Augusto Sagnotti - Higher Spins and Strings

Augusto SAGNOTTI Scuola Normale Superiore and INFN
Dario FRANCIA (Czech Acad. Sci, Prague) Andrea CAMPOLEONI (AEI, Potsdam) Massimo TARONNA (Scuola Normale) Mirian TSULAIA (U. Liverpool) Jihad MOURAD (U. Paris VII) Istanbul, August 2011
Originally: an S-matrix with(planar) duality
Rests crucially on the presence of massive modes Massive modes: mostly Higher Spins (HS)
(Dirac, Fierz, Pauli, 1936 - 39)
4D: A ! 1 :::s
[Symmetric]
Dirac-Fierz-Pauli (DFP) conditions:

s1 1 sN
[D>4: A ! (1) :::(1) ;:::;(N ) :::(N ) ]

1
[Mixed (multi-symmetric)]
A. SAGNOTTI - Istanbul, 2011
[ Vacuum stability: OK with SUSY ] Key addition: low-energy effective SUGRA (2D data translated via RG into space-time notions)
S2 =
Z
Z Z ab @ x @ X G (X)+ ab @ x@ X B (X)+ 0pR(2)(X)+:: a a b b
1 SD = 2 2kD
p 1 2 H + 4(@)2 +:: dD X Ge R 12
Deep conceptual problems are inherited from (SU)GRA. String Field Theory: field theory combinatorics for amplitudes. Massive modes included. Background (in)dependence?
[ Vacuum stability: OK with SUSY ] Key addition: low-energy effective SUGRA (2D data translated via RG into space-time notions)
S2 =
Z
Z Z ab @ x @ X G (X)+ ab @ x@ X B (X)+ 0pR(2)(X)+:: a a b b
1 SD = 2 2kD
p 1 2 H + 4(@)2 +:: dD X Ge R 12
Deep conceptual problems are inherited from (SU)GRA. String Field Theory: field theory combinatorics for amplitudes. Massive modes included. Background (in)dependence?
Are strings really at the heart of String Theory? Lessons from (and for) (massive) HS?
Key properties of HS fields:

Symmetric HS fields, triplets and HS geometry;
HS interactions:
External currents and the vDVZ discontinuity; Limiting string 3-pt functions and gauge symmetry; Conserved HS currents & exchanges; 4-point functions and beyond.
Fronsdal (1978): natural extension of s=1,2 cases (BUT with CONSTRAINTS)
(primes = traces)
Can simplify notation (and algebra) hiding space-time indices:
1st Fronsdal constraint
Bianchi identity :
2nd Fronsdal constraint
Natural to try and forego these trace constraints: BRST (non minimal) (Buchbinder, Burdik, Pashnev, Tsulaia, , 1998-) Minimal compensator form (Francia, AS, Mourad, 2002 -)
Unconstrained Lagrangian [2-derivative : (Buchbinder et al, 2007; Francia, 2007)]
Bianchi identity :
2nd Fronsdal constraint
Natural to try and forego these trace constraints: BRST (non minimal) (Buchbinder, Burdik, Pashnev, Tsulaia, , 1998-) Minimal compensator form (Francia, AS, Mourad, 2002 -)
S=3 (Schwinger)
Unconstrained Lagrangian [2-derivative : (Buchbinder et al, 2007; Francia, 2007)]
What are we gaining ?
After some iterations:

s = 2:
NON-LOCAL gauge invariant equation for ONLY
s > 2: Hierarchy of connections and curvatures
(de Wit and Freedman, 1980)
What are we gaining ?
After some iterations:

s = 2:
NON-LOCAL gauge invariant equation for ONLY
s > 2: Hierarchy of connections and curvatures
(de Wit and Freedman, 1980)
NON LOCAL geometric equations :

(Francia and AS, 2002)
(Kato and Ogawa, 1982; Witten; Neveu, West et al, 1985,,)
BRST equations for contracted Virasoro:
First open bosonic Regge trajectory TRIPLETS

