CIRCULAR I

J U N E 1948

CRASH FIRE AND RESCUE

EQUIPMENT AT AERODROMES

Prepared i n t h e A i r Navigation Bureau and p u b l i s h e d by a u t h o r i t y of t h e S e o r e t a r y General

INTERNATIONAL
C I V I L AVIATION O R G A N I Z A T I O N CANADA MONTREAL

This PubUcation i s issued i n English, French and Spanish.

Published i n 14ontrea1, Canada, by the International C i v i l Aviation Organization. Correspondence concerning the publica-tions should be addressed t o the SecreGeneral of ICAO, Dominion Square Building, I.Zontreal, Canada
0

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction

.......................O................ 5

CRASH FIRE AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT AT AERODROMES

.............................. 7 The Responsible Authority ........................... 7 Considerations Affecting Measure of Protection to be Afforded ........*................ 7 Extinguishing Media ................................. 9
General Considerations Crash. Pire-fighting and Rescue Vehicles Static Water Tanks and Water hains

.................. 10 Personnel ........................................... 11 Rescue Equipment .................................... 11

................................. 12 Protective Clothing ................................. 12 Crash Fire and Rescue Statfon ....................... 12 Dispatch of Crash Fire and Rescue Vehicles .......... 13
Supervision of Crash Fire and Rescue Activities Rescue Tools and Equipment to be carried on Crash Vehicles

............ 10

..... 13 Alarm and Communication Systems ..................... 13 Accidents outside Aerodrome Boundaries .............. 14 Break-in points on Aircraft ......................... 14
Water Aerodromes

..................................... 14

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17

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Bibliography

United Kingdom P u b l i c a t i o n s United S t a t e s P u b l i c a t i o n s . . . ........*.*****..*,

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I N T R O D U C T I O N

A t t h e Third S e s s i o n ( 1947) of t h e Aerodromes, A i r Routes of and Ground k i d s D i ~ ~ i s i o n I C A O , a s p e c i a l working p a r t y of e x p e r t s was appointed t o prepare a paper on t h e s u b j e c t of "Crash F i r e and Rescue Equipment a t AerodromesT1. The D i v i s i o n considered t h i s paper and expressed i t s a p p r e c i a t i o n of t h e speed and e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e work performed by t h e United Kingdom, United S t a t e s and Canadian e x p e r t s who made up t h e group. The D i v i s i o n d e c i d e d , howevar, t h a t t h e s t a g e had n o t y e t been reached when I n t e r n a t i o n a l Standards o r Recommended Pract i c e s on t h i s s u b j e c t could be recornmnded f o r a d o p t i o n by t h e Council. It proposed i n s t e a d t h a t the paper r e f e r r e d t o above, t o g e t h e r w i t h a b i b l i o g r a p h y of r e l e v a n t t e c h n i c a l papers p r o c u r a b l e from v a r i o u s S t a t e s , be i s s u e d a s a n I C A O C i r c u l a r . The P r e s i d e n t of t h e I C A O C o u n c i l , a c t i n g under s p e c i a l a u t h o r i t 5 d e l e g a t e d t o him by t h e Council, approved t h i s recommendation. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e P r e s i d e n t approved t h e f o l l o w i n g recommendations which t h e D i v i s i o n made with a view t o f a c i l i t a t i n g t h e development of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Standards and Recommended P r a c t i c e s on t h i s s u b j e c t a t i t s 1949 s e s s i o n : That t h e s u b j e c t be f u r t h e r s t u d i e d by Con1. t r a c t i n g 3 t a t e s and by t h e S e c r e t a r i a t and t h a t S t a t e s be r e q u e s t e d t o supply I C A O w i t h in2ormation on t h e s u b j e c t f o r f u r t h e r s t u d y , as i t becomes a v a i l a b l e and w i t h o u t being s p e c i f i c a l l y requested s o t o do;
2 That t h e m a t e r i a l subrni t t e d by C o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s should i n c l u d e i n f o r m a t i o n r e l e v a n t t o t h e i n i t i a t i o n and t h e p r o g r e s s of r e s e a r c h o r developmental work on t h e s u b j e c t ;

3 That t h e S e c r e t a r i a t be given t h e t a s k of c o U e c t i n g , s t u d y i n g , and d i s s e m i n a t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n and d a t a relevant t o the subject.

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Action on t h e p a r t of S t a t e s working i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e S e c r e t a r i a t should g r e a t l y s i m p l i f y the problem of developing r s u i t a b l e Standards and Recommended P r a c t i c e s a t t h e next s e s s i o n of t h e D i v i s i o n . A l l Information and d a t a received will be s t u d i e d w i t h a view t o i s s u i n g f u r t h e r c i r cuikars on t h e s u b j e c t .

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CRASH FIRE AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT AT AERODROMES

General C o n s i d e r a t i o n s 1. Where a i r c r a f t a r e involved i n a c c i d e n t s on o r i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e aerodrome, experience has shown t h a t t h e most s e v e r e lroblems i n r e s c u e o p e r a t i o n s a r e encountered when f i r e occurs. The o u t s t a n d i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a i r c r a f t c r a s h f i r e s i s t h e i r tendency t o r e a c h l e t h a l i n t e n s i t y w i t h i n a v e r y s h o r t time o f t h e o u t b r e a k , and not only s e v e r e l y handicap r e s c u e e f f o r t s , but p r e s e n t a s e v e r e hazard t o t h e l i v e s o f t h o s e involved i n t h e a c c i d e n t s and anyone a t t e m p t i n g r e s c u e . F i r e i s a n e v e r p r e s e n t t h r e a t and occurs v e r y f r e q u e n t l y i n a i r c r a f t a c c i d e n t s . F i r e may occur immediately f o l l o w i n g a n i n c i d e n t o r a t any time d u r i n g r e s c u e o p e r a t i o n s owing t o t h e n a t u r e of t h e f u e l i n v o l v e d , and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of s p a r k s being c r e a t e d through movement of t h e wreckage o r d i s t u r b a n c e of e l e c t r i c circuits.
2. The p o s s i b i l i t y of a i r c r a f t a c c i d e n t s i s c o n s t a n t l y p r e s e n t throughout t h e e x t e n t of a i r r o u t e s . The a c c i d e n t p o t e n t i a l i s g r e a t e s t , however, a t and near aerodromes. For t h i s r e a s o n , t h e p r o v i s i o n o f s p e c i a l means t o d e a l with i n c i d e n t s on and i n t h e v i c i n i t y of aerodromes i s of primary importance, a s it i s w i t h i n such l i m i t s t h a t t h e r e a r e t h e g r e a t e s t o p p o r t u n i t i e s o f saving l i f e .
If he Responsible Aut h o r i t g

3 The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r e n s u r i n g t h e p r o v i s i o n of c r a s h f i r e - f i g h t i n g and r e s c u e f a c i l i t i e s a t aerodromes should r e s t p r i m a r i l y upon t h e aerodrome management.

$ o n s i d e r a t i o n s A f f e c t i n g Measure of P r o t e c t i o n t o be Afforded
4. I n d e c i d i n g on t h e s c a l e of equipment f o r c r a s h , f i r e f i g h t i n g and r e s c u e purposes, no r e g a r d should be had t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r f u n c t i o n f o p which t h e a i r c r a f t using t h a t aerodrome

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a r e employed, viz, whether for passenger carrying, f r e i g h t carrying, or other form of a e r i a l activity, The main o b ~ e c t i v e i s t o save the l i v e s of passengers and crew, and i t may be necessary t o e f f e c t complete control 01. e x t i n c t i o n of the f i r e t o ensure rescue from an a i r c r a f t or any p a r t i c u l a r part of i t .

