INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR

NETWORKS














1C lL operaLes ln Lhe 800/900MPz frequency lL ls based on luMA (frequency dlvlslon mulLlple access) and analog lM
Lechnology 1hese sysLems have a slngle channel per carrler When a MS accesses Lhe sysLem Lwo carrlers are acLually
asslgnedforward(base Lo moblle) llnk and one for Lhe reverse(moblle Lo base)llnk SeparaLlon of Lhe forward and
reverse carrler frequency ls necessary Lo allow lmplemenLaLlon of duplexer LhaL lsolaLes Lhese channels Lhus prevenLlng
a radlo 1rans recelver from [ammlng lLself 1here are dlfferenL Lypes of 1C servlces provldlng dlfferenL number of
channel capaclLy vlz
1n11280 Lo 600/2400 channels
2nM11999 channels
3AMS832 channels
1o lmplemenL a duplexer a separaLlon of 43MPz ls used beLween LransmlL and recelve frequencles
1C ls lncompaLlble and hence prevenLs roamlng



















2C1hls cellular sysLem was lmplemenLed ln dlfferenL forms vlz
1CSM/uCS1800/CS1900 ln Lurope
2uC sLandards ln !apan
3lS34/136 and lS93 ln uSA
1CSM/uCS1800/CS1900
CSM(Clobal SysLem for Moblle CommunlcaLlon)lL operaLes ln a new frequency allocaLlon and Lhus lmproved quallLy
8oamlng and Lhe supporL of daLa servlces ls lLs prlmary ob[ecLlve's was Lhe world's flrsL dlglLal daLa cellular sysLem lL
can supporL full raLe(8 sloLs/carrler) or half raLe(16 sloLs/carrler) and provldes varlous synchronous and asynchronous
daLa servlces aL 244896 kb/s CSM uses 1uMA(1lme ulvlslon MulLlple Access) wlLh 200kPzcarrler spaclng rlghL
channels per carrler wlLh a Llme sloL(bursL) of 03ms and Causslan Mlnlmum ShlfL keylng wlLh raw blL raLe of 2708kb/s
uCS1800 (ulglLal Cellular SysLem)used for personal communlcaLlon neLworks(Cn)lL dlffers from CSM by Lhe followlng
1CperaLes ln 17101783MPz(MS LransmlL) and 18031880MPz(8S LransmlL)
2CpLlmlzed for 2 classes of hand held porLable unlL(raLher Lhan moblle) wlLh a peak power of 1W and 230mW
respecLlvely
CS1900 1hls ls Lhe sysLem ln Amerlca operaLlng aL 18801990MPz CS band lL dlffers from uCS1800 by Lhe use of
ACLL Ll8(Lnhance lull 8aLe) vocoder
2 uC (ersonal ulglLal Cellular)lL operaLes on 1uMA(Llme dlvlslon mulLlple access)lL has 3 full raLe
channels/carrler23kPz carrler spaclng's and ls based on pl/4 uCSk wlLh a raw blL raLe of 42kb/s SynchronlzaLlon
Word ls near Lhe cenLer of Lhe uC hence Lhe bursLs LhaL enables Lhe uC recelver Lo Lrack Lhe channel varlaLlons over
Lhe Llme sloL Powever uC suffers from loss of mulLlpaLh dlverslLy and Lhe anLenna has Lo malnLaln Lhe spaLlal dlverslLy
3 lS34/136 and lS931hese are dual mode Lrans recelvers capable of 10 fold lncrease ln capaclLy over AMS and
reverse compaLlble wlLh AMS lL ls based on CuMA and 1uMA
lS34ulglLal slgnallng scheme ls based on l/1uMA wlLh 30kPz carrler spaclng and pl/4 phase shlfLed quadraLure
dlfferenLlal phase shlfL keylng (pl/4 uCSk) wlLh a raw blL raLe of 486kb/s lL uses analog conLrol channellS136 ls Lhe
same excepL lL uses dlglLal conLrol channellS34136 alr lnLerface speclfles 6 sloLs(or bursLs) per frame yleldlng 3 full
raLe channels or 6 half raLe channels per carrler
lS93CuMA was adopLed ln lS93uaLa raLe ls 93kb/s whlch ls spread by uslng n sequence wlLh a chlp raLe of
12288Mchlps/s lorward channel supporLs coherenL deLecLlon by uslng a plloL channel for channel esLlmaLlon Powever
lL has Lhe followlng drawbacks'
1 Coded downllnk Lransmlsslons are noL lnLerleaved across bursLs and Lherefore Lhe slgnal ls suscepLlble for fadlng
2 nearlar effecLMS's close lnLo a 8S wlll swap ouL Lhe slgnal from more dlsLlncL MS's All slgnals musL be recelved wlLh
Lhe same power a condlLlon LhaL ls dlfflculL Lo achleve
1o combaL nearfar effecL reverse llnk used fasL closed loop power conLrol Lo compensaLe for flucLuaLlons ln recelved
slgnal power due Lo varlaLlons ln radlo llnk need for sofL handoffs when Lhe MS can malnLaln a radlo llnk wlLh mulLlple
8S's ln Lhe boundary area beLween cells