Propagate: s,s-2,s-4,
(A. Bengtsson, 1986; Henneaux, Teitelboim, 1987) (Pashnev, Tsulaia, 1998; Francia, AS, 2002; Bonelli, 2003; AS, Tsulaia, 2003)
On-shell truncation :
(Francia, AS, 2002)
Off-shell truncation :
( Buchbinder, Krykhtin, Reshetnyak 2007 )
(Kato and Ogawa, 1982; Witten; Neveu, West et al, 1985,,)
BRST equations for contracted Virasoro:
First open bosonic Regge trajectory TRIPLETS

Propagate: s,s-2,s-4,
(A. Bengtsson, 1986; Henneaux, Teitelboim, 1987) (Pashnev, Tsulaia, 1998; Francia, AS, 2002; Bonelli, 2003; AS, Tsulaia, 2003)
On-shell truncation :
(Francia, AS, 2002)
Off-shell truncation : Geometric form:

(Francia, 2010)
( Buchbinder, Krykhtin, Reshetnyak 2007 )
L R1 :::s ;1 :::s
1 s1
R1 :::s ;1 :::s
Independent fields for D > 5 Index families Non-Abelian gl(N) algebra mixing them Labastida constraints (1987):
NOT all (double) traces vanish Higher traces in Lagrangians ! Constrained bosonic Lagrangians and fermionic field equations Key tool: self-adjointness of kinetic operator
More recently:
(Campoleoni, Francia, Mourad, AS, 2008, and 2009)
Unconstrained bosonic Lagrangians (Un)constrained fermionic Lagrangians Key tool: Bianchi (Noether) identities
A. SAGNOTTI - Istanbul, 2011 13
Problems :
Aragone Deser problem (with minimal gravity coupling) Weinberg Witten Coleman - Mandula Velo - Zwanziger problem Weinbergs 1964 S-matrix argument
...............................
(see Porrati, 2008)
Problems :
...............................
(see Porrati, 2008)
Problems :
But:
...............................
(see Porrati, 2008)
(Light-cone or covariant) 3-vertices
[higher derivatives]
(Scalar) scattering via current exchanges
Berends, Burgers, van Dam, 1982) (Bengtsson2, Brink, 1983) (Boulanger et al, 2001 -) (Metsaev, 2005,2007) (Buchbinder,Fotopoulos, Irges, Petkou, Tsulaia, 2006) (Boulanger, Leclerc, Sundell, 2008) (Zinoviev, 2008) (Manvelyan, Mkrtchyan, Ruhl, 2009) (Bekaert, Mourad, Joung, 2009) (Argyres, Nappi, 1989) (Porrati, Rahman, 2009) (Porrati, Rahman, AS, 2010) (Vasiliev, 1990, 2003) (Sezgin, Sundell, 2001)
String contact terms resolve Velo-Zwanziger
Vasiliev eqs:
Deformed low-derivative with 0
Infinitely many fields
(Fronsdal, 1978) (Francia, Mourad, AS, 2007, 2008)
NOTICE: e.g. s=1 :
Static sources: Coulomb-like Residues: degrees of freedom
All s :
Unique NON-LOCAL Lagrangian

(with proper current exchange)
E.g. for s=3:
(van Dam, Veltman; Zakharov, 1970)
(conserved T)
s and D, m=0 :
VDVZ discontinuity: comparing D and (D+1)-dim exchanges s: can describe massive fields a la Scherk-Schwarz from (D+1) dimensions : [ e.g. for s=2 : hAB (hab cos(my) , Aa sin(my), cos(my) ) ]
Two types of deformations: a finite dS radius L a mass M s=2 :

(Higuchi, 1987,2002) (Porrati, 2001) (Kogan, Mouslopoulos, Papazoglou, 2001)
Rational function of (ML) : Questions:
massless result as (ML)0 massive result as (ML)
How to extend to all s ? Origin of the poles ?
E.g.: massive s=2 in dS in general NO gauge symmetry, BUT if
Partial gauge symmetry :
(Deser, Nepolmechie, 1984) (Deser, Waldron, 2001)
NOTE: the coupling Jh is NOT partially gauge invariant Unless J is CONSERVED AND TRACELESS
E.g.: massive s=2 in dS in general NO gauge symmetry, BUT if
Partial gauge symmetry :
(Deser, Nepolmechie, 1984) (Deser, Waldron, 2001)
NOTE: the coupling Jh is NOT partially gauge invariant Unless J is CONSERVED AND TRACELESS
Closer look at old difficulties (for definiteness s-s-2 case)