5 The p o t e n t i a l extent of the f i r e i n an a i r c r a f t i s governed mainly by the quantity of f u e l carried which v a r i e s , usually, i n proportion t o the gross weight of the a i r c r a f t . The load-carrying capacity of the a i r c r a f t , which w i l l s e t l i m i t s t o the extent of the rescue f a c i l i t i e s required a t a crash, has a l s c a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p t o the gross woight of the aircraft.
6. The scale of crash, f i r e - f i g h t i n g and rescue f a c i l i t i e s should, therefore, be r e l a t e d t o t h e l a r g e s t type of a i r c r a f t normally using t h e aerod~orne.
?* It i s r e a l i z e d , how eve^, t h a t t h e cost of providing t h e suggested scales of crash f i r e and rescue f a e i l i t i e s w i l l be great and t h a t i n the case of remote aerod~omesthe cost may be materially in@reased, The s c a l e of f a c i l i t i e s a c t u a l l y provided may, therefore, have t o be r e l a t e d t o the revenue produced by the t r a f f i c using the aerod~ome,and the overall requirements of the s i t u a t i o n , On the other hand conditions of t r a f f i c density or other f a c t o r s , may require an lncrease i n t h e s c a l e of f a c i l i t i e s t o be afforded.
8. For the purpose sf assessing t h e scale of crash, f i r e - f i g h t i n g and rescue f a c i l i t i e s t o be provided a t aerodroA:es, the following grading, based on the gross wefght of a i r c r a f t normally o r recurrently using those aerodromes, 1s suggested:
Grade 1: Grade 2:
Grade 3 :

Aircraft of over 200,000 I b s , gross weight. A i r c r a f t of 100,000 I b s , and over, but l e s s than 200,000 Pbs, gross wefght. A i r c r a f t of 6 0 ~ 0 0 0Ibs. and over, but l e s s than lOO,OOQ l b s , gross weight. Aircraft of 25,000 I b s . and over, but l e s s than 60,000 lbs. g r o s s weight. Aircraft of 10,000 l b s . and over, but l e s s than 25,000 Ibs. g r o s s wefght. Aircraft l e s s than 10,000 l b s . gross weight.

Grade 4: Grade 5: Grade 6:

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E x t i n g u i s h i n g Media

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I n view of the l a c k of u n i f o r m i t y i n t h e s i z e and 9. t y p e of t h e c r a s h and f i r e - f i g h t i n g v e h i c l e s and a p p l i a n c e s i n use throughout t h e world, t h e s c a l e of e x t i n g u i s h i n g media t o be provided i s most c o n v e n i e n t l y expressed i n terms of volume and r a t e of production.
10. It i s recognized t h a t p r e c i s e methods of o p e r a t i o n , d e t a i l s of d e s i g n , an? techniques w i l l v a r y w i t h regard t o c r a s h , f i r e - f i g h t i n g and r e s c u e equipment, However, i n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h a s u i t a b l e minimum e s t i m a t e of e x t i n g u i s h i n g media r e q u i r e d f o r such purposes, i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o c o n s i d e r c e r t a i n b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s of e f f e c t i v e o p e r a t i o n a s e s t a b l i s h e d from a c t u a l experience. These may be summarized as follows: a) Water used a s water-fog, o r o t h e r w i s e , i s t h e best u n i v e r s a l l y available cooling agent f o r the c o n t r o l of f i r e and f o r p r o t e c t i o n f ~ o m e a t . However, e x c e p t h under v e r y s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s , t h e e x t i n g u i s h i n g a b i l i t y of w a t e r on h i g h l y inflammable l i q u i d s i s poor; I n t r o d u c t i o n of foam t o water-fog d i s c h a r g e b) i n c r e a s e s t h e e x t i n g u i s h i n g q u a l i t y of f o g f o r such types of f i r e s . Hov~ever, f o r u l t i m a t e c o n t r o l of l a r g e a i r c r a f t f i r e s , t h e use of foam i n combination w i t h a s u i t a b l e i n e r t gas i s i n d i c a t e d , because t h i s method produces more p o s i t i v e and permanent e x t i n c t i o n ; c> Two o r more compatible e x t i n g u i s h i n g a g e n t s must o r d i n a r i l y be a p p l i e d i n c o n b i n a t i o n , q u i c k l y and i n l a r g e q u a n t i t y , completely t o e f f e c t r e s c u e from, ancj. c o n t r o l o r e x t i n c t i o n o f , even r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l a i r c r a f t fires ;
I

