Chapter 7

: Dynamics

7.1 Understanding force 1.

2.

A force is a push or a pull.

Actions such as bending, compressing, stretching, squeezing or lifting involve pushing force and pulling force.

3. Examples of everyday force at work include pushing a bicycle, pulling a nail, pushing a trolley, etc.
4.

The effect of force, changes:

a. b. c. d. e.

The shape of an object The position of an object The size of an object The speed of an object The direction of an object

P1 5. Force will not change the mass of an object. 6. We cannot see forces but we can feel the effect of force. 7. There are various types of forces:

P2 Types of force Frictional force Explanation Force which acts between two surfaces Acts in the opposite direction of movement Force exerted by a magnet Like poles repel each other & unlike poles attract each other Iron, steel, nickel and cobalt attracted to magnet Force between charged particles Like charges repel each other & unlike charges attract each other Pulling force exerted by the Earth Objects fall downwards due to the pull of gravity

Magnetic force

Electrostatic force

Gravitational force

Electric force

Force produced when electric current passes

Electromagn etic force

through an object It is due to the electrons flowing through the object Force produced when a current passes through a coil of wire wound around a soft iron core

7.2Understanding the Measurement of Force

1.

The SI unit for measuring force is newton (N). 1 kg = 10 N The spring balance is used to measure force. P3

2.

3.

When a load or an object is hung on the balance, the spring stretches and shows a reading.

7.3Application of Frictional Force

1.

When an object moves across the floor, it eventually slow down and stops. This is

due to friction between the object and the floor.

2.

Frictional force always apposes movement. It acts in the opposite direction to the direction movement.

3.

4. A frictional force has direction and magnitude 5. The magnitude of frictional force depends on:
a.

The types of surface in contact the magnitude of frictional force is higher on rough surface than on smooth surface The weight of the object the heavier the object, the higher the frictional force acting on it.

b.

6.

The magnitude of the frictional force does not depend on the surface area in contact.

7. When the spring balance is pulled, the wooden block does not move. If we increase the pull to a certain value, the

block will start to move. At this stage, the reading on the spring balance is the magnitude of the frictional force. P4
8.

Advantages of frictional force:

a.

The friction between our feet and the floor enables us to walk The friction between the tyres and the road surface prevents the vehicle from skidding The brake system enables the vehicles to slow down or stop The friction between the pen and the hand enables us to hold onto pen and write properly.

b.

c.

d.

9.

Disadvantages of frictional force:

a.

Produce heat which may cause overheating of machines Cause wear and tear of the surfaces Produces sound

b.

c.
10.

Ways to increase friction:

a. b.

Make the surfaces rougher Thread on tyres

c.Strips on winding roads d.

11.

Soles of shoes

Ways to reduce friction: a. Rollers are placed between two surfaces which are in contact b. Ball bearings in revolving shafts

c.Apply oil or grease to moving parts such as hinges d. Wheels on vehicles or heavy objects such as piano and sofa e. Air cushion in air pack and hovercraft P5

7.4Application of Work 1. Work is done when a force moves an object through a distance in the direction of force. 2. When the force applied is increased, more work is done.
3.

Similarly, when the distance that the object moves through increases, it also means that more work is done. Examples of work done: a. A boy carries a school bag and walks to school b. A crane lift a load

4.

c.A boy kicks a ball d.

5.

A young man pushes a bicycle

The unit of work is joule (J). Work (J) = force (N) x Distance (m)

6.

7. If a force is exerted on an object but the object does not move, work is not done.
8.

Example of work not done:

a. b. c. d.

A boy stands in a field A worker pushes hard against a wall A girl studies at a table A students sits on a chair

A boy weighing 40kg walks up a staircase as shown above. Calculate the work done by him. Work = (40 x 10) N x 5m = 400 x 5 = 2000 J

7.5Application of Power
1. 2.

Power is the rate of doing work. The unit of power is watt (W) or joules per second (J s-1) One watt is one joule of work done in one second. 1 W = 1 J s-1

3.

4. Power is determined by the following formula. Power (W) = Work done (J) Time taken (s) 5. The faster the work is done, the greater the power.

Example 2 A crane lifts a load of 4000 N to a height of 6 m in 12 seconds. Calculate its power.

Work

= 4000 N x 6 m

= 24 000 J

Power = 24 000 J 12 s = 2000 W

Example 3 Table below shows four students with four different baskets and the distance they walk in 300 seconds. Weight of Distance Students basket (m) (N) P 5 150 Q 10 100 R 5 300 S 10 200 Which students use the least power? Students Work Power 5 x 150 P Q R S

Students ________ use the least power.

7.6Importance of Force in Life 1. Force plays an important role in or lives 2. We need force to pull, hold, push, twist, squeeze or turn any object. 3. If there is no frictional force, we may fall when we walk, the vehicle will skid or we can hardly hold anything. 4. All object such as houses, stones, water and tree, will float in outer space if there is no gravitational force. 5. If there is no electrostatic force, many electrostatics appliances are not able to function. 6. If there is no magnetic force, appliances such as electric bell, telephone and loudspeaker cannot function. 7. If there is no gravitational force, manmade satellites cannot orbit around the Earth.