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DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION/DEMODULATION TRAINER

MODEL-DPCM100

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SIGMA TRAINERS AHMEDABAD (INDIA)

INTRODUCTION
This trainer has been designed with a view to provide practical and experimental knowledge of Differential Pulse Code Amplitude Modulation/Demodulation technique as practically implemented in Digital Communication systems on a SINGLE P.C.B". SPECIFICATIONS 1. Power supply requirement 2. Built in IC based power supply. 3. On Board AF Modulating signal generator - Sine wave Frequency Range : 300 Hz to 3.4 KHz Amplitude : 0 to 5 Vpp. 4. On Board Sampling Pulse signal generator. Frequency Range 5 LED indicators for supplies. 6. Modulator Sections 7. Demodulator Sections 8. Standard Accessories : Filter S/H, A to D converter, Latch, Predictor, Summer, Parallel to serial converter. : Serial to parallel converter, Latch, Predictor, D/A converter and Low Pass Filter. : 1. A Training Manual. 2. Connecting Patch cords. : 8, 16, 32, 64 KHZ : 230V AC, 50 Hz.

CHAPTER-1
THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION & DEMODULATION
In continuous wave (CW) modulation, some parameter of a sinusoidal carrier wave is varied continuously in accordance with the message. In contrast with this, in pulse modulation, some parameter of a regular pulse train is varied in accordance with the message. One may distinguish two basic types of pulse modulation, namely, pulse-analogue modulation and pulse-code modulation. In the former, a periodic pulse train is used as the carrier wave, and some characteristic feature of each pulse (e.g.emplitude duration or position) is varied in a continuous manner in accordance with the pertinent sample value of the message signal. On the other hand, in pulse code modulation (PCM), a discrete-time, discrete amplitude representation is used for the signal and, as such, it has no CW counterpart. In a PCM system, the message signal is sampled and the amplitude of each sample is rounded off to the nearest one of a finite set of allowable values and the rounded values are coded. (i) Sampling The incoming message wave is sampled with a train of narrow rectangular pulses so as to closely approximate the instantaneous sampling process. In order to ensure perfect reconstruction of the message at the receiver, the sampling rate must be greater than twice the highest frequency component w m of the message wave. In practice, a low-pass filter is used at the front end of the sampler in order to exclude frequencies greater than w m before sampling. (iii) Quantizing A continuous signal, such as voice, has within its finite amplitude range, an infinite number of amplitude levels. However, in DPCM one retains only a finite number of discrete levels by using quantisation. This introduce some error in the signal. This is called quantisation error or quantisation noise. This means that the original continuous signal may be approximated by a signal constructed of discrete amplitudes selected on a minimum error basis from an available set. Clearly if one assigns the discrete amplitude levels with sufficiently close spacing, one can make the approximated signal practically indistinguishable from the original continuous signal. Graphically, the quantising process means that a straight line representing the relation between input and output of a linear continuous system is replaced by a staircase characteristic as in Fig.2. The quantising error consists of the difference between the input and output signals of the quantizer. It is apparent that the maximum instantaneous value of this error is half of the separation between two adjacent permissible amplitude levels. (iv) Encoding The quantised sample values are coded. Any plan for representing each of this discrete set of values as a particular arrangement of discrete event in a code is called a code One of the discrete events in a code is called a code element or symbol. In a binary code, each symbol may be either of two distinct values or kinds, such as the presence or absence of a pulse. The two symbols of a binary code results in the maximum advantage over the effects of noise in a transmission medium. It is also easy to regenerate. With an n bit (binary digit) binary code, one can represent a total of 2 n distinct numbers. There are several ways by which binary symbols 1 and 0 can be represented by electrical signals. These constitute the DPCM signal. (v) Decoding At the receiver, the received DPCM pulses may be reshaped. The reshaped clean pulses are regrouped into code words in the receiver and decoded into a quantised DPCM signal. The decoding process involves generating a pulse the amplitude of which is the linear sum of all the pulses in the code word, each pulse weighted by its 3

place-value (2 0 , 2 1 ,2 2 ,2 3 ,....for a binary code) in the code. (vi) Filtering The final operation in the receiving is to recover the signal wave by passing the decoder output through a low-pass reconstruction filter whose cut off frequency is equal to the message bandwidth w m . Assuming that the transmission path is error free, the recovered signal includes no noise with the exception of the initial distortion introduced by the quantisation process. (vii) Quantizing Noise As mentioned earlier, quantising noise is produced in the transmitter end of a DPCM system by rounding off the sampled values of a continuous base band signal to the nearest permitted quantising levels. For a Quantising process, let the step size be uniform and equal to S volts. It is clear from Fig. 2 that if q e denotes the value of the error produced by the quantising process, with a random input signal, the quantising error is a random variable which is bounded by -S/2 = q e = S/2. It can also be shown that the mean squared value of the quantising noise q e is S 2 /12. When the message signal has uniform probability distribution over each setup size.

CHAPTER-2
CIRCIUT DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

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(5) Power supply section:The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages. Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate DPCM Modulation demodulation system. +12V, 250mA -12V, 250mA + 5V, 500mA Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e. IC 7812 for +12V, IC 7912 for -12V, IC 7805 for +5V, These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Bridge rectifiers consisting of D1-D4 and D5-D8 & two 1000/25 EC and 1000/10 EC. The capacitors at each input & each output are for filtering purpose. **************

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EXPERIMENT-1
EXP. (1). TO GENERATE DPCM SIGNAL BY MODULATING WITH AUDIO SIGNAL GENERATOR: 1. Connect MOD I/P terminal of DPCM modulator to Sine O/P terminal of Audio Oscillator. Connect CRO channel-1 at Sine O/P terminal (T1) of Audio Oscillator. Connect ground of probe to ground terminal of Audio oscillator. Adjust amplitude of sine wave to 2 Vpp and audio frequency to 1 KHz. _______Waveform (T1) 2. Connect CRO channel-2 at Samp Clock terminal _______Waveform (T2) 3. Then connect CRO channel-2 at DPCM O/P terminal of modulator. The DPCM modulated waveform will be seen. EXP. (2). TO DEMODULATE DPCM SIGNAL 4. Connect link between DPCM O/P terminal and DPCM I/P terminal. Connect CRO channel-2 at RAW DATA terminal of demodulator. Observe quantised recovered raw data signal. ______ Waveform (T3)

______ Waveform (T4)

6. Then connect CRO channel-2 at FIL O/P terminal of Low pass filtered and observe filtered recovered output signal. ______ Waveform (T5) Conclusion: The quantising error in recovered signal: a. increases with increase in signal amplitude, b. increases with increase in signal frequency. c. decreases with increase in sampling pulse frequency. **************

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TEST POINT WAVEFORMS

T1. Modulating Sinewave signal :- (at Sine O/P terminal of Audio Oscillator) : 1 KHz, 2Vpp-

+ 1V
H = 0.5 ms V = 1.0 V Trig = CRO-1

- 1V
1 ms

T2. Sampling Clock signal:

T3 DPCM O/P signal +4V H = 0.5 ms V = 2 V Trig = CRO-2

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T4 Raw Data Demodulated signal

+0.5V

H = 0.5ms V = 0.5 V Trig= CRO-2

-0.5V
T5 Filtered Signal

+1V
H = 0.5 ms V = 1.0 V Trig= CRO-2

-1V 0.5 ms

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