d) ~ c t u a e x p e r i e n c e i n d i c a t e s t h a t techniques l i n v o l v i n g r a p i d a p p l i c a t i o n of l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of a s u i t a b l e q u a l i t y of foam and a n i n e r t g a s , s u c h a s carbon d i o x i d e (C02) s u p p l i e d from e i t h e r h i g h p r e s s u r e o r low p r e s s u r e s o u r c e s , a r e s u p e r i o r t o o t h e r known methods f o r obtaining effective r e s u l t s .

11. The t y p e s and q u a n t i t i e s of e x t i n g u i s h i n g media, d e t a i l e d i n Appendix A h e r e t o , a r e based on t h e experience r e f e r r e d t o i n Paragraph 1 0 , and a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r requirements of c i v i l aerodromes and a i r c r a f t . They a r e recommended a s t h e misfmum q u a n t i t i e s t o be herd i n r e a d i n e s s f o r i n s t a n t o p e r a t i o n t o meet t e c h n i c a l requirements without regard t o economic o r o t h e r f a c t o r s Paragraph 6 ) a t each grade oC aerodrome.

(see

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Crash, F i r e - F i g h t i n g and Rescue Vehicles

12. Vehicles must be provided f o r conveying t h e c x t i n guishfng media and equipment immediately and r a p i d l y t o a n a c c i d e n t , and i n t h e event of f i r e , f o r applying t h e media s p e e d i l y and e f f e c t i v e l y . Vehicles used f o r t h i s purpose should have the f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :

a) b)
C)

F u l l flcross-countryw performance; High r a t e of a c c e l e r a t i o n w i t h a c r u i s i n g speed of n o t l e s s t h a n 45 m i l e s per hour; Lowest p o s s i b l e c e n t r e of g r a v i t y compatible w i t h adequate ground c l e a r a n c e ; Minimum u n i t ground l o a d ;

>

S i m p l i c i t y of o p e r a t i o n and maintenance ; Adequate and convenient stowage f o r a l l equipment and a p p l i a n c e s ; Adequate two-way r a d i o communication f a c i l i t i e s a s mentioned i n Paragraph 21; Adequate l i g h t i n g f a c i l i t i e s f o r s e ~ r c h and r e s c u e o p e r a t i o n s and f o r i l l u m i n a t i o n of the c r a s h . O v e r a l l dimensions and g r o s s weight of v e h i c l e s should be w i t h i n p r a c t i c a l l i m i t s having regard t o t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r passage through g a t e s , l a n e s , and over b r i d g e s , and t o o b v i a t e t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r t h e p r o v i s i o n of new h o u s ~ n gaccommodation.
.

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g) h) i)

13 The p a r t i c u l a r n a t u r e of t h e t e r r a i n i n t h e v i c i n i t y of a n aerodrome may n e c e s s i t a t e t h e p r o v i s i o n of s p e c i a l v e h i c l e s o r equipment capable of r e l i a b l e movement i n t h e o p e r a t i n g a r e a . ' F o r i n s t a n c e i n c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , a f a s t h i g h l y manoeuvrable v e h i c l e c a r r y i n g a s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n of t h e e x t i n g u i s h i n g media may be of advantage f o r quick r e s e r v e o p e r a t i o n . S t a t i c Nater Tanks and Water Hains
14. The a v a i l a b i l i t y of a s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y of w a t e r f o r c r a s h , f i r e - f i g h t i n g and r e s c u e purposes, from water s u p p l y s e r v i c e s a l o n g + a p r o n s and i n f r o n t of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and s e r v i c e a r e a s , i s most d e s i r a b l e - . Furthermore, t h e e x t e n s i o n of such s u p ~ l i e q t o s t r ~ t e g i cp o i n t s on the movement a r e a i s a g r e a t

