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Faculty of Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
Practical
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry I
PHC 111
Learn:
First aid procedure for acid and alkali spills on the skin.
The procedures for properly disposing of solid and liquid waste in your
lab.
Important General Rules
Know:
The safety rules of your particular lab.
The locations of emergency eye washes and safety showers.
NEVER: :!
Eat,
Drink,
Or Smoke in the lab.
Do not
Work alone.
Perform no unauthorized experiments
Distract your fellow workers;
Horseplay has no place in the lab.
Collective prospective
A) Physical Characteristics:
1. Condition
2. Colour
3. Odour
4. Solubility
5. Dry heat
B) Chemical Reactions:
1. Action of soda lime (on solid only)
2. Action of 30%NaOH
3. Action of conc. H2SO4
4. Reaction with FeCl3
b) Liquid:
You have to determine whether the liquid is
• True liquid or solution:
By using anhydrous copper sulphate in a watch glass then add few drops of
the compound:
♦ True liquid: the colour does not change.
♦ Solution in water: the colour changes from green to blue.
• Mobility: viscous, oily
2. Colour:
3. Odour:
o Some organic compounds have characteristic odour,
(Strong smelling is avoided)
e.g. Alcoholic odour: methanol, ethanol
Bitter almond odour: benzaldehyde
Mice like odour: acetamide
Pleasant fruity odour: esters
Vinegar odour: acetic acid.
4. Solubility:
Solubility is used to indicate the nature of the organic compound & its functional
group, by trying solubility at room temperature in:
1-H2O 2- dilute NaOH 3- dilute HCl
♦Solubility Test:
1- Few amount of solid (finely powdered) or (0.2 mL) of liquid in a test tube.
2. Add 5 mL solvent (H2O, dilute NaOH or dilute HCl) shake well at room
temperature, then notice the change:
For example:
Procedures:
1. In a test tube, with 2 mL of Sodium carbonate solution add few crystals of
the substance. (warm if necessary)
2. Note the effervescence:
5) Dry heat:
• heat a small portion of the organic compound on inverted porcelain lid or
broken glass, note carefully:
1. Inflammability:
a) Inflammable or non inflammable
(Inflammable means that when you remove the substance from the flame it will
catch fire)
b) Luminous or non luminous
c) Smoky or non smoky: e.g.
I- Unsaturated, and higher aliphatic compounds give yellow and
smoky flame
II- Lower aliphatic compounds give yellow and non-smoky flame
III- Lower alcohols: Give clear bluish flame
2. Change in appearance:
As seen (melts, blackens, charring, swelling, evaporates)
3. Change in odour:
As detected (ammonia odour, burnt sugar odour,…)
4. Change in colour:
Chemical Name:
Chemical Structure:
Physical Characterizations
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Working Sheet
Sample 2:
Chemical Name:
Chemical Structure:
Physical Characterizations
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Working Sheet
Sample 3:
Chemical Name:
Chemical Structure:
Physical Characterizations
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B. Chemical Characteristics:
In a mortar, mix one part of the compound with three parts of soda lime,
grind and notice any change at room temperature (r.t.) first (odour or any
change in the nature of the sample).
If no odour is produced at room temperature, transfer part of the mixture into
a dry test tube and heat (CAUTION!!!!).
The action of soda lime on organic compounds involves the following reactions:
• Decarboxylation
e.g. Carboxylic acids give parent hydrocarbon.
RCOOH ⎯⎯⎯→ R-H
• Hydrolysis
e.g. Amides give ammonia odor.
R-CO-NH2 ⎯⎯⎯→ R-COONa + NH3
• Dehydration
e.g. Carbohydrates give burnt sugar odor due to the removal of water
molecules.
• Neutralization
e.g. Amine salts give free amines.
R-NH2.HCl ⎯⎯⎯→ R-NH2
Some important observations are summarized in the following table:
I-Odour:
Some important observations are summarized in the following table:
The action of 30% NaOH on organic compounds involves the following reactions:
Procedure:
1- In a test tube add a small amount of the substance (as a solution) then
add three drops of ferric chloride.
2- Notice any change in color.
This test depends on solubility results:
NOTE: Few amount of solid is dissolved in excess amount of solvent.
Dissolve in the proper solvent
The proper solvent must:
i) Dissolve the compound completely.
ii) Not interfere with the reaction.
If the compound is neutral, basic, or weakly acidic:
Blank Experiment:
Take 3 mL H2O in a test tube, add 3 drops FeCl3 then shake.
Compare between the colour produced with the compound and the color of the
blank experiment.
Working Sheet
Sample 1:
Chemical Name:
Chemical Structure:
Physical Characterizations
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Working Sheet
Sample 2:
Chemical Name:
Chemical Structure:
Physical Characterizations
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Working Sheet
Sample 3:
Chemical Name:
Chemical Structure:
Physical Characterizations
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