Future Networks

Prof. Jesus Alcober Jesus.alcober@upc.edu Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya Barcelona, Spain

Introduction
Internet is the most important vehicle for data exchange and the world-wide-web the most important source of information as it is reflected by recent statistics, such as the Web processes 100 billion clicks per day and offers 55 trillion links between Web pages 2 million of emails are exchanged per second and 1 million instant messages are exchanged per second [1] Users are shifting from occasionally connected to always connected
[1] Kevin Kelly, The Future of the Internet, Wired Magazine

Introduction
The Internet infrastructure is growing It is expected that, by 2011, about 3 billion hosts will be connected to the Internet from the 570M of hosts connected in July 2008 [1] The Internet has become the core communication environment for business relations for social and human interactions Internet is providing the society the mechanisms to create new forms of social, political and economical activities
[1] Future Internet, The Cross-ETP Vision Document, Version 1.0 - Date: 8/01/2009

Introduction
Internet has changed the way we work and live However, the Internet architecture were developed 30+ years ago
Font: academictech.doit.wisc.edu

Evolutionary vs Revolutionary
If we would design the Internet from scratch now, would it be the same?
For sure not

Then, is it worth doing it?

If yes, clean slate design If not, evolutionary design

Who must design Internet?

The first generation was designed by researchers for research The design team did an excellent job resulting in its adoption by the masses The next generation of Internet has to be more commerce friendly Who must participate in its design? Businesses Organizations Governments Users

Governements specs
The architecture should be general enough to allow different governments to have different rules

Source: iupui.edu

Mobile objects
People, computers, laptops, smartphones are mobile
They can move They can decide how and where they want to receive their Internet traffic with full rights of privacy of their location if desired

The naming, addressing architecture has to allow it

Source: gaggio.blogspirit.com

Web 2.0
Web applications that facilitate interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design, and collaboration

Source: livingstonbuzz.com

Social Media
Media for social interaction, using highly accessible and scalable publishing techniques

Source: francisanderson.wordpress.com

The Internet of the Things

Also known as the Internet of objects, refers to the networked interconnection of everyday objects
It is described as a self-configuring wireless network of sensors whose purpose would be to interconnect all things

Source: body-pixel.com

User push to apps.

Users Communities

Business Models / New enablers

Users push to technology Technology push to apps

Use
User generated content

Apps
Scientific Visualisation

Education/ Remote Learning

Multimedia Production Virtual Presence

Healthcare / Medical

Technology
Multi-view

Digital Cinema

Public Broadcasters

FI Infrastructure ready
Cities Science

3D

Content Distribution

Local / European / Global

Culture

Compression

Problem solving

App push to the tech.

Cases

Forecast (2014)
Global IP traffic will increase by a factor of four from 2009 to 2014, approaching 64 exabytes per month in 2014, compared to approximately 15 exabytes per month in 2009 By 2014, annual global IP traffic will reach almost threefourths of a zettabyte (767 exabytes)
A zettabyte is a trillion gigabytes

By 2014, the various forms of video (TV, VoD, Internet Video, and P2P) will exceed 91 percent of global consumer traffic By 2014, global online video will approach 57 percent of consumer Internet traffic (up from 40 percent in 2010) Globally, mobile data traffic will double every year through 2014, increasing 39 times between 2009 and 2014
Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index

History of Internet
Internet is now almost 40 years old The first RFC from the Internet Engineering Task Force is dated April 1969 The actual ARPAnet program started a couple of years earlier Since its beginning, Internet has gone through two major generations (20 years each)
Research Internet Commercial Internet
Source: http://www.flickr.com

Source: Alex McKenzie

Research Internet
During the first two decades, Internet was mostly a research project Industry itself was divided and was busy developing competing networking technologies: IBMs SNA, Digitals DECnet, Xeroxs XNS and AppleTalk The standards groups were busy developing the Open System Interconnection (OSI) protocols This phase lasted till about 1989 and can be called the research Internet
Source: rogerwendell.com

Commercial Internet
Beginning with 1989 The industry started to adopt Internet for commerce A number of issues that were not considered important till then began to surface as a result of this adoption

Source: www.itso.int

Issues in Commercial Internet

The first RFC on security is dated 1989

Source: clydecoastcomputing.co.uk

The scalability issues required dividing routing into domains

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) were developed as a result

Source: cisco.com

Issues in Commercial Internet

The shortage of IP addresses led to the development of a number of solutions including private addresses, network address translation (NAT), and IPv6

Source: appleinsider.com

Traffic management, congestion control, and quality of service issues became important We call this as the commercial Internet

And now?
New phase Internet has become an integral part of our lives, our businesses, our government, and our defense We have learnt a lot about networking in the past 40 years
This knowledge should be the basis for designing the next generation of Internet
Source: masternewmedia.org

Source: mitocw.udsm.ac.tz

Features required
The features that would help to remove some of the problems faced by current Internet users Energy Efficient Communication Separation of Identity and Address Location Awareness Explicit Support for Client-Server Traffic and Distributed Person-to-Person Communication Security Control, Management, and Data Plane separation Isolation in a shared environment Symmetric/Asymmetric Protocols Quality of Service

Source: movingboxdelivery.com

Energy Efficient Communication

Current Internet architecture requires both source and destination end-systems to be up and awake for the communication to take place All packets received when the destination is down are dropped With wireless devices, this restriction is being relaxed by allowing base stations to store the packets while the subscriber device is sleeping For energy efficient communication, this should be generalized to wired devices as well.