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advantage, e s p e c i a l l y a t aerodromes of v e r y h i g h t r a f f i c d e n s i t y , because it e n s u r e s adequate q u a n t i t i e s of water f o r foam production o r o t h e r uses. Person;

$2

S u f f i c i e n t c r a s h f i r e anci r e s c u e personnel t o b r i n g 15. i n t o immediate o p e r a t i o n a t l e a s t orL@-thirdof t h e t o t a l e x t i n q u i s h i n g media o r a minimum of one c r a s h v e h i c l e , whichever i s t h e g r e a t e r , should be a v a i l a b l e a t a l l times while f l i g h t o p e r a t i o n s a r e i n p r o g r e s s , A t aerodromes which, from t h e i r n a t u r e o r t h e d e n s i t y of ti:c.,ir t r a f f i c , do n o t warrant t h e employment of f u l l - t i m e personnel, it i s d e s i r a b l e t h a t a t l e a s t one f u l l - t i m e employee be provided f o r t h e proper maintenance and opcrcd.tion of t h e f i r s equipment provided. 16. ALP c r a s h f i r e and rescur? personnel, whether f u l l time o r p a r t - t i m e , should be f u l l y t r a i n e d f o r t h e performance of t h e i r d u t i e s . They should a l s c be p r o f i c i e n t i n medical f i r s t a i d , i n o r d e r t o avoid t h e : A ~ f l i c t i o of a d d i t i o n a l n pe s u f f e r i n g and i n j u r y i n e x t r i c a t i ~ ~ g r s o n n e l from a i r c r a f t . They should p a r t i c i p a t e f r e q u e n t l y i n f i r e and r e s c u e d r i l l s i n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n a h i g h s t a n d a r d of e f f i c i e n c y , and t h e i r t r a i n i n g should i n c l u d e i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e l a y o u t and g e n e r a l s t r u c t u r e of t h e a i r c r a f t with which t h e y may have t o d e a l , i n o r d e r t h a t on a r r i v a l a t a n i n c i d e n t t h e y may be a b l e t o d e c i d e immediately on t h e b e s t method of a t t a c k . P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n must be paid t o the t r a i n i n g and d e t a i l i n g f o r d u t y of t h e d r i v e r - o p e r a t o r s of c r a s h f i r e v e h i c l e s . Rescue Equipment

17. N a t t e m p t has been made t o be s p e c i f i c i n i n o d i c a t i n g t h e e x a c t type and q u a n t i t y of r e s c u e t o o l s and equipment t o be provided. C a t e g o r i e s and t y p e s of t o o l s and equipment a t p r e s e n t a v a i l a b l e a r e l i s t e d hereunder and t h e s e should be provided f o r a l l c r a s h f i r e and r e s c u e v e h i c l e s . Development and r e s e a r c h may show t h e need f o r improvement and e x t e n s i o n i n the t o o l s and equipment i n d i c a t e d , and f u r t h e r s t u d y on t h e development of s u i t a b l e equipment should be made. F u r t h e r s t u d y i s a l s o r e q u i r e d i n t h e use and development of power-operated t o o l s as a n a i d t o r e s c u e .

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Rescue Tools and Equipment t o be c a r r i e d on Crash Vehicles

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C u t t i n g Tools Large and s m a l l r e g u l a r and s p e c i a l axes Hand and hack saws B o l t , b a r and metal c u t t e r s S p e c i a l r e l e a s e knives Snippers and wire c u t t e r s , c h i s e l s , p l i e r s , . e t c . S h i f t i n g Tools Crow and p r y bars Grapnel and c a b l e assembly Pole and hand hooks Shove 1s Hand and s l e d g e hammers Miscellaneous Equipment Blankets E l e c t r i c hand lamps and p o r t a b l e f l o o d l i g h t s of t y p e s u i t a b l e f o r use i n e x p l o s i v e atmosphere Access l a d d e r s F i r s t a i d medical equipment Protective Clothing