3C 1he frequency band of 18832200 MPz was provlded ln supporL of lM12000 approved by Lhe WA8C3C provldes
wlreless neLwork LhaL can supporL volce mulLlmedla and hlgh speed daLa Lransmlsslon lnLroducLlon of band packeL
swlLched daLa servlces for wlreless access Lo lnLerneL wlLh speeds up Lo 2Mb/s 1ermlnal and personal moblllLy wlLh
unlversal access and worldwlde roamlng Lhrough use of porLable Lermlnals WlLh ersonal CommunlcaLlon Servlces
(CS) lnLelllgenL neLworks wlll be employed Lo assume Lhe burden of locaLlon a called parLy3C expanded range of
servlces whlch can be puL under Lwo phases
hase1SupporL clrculL and packeL swlLched mulLlmedla wlLh asymmeLrlc user daLa raLe up Lo 2Mb/s
hase2rovldes user daLa raLes up Lo 20Mb/s
3C provlded varlous oLher servlces llke call walLlng caller lu sLore and forward use of common band for LerresLrlal and
saLelllLe neLworks was anoLher advanLage 3C lmproved specLral efflclency quallLy flexlblllLy and overall cosL
lmprovemenL
1he 3rd CeneraLlon arLnershlp ro[ecL (3C) was formed ln 1998 Lo fosLer deploymenL of 3C neLworks LhaL
descended from CSM 3C Lechnologles evolved as follows
- Ceneral ackeL 8adlo Servlce (C8S) offered speeds up Lo 114 kbps
- Lnhanced uaLa 8aLes for Clobal LvoluLlon (LuCL) reached up Lo 384 kbps
- uM1S Wldeband CuMA (WCuMA) offered downllnk speeds up Lo 192 Mbps
- Plgh Speed uownllnk ackeL Access (PSuA) boosLed Lhe downllnk Lo 14Mbps
- L1L Lvolved uM1S 1erresLrlal 8adlo Access (Lu18A) ls almlng for 100 Mbps
1here are Len schemes for 3C 2 schemes based on 1uMA vlz uLC1 and uWC136 and Lhe oLher 8 based on Wlde 8and
CuMA
uWC136 lL ls Lhe 3C evoluLlon of lS136 famlly Lnhanced modulaLlon Lechnlque(lS136+) and uslng a wlder band
200kPz carrler(uWC136PS)uWC136PS ls Lhe same as LuCL(Lnhanced uaLa for Clobal LvoluLlon) whlch ls enhanced
CSM alr lnLerface
Wlde 8and CuMA lL lncludes cdma2000 and WCuMA lL provldes packeL daLa servlces provlslon of mulLlraLe servlces
complex spreadlng and coherenL upllnk uslng a user dedlcaLed plloL AddlLlonal plloL channel ln Lhe download llnk for
beam formlng fasL forward llnk power conLrol and lnLerfrequency handoff are Lhe oLher feaLures20Mhz ln Lhls band ls
unllcensed whlch ls dlvlded equally for use for packeL swlLched appllcaLlon and clrculL swlLched appllcaLlon
3C neLworks offer greaLer securlLy Lhan Lhelr 2C predecessors 8y allowlng Lhe uL (user LqulpmenL) Lo auLhenLlcaLe Lhe
neLwork lL ls aLLachlng Lo Lhe user can be sure Lhe neLwork ls Lhe lnLended one and noL an lmpersonaLor 3C neLworks
use Lhe kASuMl block crypLo lnsLead of Lhe older A3/1 sLream clpherln addlLlon Lo Lhe 3C neLwork lnfrasLrucLure
securlLy endLoend securlLy ls offered when appllcaLlon frameworks such as lMS are accessed alLhough Lhls ls noL
sLrlcLly a 3C properLy
1he PSuA ls a new Lechnology whlch may also be called 33C comlng very soon 1hls offers fasLers speeds of up Lo 72
Mbps and also promlses Lhe llkes of 144 Mbps very soon 1he lnLerface ls very much dlfferenL on a cellular phone buL
oLher experlences llke downloadlng sLreamlng web browslng and sendlng messages and emall can be very comparable
Lo a compuLer broadband connecLlon
A second organlzaLlon Lhe 3rd CeneraLlon arLnershlp ro[ecL 2 (3C2) was formed Lo help norLh Amerlcan and
Aslan operaLors uslng CuMA2000 LranslLlon Lo 3C 3C2 Lechnologles evolved as follows
- Cne 1lmes 8adlo 1ransmlsslon 1echnology (1x811) offered speeds up Lo 144 kbps
- LvoluLlon uaLa CpLlmlzed (LvuC) lncreased downllnk speeds up Lo 24 Mbps
- LvuC 8ev A boosLed downllnk peak speed Lo 31 Mbps and reduced laLency
- ulLra Moblle 8roadband (uM8) was slaLed Lo reach 288 Mbps on Lhe downllnk