Source: gosolarenergyforlife.com

Source: it-sideways.com

Source: hitachi.com

Separation of Identity and Address

In current Internet a system is identified by its IP address
Consequence: when a system changes its point of attachment, the address changes This makes reaching mobile systems difficult

This is a well-known problem and a number of attempts and proposals have been made in the past to solve this problem
Mobile IP Internet Indirection Infrastructure Host Identity protocol

Source: network-mobility.org

Location Awareness
IP addresses are not related to geographical location
This can be considered strength of IP

However, a big share of information transfer applications requires finding the nearest server Mobile nodes need to know their location Next generation Internet should let the receiver decide about their location privacy

Source: lifehacker.com

Source: ledjit.com

Explicit Support for Client-Server Traffic and Distributed Services

A big share of current Internet traffic is client-server traffic. A web user trying to reach Google is an example of client server traffic These users are trying to reach Google, which is not a single system
It is a distributed service with hundreds of systems in hundreds of location.

The user in interested in the communicating with the nearest instance of this service In current Internet, the name Google is resolved to a single IP address and so directing users to the right server is unnecessarily complex.

Source: net.tutsplus.com

Person-to-Person Communication
The internet was designed for computer communication
the real target of communication is often a human being

A person may be reachable by a desktop computer, a laptop, a cell phone or a wired phone The goal is to reach the person and not the desktop computer, the laptop, or the phones
Since the person does not have an IP address, the users are forced to select one of these intermediate stops as the destination for their communication instead of the real destination the person

Source: technet.microsoft.com

If each person had an address, the network could decide the right intermediate device or the person could dynamically change the device as appropriate
Source: optify.net

Security
Security issues of current Internet are well known It is necessary that the next generation allows the option of
authentication of source / destinations / intermediate systems privacy of location privacy of data, data integrity guarantees

Source: billfrymire.com

Source: techjaws.com

Control, Management, and Data Plane separation

In the current Internet, control, management, and data planes are intermixed Control messages (e.g., TCP connection setup messages) or management messages (SNMP messages) follow the same links as the data messages Control signals are also piggybacked on the data packets This introduces significant security risk as evidenced by all the security attacks on the Internet
The telephone network, on the other hand, uses a separate control network, and is generally considered more secure than Internet Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) is one attempt to separate control and data planes

One advantage of this separation is that it allows data plane to be non-packet oriented such as wavelengths, SONET frames, or even power transmission lines This separation should be integral part of the next generation architecture
Source: rtcmagazine.com

Isolation in a shared environment

Users demand for critical applications The performance of one application is not affected by other applications sharing the same resources How?
One alternative is to provide dedicated resources to such applications
For example, virtual private lines (T1/E1 lines) from the telecommunications companies to form private networks
Source: blog.launchpadcoworking.com

The next generation networks should provide a programmable mix of isolation and sharing
Source: technet.microsoft.com

Symmetric/Asymmetric Protocols
Most current Internet protocols are symmetric they were designed for end-systems with similar capabilities In sensor networks and also when communicating with small devices one end-system may be significantly resource constrained compared to the other end Justifiable to allow asymmetric protocols

Source: ajaxian.com

Quality of Service
Quality of service belongs to a service
Relates to the groups of packets used in that service

Users are normally interested in receiving some guarantees about the delay and throughput of their flows The stateless nature of IP makes it difficult to guarantee QoS Next generation Internet should allow a variety of QoS guarantees
including total isolation

Also QoS has to be related to economics

QoS techniques with no relationship to charging policies have not been successful in the past

Quality of service: Net neutrality

A principle proposed for user access networks participating in the Internet
advocates no restrictions by Internet service providers and governments on content, sites, platforms, the kinds of equipment that may be attached, and the modes of communication.
Source: aaronganek.com

Current efforts in Future Networks: Research projects

Significant efforts world-wide have already been devoted to define, build and validate the Future Internet
In Europe, the European platform of Future Internet [1] In USA, GENI [2], FIND [3] projects In Japan, the AKARI project [4]
[1] http://www.future-internet.eu/ [2] GENI.net Global Environment for Network Innovations. http://www.geni.net/ [3] NSF NeTS FIND Initiative.. http://www.nets-find.net/index.php [4] AKARI Architecture Design Project. http://akari-project.nict.go.jp/eng/overview.htm

Source: future-internet.eu

Current efforts in Future Networks: Standardization

Standards organizations have initiated efforts towards the standardization of Future Internet ISO/IEC project JTC 1/SC 6/WG 7
TR.FNPSR, Future Network : Problem Statement and Requirements [1]

ITU-T Future Networks Focus Group,

Future Networks: Design Goals and Promising Technologies [2]

[1] http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_technical_committee.html?commid=45072 [2] http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/fn/

What lies ahead?

The best way to predict the future is to invent it

Alan Curtis Kay , pioneer in working on object-oriented programming and windowing graphical user interface design
Source: fitforafeast.com

Thanks
Prof. Jesus Alcober Jesus.alcober@upc.edu Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya Barcelona, Spain