18. It i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t adequate p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g and equipment be provided and maintained and be r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e t o each member of a r e s c u e crew. Such c l o t h i n g and equipment should be capable of g i v i n g p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t r a d i a n t h e a t and l i m i t e d p r o t e c t i o n a g a i p s t d i r e c t flame and should i n c l u d e g l o v e s , helmet and a s u i t a b l e f a c e s h i e l d which must a l l o w f u l l v i s i o n and freedom of movement.
Crash F i r e and Rescue S t a t i o n 19 The c r a s h f i r e and r e s c u e v e h i c l e s should be housed a t a l l times i n b u i l d i n g s (which should be heated when n e c e s s a r y f o r i n s u r i n g immediate s t a r t i n g ) and t h e a c c e s s t o t h e movement a r e a should be u n o b s t r u c t e d . The s t a t i o n should be i n a p o s i t i o n which i s most convenient having regard t o t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s : a) The d e s i r a b i l i t y f o r m a i n t a i n i n g o b s e r v a t i o n of f l i g h t a c t i v i t y and a i r c r a f t movement on t h e ground;

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Page 13

The n e c e s s i t y f o r maintaining d i r e c t cornb) munication w i t h the a i r t r a f f i c - - - + - - l a

The n e c e s s i t y f o r Immediate response t o an c alarm by a u x i l i a r y firemen forming p a r t of the'crewq of flre and r e s c u e v e h i c l e s .

>

Dispatch of Crash Fire and Rescue Vehicles

20. The a i r traffic c o n t r o l s u p e r v i s o r on d u t y should normally be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d i r e c t i n g ' t h e movement of t h e c r a s h f i r e and rescue v e h i c l e s t o a n a i r c r a f t a c c i d e n t , whether i t be w i t h i n o r beyond t h e boundary of t h e aerodrome, From h i s knowledge of t h e probable movements of o t h e r a i r c r a f t a t the a i r p o r t , t h e air traffic c o n t r o l s u p e r v i s o r i s best q u a l i f i e d t o d e c i d e upon the e x t e n t t o which the p r o t e c t i o n on t h e aerodrome may.be raduced f o r t h e purpose of a t t e n d a n c e a t a n a c c i d e n t o u t s i d e the &emdrome boundary.

@tipervision of Crash F i r e and Rescue A c t k v f t i e s 21. R e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d i r e c t i o n of ail cras_h, f-ipe; f i g h t i n g and rescue a c t i v i t i e s , subsequent $0 a r r i v a l a t an i n c i d e n t , should r e s t e n t i r e l y w i t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l i n charge of t h e c r a s h f i r e and r e s c u e crews a t the time.

Alarm and Communfcation Sys terns

22. The p r o v i s i o n of adequate and s u i t a b l e communications f a c i l i t i t e s t o e n s u r e dependable and s u p e r v i s e d t r a n s m i t t a l of essential emergency and r o u t i n e o p e r a t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h regard t o c r a s h , f i r e - f i g h t i n g and r e s c u e , i s n e c e s s a r y a t each aerodrome, Such f a c i l i t i e s should i n c l u d e p r o v i s i o n s f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g purposes, c o n s i s t e n t with t h e i n d i v i d u a l requirements Of. each s i t u a t i o n :

a) D i r e c t reserved communication between approp r i a t e a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l and c r a s h fire s t a t i o n f o r t h e purpose of e n s u r i n g prompt d i s p a t c h of c r a s h v e h i c l e s and personnel;
b) Emergency signals t o e n s u r e inmediate summoning of d i s i g n a t e d non-full-time personnel as a p p r o p r i a t e ;
C) Summoning e s s e n t i a l r e l a t e d s e r v i c e s on t h e aerodrome as n e c e s s a r y ;

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d) Maintaining communication by means of twoway r a d i o w i t h the crash f i r e and r e s c u e v e h i c l e s i n a t t e n d a n c e a t an i n c i d e n t ;

1 3 Summoning desired s u p p o r t i n g a s s i s t a n c e from s e r v i c e s o u t s i d e the aerodrome.

Accidents outside Aerodrome Boundaries

23. The p ~ o b l e mof d e a l i n g w i t h a c c i d e n t s which occur beyond aerodrome boundaries must n e c e s s a r i l y be considered i n nore g e n e r a l terms, The p r o v i s i o n of e a s y access t o t h e a r e a s surrounding the boundary of t h e aerodrome should be given cons i d e r a t i o n by t h e aerodrome management. Then t h e a c c i d e n t occurs a t a s i t e which i s not a c c e s s i b l e within a s h o r t space of time t o t h e c r a s h f i r e and rescue v e h i c l e s f r o m the aerodrome, ,effective a c t i o n will depend l a r g e l y on t h e e f f i c i e n c y and measure of l i a i s o n with l o c a l f i r e and ambulance s e r v i c e s . The determinat i o n of the d i v i s i o n of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y between aerodrome c r a s h rescue s e r v i c e s , t h e A i r S e a r c h and Rescue Organization and any o t h e r f i r e . a m b u l a n c e s e r v i c e s should r e s t w i t h t h e aerodrome management,
Break-in p o i n t s on Aircraft
Crash f i r e and r e s c u e personnel should be f a m i l i a r 24. w i t h t h e normal and emergency e x i t s on a l l a i r c r a f t normally using t h e i r aerodrome. They should a l s o know t h e l o c a t i o n of

a l l p o i n t s a v a i l a b l e f o r e f f e c t i n g forcible entry i n t o t h e fuselage.

Water Aerodromes
25 The problem of cragh f i r e - f i g h t i n g and r e s c u e a t v a t e r aerodromes is :i m i l a r t o t h a t a t land *aerodromes and t h e principlss of o r g a n i z a t i o n , equipment and f a c i l i t i e s s p e c i f i d f o r land aerodromes will, i n g e n e r a l , apply. The crash f i r e and rescue appliances and equipment should be mounted an a b o a t o r boats, i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of h i g h rat6 of a c c e l e r a t i o n , speed and seaworthiness i n a l l c o n d i t i o n s normally experienced on o r near t h e aerodrome. Development work, however, i s raq~l;.red;,a ~ t J c u l a r l y r e l a t i o n t o q u a n t i t a t i v e r e q u i r e m e n t s , g ie, -des$gnrq~ f:q.xagh,boa@ and rala:ed equipment and operation , . technique.

APPENDIX A

grade 1 Aircraft over 203,033 lbs. (Over 5 , 0 O kilogramnes) Fxtinguishing Hedia Quantities Foam 32,000 gals. (45,500 litres) Rate of Discharge 6,433 g.p.m. (29,000 1.p.m.) Period of Discharge 5 mins CO;!

Grade 2 Aircraft 1CO,000 t o 203,000 lbs. (45,000 t o 90,000 kilogrames) Foam 2L,CKX) gals. (109,030 litres) 4,800 g.p.m. (21,700 1.p.m.) 5 mins

Grade 3 Aircraft 60,030 to 1CO,003 lbs. (27,000 t o 15,030 l a l o ~ e s ) Foam 18,000 gals. (81,750 litres) 3,600 g.p.m. (16,350 1.p.n.) 5 mins

Grade

-e l Grad
Aircraft 1 9 , O t o 2 5 , m lbs. (4,503 t o 11,000 kilogrmes) Foam 6,030 gals. (27,250 litres) 1,200 g-p .m. (5,450 1.p.m.) 5 mins

Grade 6 Atrcraft under 10,OCO lbs. (under 4 , W ) kilogranunes) Foam 3 , m gals. (U,6CO litres
C%

A i r c r a f i 25,030 t o 60,000 lbs. (11,000 t o 27,033 kilogramnes ) Foam

C02 3,LW lbs. (1,550 kg) 1,103 lbs. pernin

c02 2,lCO lbs

c02 1,203 lbs. (550 kg)

C02 1,21X) lbs (550

kg)

4,500
lbs. (2,050 kg)

12,030 gals.
(54,500 litres) 2,403 g.p.m. (10,900 1.p.m.) 5 mins

300 lbs.

