Motivation Theories:

Motivation is the process that accounts for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal. These are Maslows hierarchy, Alderfers ERG, Theory X and Theory Y, Mc Clellands needs & Two factor theory, Goal- setting, Reinforcement, Equity and expectancy theories Maslow has given a hierarchy of five needs (physiological, safety, social, esteem and selfactualisation) in which as each need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant. According to ERG theory, we seek to fulfil the core needs existence, relatedness and growth. While theory X shows that employees have a negative attitude, theory Y says employees have a positive attitude towards their organisation. Two factor theory is also called motivation- hygiene theory relates intrinsic factors like growth to job satisfaction and extrinsic factors like work conditions to dissatisfaction. According to Mc Clellands acquired needs theory we seek power, achievement and affiliation are three important needs. According to Goal setting theory, different goals motivate us differently. According to Vrooms expectancy theory, we are motivated by desirable things we expect we can achieve. According to reinforcement theory, behaviour is a function of its consequences and according to equity theory employees compare job inputs & outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequalities.

Leadership Theories: According to Great Man theory leaders are born and not made; great leaders will arise when there is a great need. According to Trait theory, people are born with inherited traits; some traits are particularly suited to leadership; people who make good leaders have the right combination of traits. According to Blake and Moutons managerial grid, leaders may be concerned for their people and they must have concern for the work to be done. According to Hershey and Blanchard, leaders can be of four types: directing, selling, participative and delegating. Likert identified four main types of leadership namely exploitive authoritative, benevolent authoritative, consultative and participative in particular around decision making and the degree to which people are involved in the decision. According to the normative model, decision acceptance increases commitment and effectiveness of action; participation increases decision acceptance. According to path- goal theory, leaders encourage and support their followers in achieving the goals they have set by making the path clear.

According to Fiedlers least preferred co- worker theory, leaders prioritize between taskfocus and people- focus. According to cognitive resource theory, intelligence and experience and other cognitive resources are factors in leadership success.

Behavioural Theories: