Stoichiometry- Calculation of quantities in chemical reactions Law of Conservation of Mass- states that in any physical change or chemical reaction,

mass is conserved. Mass is neither created nor destroyed 1 mole =22.4 L of gases at STP and 1 mole= 6.02*10^23 atoms Limiting reactant- reactant that determines the amount of product that can be formed by a reaction. Excess Reagent- completely used up in a reaction Thermochemistry- study of energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and changes in state. Law of Conservation of Energy- any chemical or physical process energy is neither created nor destroyed. If the energy of the system decreases during that process, the energy of surrounding must increase by the same amount of energy. Heat= q Potential Energy- Energy stored Endothermic- absorb heat Exothermic+ energy Hesss Law-determine the heat of reaction If you add two or more thermochemical equations to give a final equation, then you can also add the heats of reaction to give the final heat reaction States of Matter Kinetic theory- all matter consists of tiny particles that are in constant motion. The particles in a gas are usually molecules or atoms. Gas are considered to be small, hard spheres with an insignificant volume Far apart compared with particles in a liquid or solid Motion is rapid, constant and random- perfectly elastic Kinetic energy is transferred without loss from one particle to another and the total kinetic energy remains constant. Barometer- device to measure atmospheric pressure Manometer- measure vapor pressure of a liquid AS GAS PRESSURE INCREASES VOULUME DECREASES aka Boyles Law Vapor pressure- measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid. Atmospheric pressure- collisions of atoms and molecules in air with object DECRESES AS you climb a mountain because the density of atmosphere decreases as the elevation increases

water's boiling point decrease with increase elevation

Normal boiling point- pressure of 101.3 kPa= 1 atm Intermolecular forces within a liquid increase the vapor pressure decrease

Sublimation- The change of a substance from a solid to a vapor without passing through the liquid state Higher up less pressure takes more heat up Boyles Law- given mass of a gas at constant temp, the volume of the gas varies inversely with pressure IF THE TEMPERTURE IS CONSTANT, AS HE PRESSURE OF A GAS INCREASES, TE VOLUME DECREASES Charles Law- the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept constant. AS THE TEMPERTURE OF AN ENCLOSED GAS INCREASES, THE VOLUME INCREASES, IF THE PRESSURE IS CONSTANT Gay Lussacs Law- the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature if the volume remains constant AS THE TEMPERATURE OF AN ENCLOSED GAS INCREASES, THE PRESSURE INCREASES IF THE VOLUME IS CONSTANT Combined Gas Law- Relationship among pressure, temperature and volume of an enclose gas THE COMBINED GAS LAW ALLOWS YOU TO DO CALCULATIONS FOR SITUATION ON WHICH ONLY THE AMOUNT OF GAS IS CONSTANT Ideal Gas Law- To calculate the number of moles of a contained gas requires an expression that contains the variable n.