Aragone-Deser: NO standardgravity coupling for massless HS around flat space; Fradkin-Vasiliev : OK with also higher-derivative terms around (A)dS; Metsaev (2007) light-cone Boulanger, Leclercq, Sundell (2008): non-Abelian CUBIC SEEDS
HS around flat space; MORE DERIVATIVES

Naively: 2 derivatives, BUT ACTUALLY: 4 derivatives! DEFORMING the highest vertex to (A)dS one can recover consistent minimal-like couplings WITH higher-derivative tails, with a singular limit as 0
Closer look at old difficulties (for definiteness s-s-2 case)

Aragone-Deser: NO standardgravity coupling for massless HS around flat space; Fradkin-Vasiliev : OK with also higher-derivative terms around (A)dS; Metsaev (2007) light-cone Boulanger, Leclercq, Sundell (2008): non-Abelian CUBIC SEEDS
HS around flat space; MORE DERIVATIVES

Naively: 2 derivatives, BUT ACTUALLY: 4 derivatives! DEFORMING the highest vertex to (A)dS one can recover consistent minimal-like couplings WITH higher-derivative tails, with a singular limit as 0
A r r A 1 (1 D) A = 0 L2
(AS, Taronna, 2010)
Chan-Paton factors
Gauge fixed Polyakov path integral Koba-Nielsen amplitudes Z open dy4 dyn jy12 y13 y23 j Sj1 jn =
Rn3
y y y h Vj1 (^1 )Vj2 (^2 )Vj3 (^3 ) Vjn (yn ) iT r(a1 an )

Vertex operators asymptotic states
yij = yi yj
Virasoro Fierz-Pauli
(L0 1) ji = 0 L2 ji = 0 L1 ji = 0
HERE massive HS, but

Z[J] = i(2)
d (d)
(J0 )C exp
1 2
d d J () J( ) G(; )
2 0
symbols
(n) Z(i )
exp
(n) (m) i Anm (yl ) j ij
(n) i
n Bi (yl ;
p l ) + p i p j ln jyij j
0
For symmetric open-string states
1 i 1 n i 1 : : : i n ( 1st Regge trajectory) n! 3 2 n p i p j 1 i j 5 1X 0 4 + p i p j ln jyij j 2a0 Z exp 2 2 yij yij 2 i (p i ; i ) =

i6=j
Virasoro constraints directly in generating function

L0 constraint: mass L1 constraint: transversality L2 constraint: vanishing trace
2 p 1 =
(AS, Taronna, 2010)
s1 1 0
2 p2 =
s2 1 0
p2 = 3
s3 1 0
DFP conditions
KEY SIMPLIFICATION OF 3-POINT FUNCTIONS:

Zphys exp (r 0 2 ) y23 y13 y12 + 2 p 31 + 3 p 12 + ( 1 2 + 1 3 + 2 3 ) 1 p 23 y12 y13 y12 y23 y13 y23
Signs (twist) On-shell couplings star- product with symbols of fields

A = 1 p 1; @ @ r 0 2 p 31 ! 2 p 2; + @ @ r 0 2 p 23 ! 3 p 3; r 0 ! p 12 2
=0
0-0-s:
Conserved (massless )
(Berends, Burger, van Dam, 1986)
A 00s
0 2
!s
Wigner Function
s 1 2 3 p 12
J (x; ) = x i
0 2
xi
0 2
1-1-(s2):
A 11s =
0 2 0 2
!s2 !s h
s2 s(s 1) A1 A2 ::: p 12
s1 A1 A2 p s + s A1 p 23 A2 ::: p 12 12 ::: s1 p 12
0 2
!s+2
+ s A2 p 31 A1
s A1 p 23 A2 p 31 p 12 ;
(AS, Taronna, 2010)
OLD IDEA: String Theory broken phase of something AMPLITUDES: can spot extra debris that drops out in the massless
limit, where one ought to recover couplings based on conserved currents.
A gauge invariant pattern shows up!

A = exp (r 0 h 2 (@ 1 @ 2 )(@ 3 p 12 ) + (@ 2 @ 3 )(@ 1 p 23 ) + (@ 3 @ 1 )(@ 2 p 31 ) p 1; 1 + r 0 2 p 23 ! 2 p 2; 2 + r 0 2 p 31 ! 3 p 3; 3 + r ) i
! p 12 2
i =0
G operator: builds a CASCADE of lower-derivative terms

(AS, Taronna, 2010)
The limiting couplings are induced by conserved currents:

J (x ; ) = exp i 1 r 0 2 r
J
! !
@1 @2 @ 12 2 @ @2 @ 1 + 2 @ @1 @ 2 1 2
xi
p 0 ; 1 i 2 0 @ 2 2
xi
p 0 ; 2 i 2 0 @ 1 2
i = 0
GENERALIZED WIGNER FUNCTIONS, conserved up to massless KleinGordon, divergences and traces. Unique extension to both Fronsdal and compensator cases (with divergences and traces), conserved up to complete eqs. CORRESPONDING GAUGE INVARIANT 3-POINT FUNCTIONS:
A = exp (r 0 h 2 1 (p 1 ; 1 ) 2 (p 2 ; 2 ) 3 (p 3 ; 3 ) (@ 1 @ 2 + 1)(@ 3 p 12 ) + (@ 2 @ 3 + 1)(@ 1 p 23 ) + (@ 3 @ 1 + 1)(@ 2 p 31 ) i )
i =0
Related work : Manvelyan, Mkrtchyan, Ruhl, 2010

Off Shell Vertices:

Hij = (@ i @ j + 1) D j D j = p j @ j V123 1 p j @ i @ j @ j 2
(AS, Taronna, 2010)
1 p j j @ j @ j ( de Donder operator ) 2 0 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ H 12 H 13 + H 23 H 21 + H 31 H 32 = exp ( ) 1 + 2 # 0 3 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ : H12 H 31 H 23 : : H21 H 32 H 13 : 2

0 h 2 (@ 1 @ 2 + 1)(@ 3 p 12 ) + (@ 2 @ 3 + 1)(@ 1 p 23 ) + (@ 3 @ 1 + 1)(@ 2 p 31 ) i )
A = exp
(r
Related work : Manvelyan, Mkrtchyan, Ruhl, 2010

1 (p 1 ; 1 ) 2 (p 2 ; 2 ) 3 (p 3 ; 3 )
i =0
(AS, Taronna, 2010)
A natural guess for gauge invariant FFB couplings in (type-0) superstrings:

AF
[0]
= exp( G) 1
p1 ; 1
0 p 23 2
= [1 + @ 3 ] 2 p3 ; 3
Determines corresponding (Bose and Fermi)conserved HS currents:

! 0 ) = exp i @1 @2 @ 12 2 @1 @2 @ 1 + 2 @2 @1 @ 2 2 ! ! r r h i 0 0 p p 0@ 1 x i ; 1 i 2 0 @ 2 1+= 2 x i ; 2 i 2 1 2 2
[0] JF F (x ;
! p 12 2
p2 ; 2
0 p 31 2 ;
i =0
:
i = 0
! 0 ) = exp i @1 @2 @ 12 2 @ @2 @ 1 + 2 @ @1 @ 2 1 2 2 ! ! r r h i p p 0 0 0@ 0@ = 2 1 x i 1+@ ; 1 i 2 2 2 x i ; 2 i 2 1 2 2
[0] JBF (x ;
:
i = 0
Current-exchange formula:
X
n
(Fronsdal, 1978; Francia, Mourad, AS, 2007)
1 n! 22n (3
d 2
s)n
hJ [n] ; J [n] i ;
(Berends, Burgers, van Dam, 1986) (Bekaert, Joung, Mourad, 2009)
Scalar currents & coupling function

J(x; u) = (x + iu) (x iu) ;
?
a(z) =
X zr
r
r!
ar
A
(s)
Bekaert-Joung-Mourad amplitude (D=4):

0 0 1 0p 0p = 0 a ut + a ut a0 1 (p 1 ) 2 (p 2 ) 3 (p 3 ; ) 4 (p 4 ) (u t) + (u t) s 4 2 4 2
A. SAGNOTTI - Prague, 2011
(Limiting) 3-pt functions:

