
=
=
=

20
Problem 18. Prove:

( ) sin sin sin Rr A B C = + +
Solution:


( )
2 2 2
, using (5.1)
2 2 2
,
2
,
2
2 ,
4
,
1
, using (5.2)
, as required (on using (6.1)).
rhs Rr
bc ca ab
a b c
Rr
abc
Rr
a b c
abc
Rr
s
abc
R
rs
abc
rs
rs

| |
= + +
|
\ .
+ +
| |
=
|
\ .
= + +
=
| |

|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=

21
Problem 19. Prove:


( )
2 2
sin sin
2 sin
a b A B
A B

Solution:

From (5.3) we consider the two forms


2 2
1 1
2 2
sin sin sin sin
, .
sin sin
B C C
a b
A B
= =
A

Rearranging gives:

2 2
1 1
2 2
sin sin
sin , sin .
sin sin
A B
a C b
B A

= = C
Subtracting we have


( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
sin sin
sin sin ,
sin sin
sin sin
sin ,
sin sin 2
sin sin sin

2 sin sin
A B
a C b C
B A
A B
a b
C
A B
a b A B C
A B

=


=

where

( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
sin sin sin sin sin sin ,
2cos sin 2sin cos ,
2 2 2 2
2sin cos 2sin cos ,
2 2 2 2
sin sin ,
sin 180 sin ,
sin sin .
A B A B A B
A B A B A B A B
A B A B A B A B
A B A B
C A B
C A B
= +
+ +
| | | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ . \
+ +
| | | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ . \
= +


D
|
|
.
|
|
.



Hence,
2 2
2 2
sin sin sin
2 sin sin
a b A B C
A B

can be written:


( )
2 2
sin sin
, as required.
2 sin
a b A B
A B

22
Problem 20. Prove:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2
32 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 a b c A B C = + +
Solution:

From Problem 6 we know that ( ) ( ) ( ) n 2 sin 2 sin 2 4sin sin sin A B C A B si C + + ,
therefore we have:


( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
3
4sin sin sin ,
4 , using above
2
2 16 , using (5.2) squared
32 , as required.
rhs a b c A B C
a b c
R
R
R
=

=
=
Problem 17

23
Problem 21. Prove:

( )
2 2 2
4
cot cot cot
a b c
A B C
+ +
=
+ +

Solution:

Rearranging the form of (5.9) we have that


2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
4
,
tan
4
,
tan
4
.
tan
b c a
A
c a b
B
a b c
C

+ =

+ =

+ =


Addition of these three forms gives

( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
4 ,
tan tan tan
4 cot cot cot ,
4 , as required.
cot cot cot
a b c
A B C
a b c A B C
a b c
A B C
| |
+ + = + +
|
\ .
+ + = + +
+ +
=
+ +

24
Problem 22. Prove:

( ) ( )
( )
A B C A B C A
B C
B C A B B C C A
r r r r r r rr
a r
s r r r r r r r
+ +
= = = +
+ +
r
r


Solution to
( )
A B C
A B B C C A
r r r
r r r r r r
+
=
+ +
a :


( )
2
2
2
,
,
,
, using
, using .
A B A C
A B B C C A
A B A C B C B C
A B B C C A
A B B C C A B C
A B B C C A
B C
B C B C
A
r r r r
rhs
r r r r r r
r r r r r r r r
r r r r r r
r r r r r r r r
r r r r r r
s r r
s
s r r r r rs
s s
s s r
+
=
+ +
+ +

+ +
+ +
=
+ +

= = =
Problem 7
Problem 4


If we now equate the results of (6.1) and (6.9) it is seen that
( ) .
A
A
rs
rs r s a s a
r
= =
Hence

( )
( ) , as required.
A B C
A B B C C A
r r r
s s a a
r r r r r r
+
= =
+ +


Solution to
( )
A B C
r r r
s
+
= a :
( ) ( )
We have: , as required (on using )
A B C A B C
A B B C C A
r r r r r r
a
s r r r r r r
+ +
=
+ +
Problem 7