(1,100 kg)

(U5
kg)

1,500 lbs.
permin (680 kg p.m.) 3 mins

EfCO lbs. permin

1 0 lbs. 0
permin

400 l b s . per min ( l a ' p.mT 3 mlns

600 6.p-m.
(2,750 1.p.m.) 5mins

1CO lbs. per m i n (45 kg p.m.) 3 mins

(5CO kg
p.m.) 3 mins

(360 kg
p.m.) 3 mins

( akg l
p.m.) 3 mins

Estinated Uater Requirement

3,203 gallons (l4,550 l i t r e s )

2 , m gallons (10,W litres)

1,800 gallons (8,200 l i t r e s )

1,203 gallons (5,450 l i t r e s )

6CO gallons (2,703 l i t r e s )

303 gallons (1,350 l i t r e s )

Note:

1 ) Quantities oxpressed i n gallons represent Imperial Gallons

2) Required quantities of foam producd indicated above a r e based upon an approxirate c x p s i o n r a t i o of between 8 t o 1 and 1 0 t o 1 .

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

BIBLIOGRAPHY

UNITED KINGDOM PUBLICATIONS 1 . Amp, 97so Accidents t o A i r c r a f t Notes on 3eseue of Occupants. F i r e Risk and C o n t r o l of F i r e , blanual of Firemanship P a r t 6B P r a c t i c a l Firemanship Chapter 43 ( O b t a i n a b l e from H M S t a t i o n e r y O f f i c e ) ..

2.

3
4.

'Pyrene A i r f i e l d Crash Tender. ( I s s u e d by t h e P y ~ e n eCo, Ltd., 4, Grosvenor Gardens S,W.19 'Fire Protectiont ( I s s u e d by Afrfoam F i r e P r o t e c t i o n Ltd., 166, V i c t o r i a St. S,\V.l)

'

UNITED STATES PUBLICATIONS

1.
2.

8 AF W n u a l 64-60-2, ' ' A i r c r a f t Crash Rescuen, United S t a t e s A i r Force, 1946,

8 NA B n u a l 00-80R-14, "Airplane Crash F i r e - F i g h t i n g n United S t a t e s Navy, Bureau of Aeronautics, 1946.
O AN Baanual QO-80-C-1,

3.
4.

"Procedure f o r A i r c r a f t Crash Rescuett, J o i n t United S t a t e s Air Force Navy publicaUnited S t a t e s , 1947. t i o n , A e r o n a u t i c a l 3oa,rd

"Airplane Crash F i r e - F i g h t i n g Manualtt, National F i r e P r o t e c t i o n Association, 60 B a t t e r y m a ~ c hS t r e e t , Boston 10, Mass, 1945. P r i c e $1,00 A v a i l a b i l i t y s u b j e c t t o r e q u e s t a c t i o n through e s t a b l f shed df plomatic and m i l i t a r y channels,

ik

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"Suggested Standard Operating Procedures Rescue and sire-FightingH, National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch Street, Boston 10, Mass. 1947. ~rice"$0.25 and Airport Fire Protection, National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch Street, Boston 10, Mass, 1947.
A . Bulletin No.

- kircraft

6. Lt Miscel laneous Technical Bulletins, Committee on Aviation

- "AImportance of Fire in Aircraftthe Statistical Presentation of

Accidentsw, 1946.

B e Bulletin No.15

- "National Fire R e p o r t H , 1947. Fire Protection Association Aircraft

-

C, Bulletin ~0.18 'IAircraft Rescue and Fire Control Mobile Equipment for Airportsn, 1948.

D. Bulletin No .20

- nPaper on CrashAerodromesRescue Fire and Facilities on - Inter1947

national Civil Aviation Organization,

Other miscellaneous bulletins as published from time to time. Information by direct inquiry to National Fire Protection Association.