Marilyn Palacio Professor Fam BS 104 ME 1 December 1, 2011

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II WRITING ASSIGNMENT

1. Define the term Positive chemotaxis.

This process helps the body concentrate phagocytic cells at focal points of infection.

2. Exactly where is pericardial fluid found? Explain its function. (Chapter 18) The sac surrounding the heart called the pericardium which consist of two layers the
outer layer being the fibrous parietal pericardium. The inner layer being the serous visceral pericardium. The pericardial fluid is located in the serous viseral pericardium in the pericardial cavity. Its function is to reduce friction within the perdicardium by lubricating the epicardial surface allowing membranes toglide over each other.

3. Describe the six unique structures necessary for fetal circulation. (Chapter 18)
1. The two umbilical arteries that are extensions of the internal iliac arteries and carrt

fetal blood to the placenta.

2. The placenta which is a structure attached to the uterine wall. The exchange of oxygen

and other substances between the maternal and fetal blood.

3. The umbilical vein which returns oxygenated blood from the placenta to fetal body,

liver and then continues as the ductus venous.

4. The ductus venous is a continuation of umbilical vein along the liver and drains into

inferior vena cava.

5. The foramen ovale an opening in the septum between the right and left atria. Used as a

detour so blood will not go into lungs.

6. The ductus arteriosus small vesicle connecting the pulmonary artery with descending

thoracic aorta. Helps detour the blood in systematic circulation without going through lungs

4. What is meant by the term cardiac cycle? (Chapter 19)

A complete heart beat consisting of the diastole and systole of both atria and both ventricles.

5. Discuss the function of the thymus. (Chapter 20) The thymus plays a critical part in the bodys defenses against infections. First function, the thymus serves as the final site of lymphocyte development before birth. The second function, soon after birth the thymus begins secreting a group of hormones called thymosin and other regulators that enable lymphocyte to develop in mature T cells.

6. How many lobes are in the right lung? The Left? What are the bronchopulmonary segments? (Chapter 23) The left lung is divided into two lobes (superior and inferior). The right lung is divided into three lobes (superior, middle, inferior). The bronchopulmonary segment is the region of the lung supplied by a tertiary bronchus.

7. What is believed to be the function of the vermiform appendix? (Chapter 25) Many biologists believe that the appendix serves as a sort of breeding ground for some of the nonpathogenic intestinal bacteria thought to aid in the digestion or absorption of nutrients.

8. What is pyloric stenosis? (Chapter 25) Is a condition that causes severe vomiting in the first few months of life. It is caused by a narrowing of the opening from the stomach to the intestines. This is due to the enlargement of the muscle surrounding the pylorus opening which spasms when stomach is empty.

9. What is meant by the term cephalic phase of gastric secretion? Gastric phase? Intestinal

phase? (Chapter 26) 1.Cephalic phase-sensations of thoughts about food are relayed to the brainstem, where parasympathetic signals to the gastric mucosa are initiated. This directly stimulates gastric juice secretion and stimulates release of gastrin. 2. Gastric phase- the presence of food triggers local and parasympathetic nervous reflexes that increase secretion of gastric juice and gastrin 3. Intestinal Phase- as food moves into duodenum the presence of fats, carbs and acid stimulate hormonal and nervous reflexes that inhibit stomach activity.

10.

What is a physiological buffer? (Chapter 30)

If the immediate action of chemical buffers cannot stabilize pH, the physiological buffers serve as a secondary defense against harmful shifts in pH of body fluids.