Solution to ( )
A
B C
B C
rr
r
r r
= + a r :
( ) ( )
( )
( )
We have: , using
, as required.
A B C A B C
A B C
B C A
B C
B C B C
A
r r r r r r
a
s r r r
r
r r rr
a r r
r r r r
rr
+ +
=
+
= +
Problem 4

25
Problem 23. Prove:
( )( )
2
A B
a r r r r = +
C

Solution:


( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
, using (6.2) and (6.10)
,
2
,
2
, using (5.6)
2 ,
2 ,
2 ,
2 2 ,
, as re
rhs
s a s s b s c
a s c s b
s s a s b s c
a s b c
s s a s b s c
a s b c
a s b c
a s a b c a
a s a b c a
a s s a
a

| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .
| || |
+
=
| |

\ .\ .

=


=

=
+
= + + +
= +
= quired.

26
Problem 24. Prove:
( )
( )( )
1
2
sin
A
A B A C
r
A
r r r r
=
+ +

Solution:

( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
2 2
1
2
,
, using
4
, using
4
4 cos
, using
4
cos ,
tan cos , using (6.12)
sin , as required.
A B C
A B B C C A
A B C
A B B C C A
A B C
A
A
r r r
rhs
r r r r r r
r r r
R r r r r r r
r r r
R s
r R A
s R
r
A
s
A A
A
+
=
+ + +
+
=
+ +
+
=
=
=
=
=
Problem 10
Problem 7
Problem 9
27
Problem 25. Prove:

( )( )
2
sin
A A B B C C A
A B A C
r r r r r r r
A
r r r r
+ +
=
+ +

Solution:

( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
,
2
, using
4
2
,
4
2
, using
4
2 4 cos
, using
4
2
A B C A B B C C A
A B A C B C
A B C A B B C C A
A B B C C A
A B C
A B B C C A
A B C
A
A
r r r r r r r r r
rhs
r r r r r r
r r r r r r r r r
R r r r r r r
r r r
R r r r r r r
r r r
Rs
r R A
Rs
r
s
+ + +
=
+ + +
+ + +
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=

=
|
=
Problem 10
Problem 7
Problem 9
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1
2
2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
cos ,
tan cos , using (6.12)
2sin cos ,
sin , as required.
A
A A
A A
A
|
|
\ .
=
=
=

28
Problem 26. Prove:

( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
cot cot cot
A B C
r r r r A B C =
Solution:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( ) | |
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2 3
2 2 2
3
2
2 3
4
2 3
4
2
2 3
1
cot cot cot ,
1
, using (6.5)
,
, using (5.6)
, using (6.1)
, as required (on using )
A B C
rhs r A r B r C
r
s a s b s c
r
s s a s b s c
s r
s r
sr
rs
s r
r r r
=
=

=

=
=
= Problem 4
29
Problem 27. Prove:

2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
A B C
a b c
r r r r
2
+ +
+ + + =

Solution:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1
, using (6.10)
1
,
1 2 2 2
,
3 2 1
,
1 3 4
,
1
,
1 1
lhs
r
s a s b s c
s a s b s c
r
s as a s bs b s cs c
r
s s a b c a b c
r
s s a b c
r
s a b c
r
r
= + + +

| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ +
= +

+ + + + +
= +

+ + + + +
= +

+ + +
= +

+ +
= +

=
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
, using (6.2)
, as required.
a b c
r
a b c
+ +
+

+ +
=

30
Problem 28. Prove:

r r r r
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
16
A B C
R a b c + + + =
2
Solution:

Note that the identity ( ) (
2
2 2 2
2 ) x y z x y z xy yz zx + + + + + + + is of great use in
the following.

( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
From : 4 ,
Squaring gives:
2 16 8 ,
2 16 8 , using

A B C
A B C A B B C C A
A B C
r r r R r
r r r r r r r r r R Rr r
r r r s R Rr r
+ + = +
+ + + + + = + +
+ + + = + +

Problem 1
Problem 7
( )
( )( )( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
4 2
2
4
2
3 2
2
16 8 2 2 ,
16 2 4 ,
But from (6.2) and (8.21)
4 ,
1
,
1
, using (5.6)
1
A B C
r r r r R Rr r s
R s r Rr
abc
s r Rr s
s s
s abcs
s
s s s a s b s c abcs
s
s a b c s ab bc c
s
+ + + = + +
=

=
( =

( =

+ + + + ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
1
2
2 2 2
1
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2
2 2 2 2
,
,
,
2 ,
.
Hence, 16 2 ,
16 , as required.
A B C
a
s a b c ab bc ca
a b c ab bc ca
a b c ab bc ca
a b c
r r r r R a b c
R a b c
(

= + + + +
= + + + +
(
= + + + +

+ +
+ + + = + +
=

31
Problem 29. Prove:


A B C
ab r r rr = +
Solution:

( ) ( )( ) | |
( )( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
2
2
, using (6.10)
,
, using (5.6)
2 ,
, as required.
rhs
s a s b s s c
s s a s b s c
s s a s b s c
s s a s b s c
s s a b c ab
ab

= +

+
=

= +
= + + +
=




32
Problem 30. Prove:

1 1 1 1
2 ab bc ca Rr
+ + =
Solution:

,
,
2
, using (5.2)
4
, using (6.1)
2
1
, as required.
2
a b c
lhs
abc abc abc
a b c
abc
s
R
s
Rrs
Rr
= + +
+ +
=
=

=
=
33
Problem 31. Prove:

1 1
2
C A B
r r r
bc ca ab r R
+ + =
Solution:


( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
2
2
,
1
, using (6.10)
,
, using (5.6)
3 ,
A B C
ar br cr
lhs
abc
a b c
abc s a s b s c
a s b s c b s c s a c s a s b
abc s a s b s c
a s b s c b s c s a c s a s b s
abc
s
s a b c s a b c b c a c a b abc
abc
s
+ +
=

(
= + +
(

( + +
=
(


+ + (
=
(

( = + + + + + + + +

= ( )
3
2 2 3 , s s ab bc ca abc
abc
( + + +

We now note the identity:

( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
s a s b s c s a b c s ab bc ca s abc + + + + +
Hence,
( )( )( ) ( )
( )( )( ) ( )
( )( )( ) ( )
( )( )( ) ( )
3 3
3
3
3
2 ,
,
2 2 2 2 ,
abc 2 2 2 3
s a s b s c s s ab bc ca s abc
s a s b s c s ab bc ca s abc
s a s b s c s ab bc ca s abc
s a s b s c s ab bc ca s abc
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +


Therefore, substituting gives:


( )( )( ) | |
( )( )( )
2
2 ,
2
,
2 1 2
, using (5.6) and (6.1)
1 2 1 1
, as required (on using (5.2)).
4 2
s
lhs abc s a s b s c
abc
s s a s b s c s
abc
s
abc r abc
abc
r abc R r R

=


=

| |
=
|
\ .
34
Problem 32. Prove:
0
A B C
b c c a a b
r r r

+ + =
Solution:

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, using (6.10)
,
,
0
,
0, as required.
b c c a a b
lhs
s a s b s c
s a b c s b c a s c a b
s b c a b c s c a b c a s a b c a b
sb sc ab ac sc sa bc ba sa sb ca cb

= + +

| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ +
=

+ +
=

+ + + + +
=

35
Problem 33. Prove:


( ) ( ) ( )
A B C B C A C A B
a rr r r b rr r r c rr r r + = + = +
Solution:

Consider the expression
A B C
r r rr + .


( )
( )
( )
, using
.
By symmetry: ,
and .
A B C
A B C
B C A
C A B
r r rr ab
c r r rr abc
a r r rr bca
b r r rr cab
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
Problem 29.


By equating the result follows immediately.
36
Problem 34. Prove:


A B B C C A A B C
r r r r r r rr rr rr ab bc ca + + + + + = + +
Solution:
, using
By symmetry: ,
and .
A B C
B C A
C A B
r r rr ab
r r rr bc
r r rr ca
+ =
+ =
+ =
Problem 29.


The result follows on addition of these three terms.
37
Problem 35. Prove:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
8 2
A B C
I I I I I I R R + + = r

Solution:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4 4 4 , using (8.22)
4 3 ,
4 4 3 , using
4 4 2 ,
8 2 , as required.
A B C
A B C
lhs R r r R r r R r r
R r r r r
R R r r
R R r
R R r
= + +
= + +
= +
=
=
Problem 1.
38
Problem 36. Prove:

2
16
A B C
I I I I I I R r =

Solution:

( )( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
3
3
3
4
2 2
2
, using (8.19)
,
,
, using (5.6)
,
abc a abc b abc c
lhs
s s a s s b s s c
abc a b c
s s a s b s c
abc abcs
s
s s a s b s c
abc abc s
s
abc
abc abc
s
s
r
| | | | | |
=
| | |

\ . \ . \ .
| |
| || || |
=
| | | |
\ .\ .\ .
\ .
| |

|

\ .
| |
=
|

\ .
= =

| |

|
\ .
( )
2
2
2
using (6.1)
4 , using (5.2)
16 , as required.
abc
r R r
R r
| |
= =
|
\ .
=

39
Problem 37. Prove:

( ) (
2
4
B C B C
) I I R r = + r

Solution:

( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
1
2
4 cos , using (9.13)
4 4 cos
4 , as required (on using ).
B C
lhs R A
R R A
R r r
=
=
= + Problem 9

40
Problem 38. Prove:


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
A B C B C A C A
2
B
I I I I I I I I I I I I + = + = +
Solution:

First consider the term
( ) ( )
2 2
A B C
I I I I +
We have

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2
1 1
2 2
2
1 1
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
2
, using (9.12) and (9.13)
cos sin
sin cos
,
cos sin
cos sin
2 ,
sin sin
2 2 , using (4.7)
16 .
A B C
a a
I I I I
A A
a A a A
A A
a
A A
a a
A A
R
R
| | | |
+ = +
| |
\ . \ .
+
=
| |

|
\ .
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
=
=


The results follow by symmetry.

41
Problem 39. Prove:

sin sin sin
A B C B C A C A B
I I I I I I I I I I I I
A B

= =
C


Solution:
First consider the term
sin
A B C
I I I I
A

We have

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1
2 2
2
1 1
2 2
2
2 1
2
2
2
2
2
cos sin
, using (9.12) and (9.13)
sin sin
cos sin
sin
sin 2
,
sin sin
2 ,
sin
2 2 , using (4.7)
8 .
A B C
a a
A A
I I I I
A A
a
A A
A
a
A a
A A
a
A
R
R
| | | |

| |

\ . \ .
=
| |
|
\ .

| |
|
\ .
=
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=


The results follow by symmetry.


42
Problem 40. Prove:

, and a b c are the radii of three circles which touch one another externally and the
tangents at their points of contact meet in a point; prove that the distance of this
point from either of their points of contact is


abc
a b c + +

Solution:
Radius = c
Radius = b
Radius = a
I
D
F
C
A
B
E

From basic circle theory if t
circles are touching then a
line through their centres
crosses their point common
tangency at right angles.
wo
Therefore,

, say,
, say,
, say.
AB a b a
BC b c b
CA c a c
= +
= +
= +

Using the same argument as
on Page 70, Incentre Proof
we see that it must be the case
that
, say, DI EI FI r = =
where . inradius of triangle r ABC =
The semi-perimeter for triangle ABC is given as
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2
s a b c a b b c c a a b c = + + + + + + + = + + .
( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )
( )
( )
Also, from (5.6) ,
,
,
.
But from (6.1), .
Hence, , as required.
s s a s b s c
a b c s a b s b c s c a
a b c c a b
abc a b c
abc a b c
r
s a b c
abc
r
a b c
=
= + +
= + +
= + +
+ +

=
+ +
=
+ +

43