9.

Sensors and Transducers II

CPD/WEB update November 17, 2008

Objective
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. To investigate the operation of a circuit that uses an inductive displacement sensor. To determine the switching characteristic of a temperature switch using measurements provided by a temperature sensor. To investigate the operation of a circuit that uses a thermocouple for measuring a change in temperature. To investigate the operation of a circuit that uses an infrared optical switch. To measure the characteristics of an infrared ranger.

Equipment
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Oscilloscope and signal generator, 5V and 12V power supply, 4 multimeters, Inner and outer coil, Temperature switch and temperature sensor board, Permanent magnet, Infrared optical switch, Infrared ranger, Light Emitting Diode (LED) with 1k current limit resistor, One 10 resistor, Two 10 k resistors, Ruler that has a millimetre scale (Note: students must provide their own ruler).

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Preparation and Background

1. Infrared Ranger
The infrared (IR) ranger emits IR radiation from an IR diode. The IR radiation is focused outside the package through a lens as shown in Figure 9.1.
IR Emitter r

I
rmin

Object

rmax

Lens

V0 Photodiode Array

Figure 9.1 Infrared Ranger and Geometry of Object Detection

If an object is in front of the ranger then the IR radiation reects off the object and is focused through another lens onto a photosensitive array inside the package. The range to the object, r, is related to x. Using similar triangles, r/b = a/x or x=ab/r The output of the IR ranger is a voltage, V0 , proportional to x, i.e., V0 = kx = kab/r, over the practical range of operation, r takes values that range over rmin to rmax.

2. The Optical Slot Detector

The internal circuit that comprises the optical slot detector is shown in Figure 9.2. When the phototransistor sees the infrared radiation generated by the infrared emitter, the phototransistor switch is on (i.e., a high conductance path to ground (Gnd) and Vo 12V). If

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Sensors and Transducers II the IR radiation is blocked by inserting an object within the slot then the phototransistor switch is off (i.e., a very low conductance path to Gnd and Vo 0V).

12V IR Emitter Phototransistor Switch 5V Gnd

V0

Figure 9.2 Optical Slot Detector Circuit

Experiment
It is the Summary section beginning at page 77 that will be completed and submitted for evaluation. Only one report per group should be submitted. Be sure that all group members in attendance are noted at the top of the summary sheet.

1. Implementing a Bang-Bang Temperature Control System

Connect the two 2 power resistors in series with the temperature switch and connect the 5V supply across the series combination as shown in Figure 9.3. You have now constructed a simple on-off temperature control system. Record the temperature sensor output, V0 , at 20 second intervals for 5 minutes. Plot V0 versus time. Explain how the temperature control system works.

Power Resistors

Temperature Switch Gnd

5V

5V

V0 Gnd

Figure 9.3 Bang-bang Temperature Control System

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2. Inductive Displacement Sensor

Connect the circuit containing the small coil and 10 resistor as shown in Figure 9.4 below. Adjust the signal generator such that the output is a sine wave of frequency 20 000 Hz and amplitude 4V. Connect the scope to display the voltage across the signal generator and the voltage across the 10 resistor. Insert the iron rod into the core of the coil and observe the effect on the measured voltage across the10 resistor. Give a sketch of the voltage across the 10 resistor versus insertion depth in millimetres.
x Lx Scope

blk

10
blk

Figure 9.4 Inductive Displacement Sensor

3. Transformer Action
Replace the small coil of the previous circuit by the large coil as shown in Figure 9.5. Connect the scope across the terminals of the small coil. Insert the small coil into the large coil. Although there is no physical connection to the circuit containing the large coil, there is a voltage induced across the terminals of the small coil. The induced voltage is governed by

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Sensors and Transducers II Lenzs and Faradays Law. Change the depth of insertion and observe the effect on the voltage induced across the small coil.

V V
10 Scope

Figure 9.5 Transformer Action

4. Hall Switch
Identify the circuit containing the Hall switch. The same circuit was used in the previous experiment for measuring the position of the magnet in the magnet drop experiment. The Hall device detects the presence of a magnetic eld by exploiting the Hall effect. If the magnitude of the Hall voltage, |VH|, exceeds a threshold, then a semiconductor switch is turned on (i.e., there is a high conductance path from terminal Vo to Gnd), otherwise the switch is turned off (i.e., there is a very low conductance path from terminal Vo to Gnd). An LED is connected to Vo as illustrated in Figure 9.6. The LED is on when the semiconductor switch is on and off otherwise.
Vo Switch + 5V 5V

VH

Threshold Detector Gnd

Figure 9.6 Hall Switch

Using the permanent magnet provided, verify the operation of the Hall switch. Hold the magnet in various orientations as you move it toward the Hall switch.

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5. IR Ranger
Hook up the IR ranger as shown in Figure 9.7. For a test object (a text book or notebook will do) measure the output voltage as a function of distance from the lens. Record the values in Table 24 on page 79 and plot the values in Graph 10 on page 80.

+12V

+ -

6. Optical Slot Detector

Figure 9.7 Connection of the IR Ranger Hook up the Slot Detector as shown in the left half of Figure 9.8. Introduce an object (coin, folded sheets of paper, or any other opaque material) in the slot. Observe the change of state of the LED. Now reconnect the circuit as shown in the right half of Figure 9.8. Again introduce the object in the slot and observe the change of state of the LED. Record your results on the summary sheets.

+12V

+ -

LED Steady On

+12V

+ -

LED Steady Off

Figure 9.8 Connection of the Slot Detector

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Name(s):

ID(s):

Lab Group: Lab Day: Date:

For Markers use only

9. SUMMARY SHEET: Sensors and Transducers II

1. Bang-Bang Temperature Controller
Table 22: Bang-Bang Temperature Controller Data
Variable
Measured Measured Readings Readings Readings Readings Readings Readings Readings Readings

52

For Markers use only

Time (s) Vo (volts) Time (s) Vo (volts)

For Markers use only

Time Graph 8: Plot of Vout vs. Time for the temperature controller circuit.

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Explain how the temperature control system works.

For Markers use only

2. Inductive Displacement Sensor

Table 23: Inductive Displacement Sensor
Variable
Measured Insertion depth (mm) Vpeal to peak(volts) Readings Readings Readings Readings Readings Readings Readings Readings
For Markers use only

For Markers use only

Displacement Graph 9: Plot of Vout vs. Penetration Depth for the Inductive Displacement Sensor circuit.

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Sensors and Transducers II 3. How does the induced voltage change with the depth of insertion of the small coil into the large coil?
For Markers use only

4. Does the orientation of the magnet affect the operation of the Hall switch?

For Markers use only

4 If so, explain how and why.

5. For the IR Ranger, tabulate your data and plot the results.
Table 24: Voltage/Distance Data for IR Ranger
Variable
Measured Measured Readings Readings Readings Readings Readings Readings Readings Readings
For Markers use only

vout (Volts) distance (cm) vout (Volts) distance (cm)

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For Markers use only

Distance Graph 10: Plot of Vout vs. Distance for the IR Ranger.

6. Record your observations regarding the behaviour of the slot detector with the two congurations indicated.

For Markers use only

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