4C 1he goal of 4C wlll be Lo replace Lhe enLlre core of cellular neLworks wlLh a slngle worldwlde cellular neLwork
compleLely sLandardlzed based on Lhe (lnLerneL roLocol) l for vldeo packeL daLa uLlllzlng volce over l (vol) and
mulLlmedla servlces 1he newly sLandardlzed neLworks would provlde unlform vldeo volce and daLa servlces Lo Lhe
cellular handseL or handheld lnLerneL appllance based enLlrely on l (lnLerneL roLocol)
1he 4C sLandards have noL been seL and underlylng Lechnologles are noL flxed whlch leaves plenLy of room for oLher
appllcaLlons Lo overlap lnLo Lhe 4C space 1he lndusLry has guldellnes for Lhe mlgraLlon from 30C Lo 40C buL a clear
paLh has noL been proven l1u8 organlzaLlon speclfled Lhe lM1Advanced (lnLernaLlonal Moblle 1elecommunlcaLlons
Advanced) requlremenLs for 4C sLandards seLLlng peak speed requlremenLs for 4C servlce aL 100 MblL/s for hlgh
moblllLy communlcaLlon (such as from Lralns and cars) and 1 CblL/s for low moblllLy communlcaLlon (such as pedesLrlans
and sLaLlonary users)
1he 4C provlders of advanced cellular Lechnology ln lLC (lorward Lrror CorrecLlon) are adopLlng ConcaLenaLed Codlng
whlch has Lhe capablllLy of mulLlple CoS (CuallLy of Servlce) levels lLC codlng adds redundancy Lo a LransmlLLed coded
slgnal Lhrough encodlng prlor Lo Lransmlsslon A ma[or advanLage of ConcaLenaLed Codlng over Lhe ConvoluLlon Codlng
meLhod by vlLerbl wlll be lmproved neLwork performance by Lhe comblnlng of Lwo or more codlng Lechnlques such as a
8eedSolomon and a ConvoluLlon Code as one ConcaLenaLed Code 1he comblnaLlon lmproves error correcLlon and
comblnes error correcLlon wlLh error deLecLlon lLC uslng ConcaLenaLed Codlng allows a wlreless neLwork Lo send much
larger blocks of daLa whlle reduclng blLerror raLe Lhereby lncreaslng Lhe overall LhroughpuL
1he prlmary goal of Lhe planned 4C cellular servlces wlll lnclude Lhe followlng
-lnLeracLlve MulLlmedla volce vldeo SLreamlng
-Plgh Speed Clobal lnLerneL Access vn AvallablllLy
-Servlce orLablllLy wlLh Scalable Moblle Servlces
-Plgh Speed Plgh CapaclLy Low CosL Servlces
-lmproved lnformaLlon SecurlLy
-CoS LnhancemenLs
-MulLlPop neLworklng
-SpecLral 8andwldLh Lfflclencles (8blLs/Second/Pz)
-Seamless neLwork of MulLlple roLocols 4C musL be alll