A = exp (r
(Taronna, 2011)
i 0 h (@ 1 @ 2 + 1)@ 3 p 12 + (@ 2 @ 3 + 1)@ 1 p 23 + (@ 3 @ 1 + 1)@ 2 p 31 2 1 (p 1 ; 1 ) 2 (p 2 ; 2 ) 3 (p 3 ; 3 )

i =0
What is the meaning of ? Cubic vertex: tensor products of YM and scalar vertices These quantities are gauge invariant, up to the DFP conditions What are the analogues of the two basic vertices for N>3 pts?
[Lego bricks for S-matrix amplitudes]

Quartic YM vertex: Actually:
(Taronna, 2011)
contertermfor linearized gauge symmetry gauge symmetry requires planarly dual pairs
YM amplitudes:
Aa Ab Ac Ad
s u s u + + + s u
tr T a T b T c T d + tr T d T c T b T a + : : :
Quartic YM vertex: Actually:
(Taronna, 2011)
contertermfor linearized gauge symmetry gauge symmetry requires planarly dual pairs
YM amplitudes:
Aa Ab Ac Ad
s u s u + + + s u
Gauge invariant HS amplitudes (open-string-like):

a 1 :::k b 1 :::k c 1 :::k d 1 :::k s u + s + + u s u k (su)
k1
tr T a T b T c T d + tr T d T c T b T a + : : :
a b c d + tr T d T c T b T a + : : : tr T T T T
Weinbergs 1964 argument bypassed: lowest exchanged spin = 2s-1 Non-local Lagrangian couplings Closed-string-like amplitudes: striking differences already for s=2 !
Free HS Fields:
Constraints, compensators and curvatures (String Theory ( ) : triplets)
Interacting HS Fields:
External currents and vDVZ (dis)continuity Cubic interactions and (conserved) currents Massless flat limits vs locality
(Old) Frontier Crossed: 4-point amplitudes
Free HS Fields:
Constraints, compensators and curvatures (String Theory ( ) : triplets)
Interacting HS Fields:
External currents and vDVZ (dis)continuity Cubic interactions and (conserved) currents Massless flat limits vs locality
(Old) Frontier Crossed: 4-point amplitudes

Augusto Sagnotti - Higher Spins and Strings

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Augusto SAGNOTTI Scuola Normale Superiore and INFN

Originally: an S-matrix with(planar) duality

Dirac-Fierz-Pauli (DFP) conditions:

[D>4: A ! (1) :::(1) ;:::;(N ) :::(N ) ]

A. SAGNOTTI - Istanbul, 2011

Z Z ab @ x @ X G (X)+ ab @ x@ X B (X)+ 0pR(2)(X)+:: a a b b

A. SAGNOTTI - Istanbul, 2011

Z Z ab @ x @ X G (X)+ ab @ x@ X B (X)+ 0pR(2)(X)+:: a a b b

Key properties of HS fields:

A. SAGNOTTI - Istanbul, 2011

Fronsdal (1978): natural extension of s=1,2 cases (BUT with CONSTRAINTS)

Can simplify notation (and algebra) hiding space-time indices:

1st Fronsdal constraint

2nd Fronsdal constraint

Unconstrained Lagrangian [2-derivative : (Buchbinder et al, 2007; Francia, 2007)]

2nd Fronsdal constraint

Unconstrained Lagrangian [2-derivative : (Buchbinder et al, 2007; Francia, 2007)]

What are we gaining ?

After some iterations:

NON-LOCAL gauge invariant equation for ONLY

s > 2: Hierarchy of connections and curvatures

(de Wit and Freedman, 1980)

A. SAGNOTTI - Istanbul, 2011

What are we gaining ?

After some iterations:

NON-LOCAL gauge invariant equation for ONLY

s > 2: Hierarchy of connections and curvatures

(de Wit and Freedman, 1980)

NON LOCAL geometric equations :

A. SAGNOTTI - Istanbul, 2011

(Kato and Ogawa, 1982; Witten; Neveu, West et al, 1985,,)

BRST equations for contracted Virasoro:

First open bosonic Regge trajectory TRIPLETS

( Buchbinder, Krykhtin, Reshetnyak 2007 )

A. SAGNOTTI - Istanbul, 2011

(Kato and Ogawa, 1982; Witten; Neveu, West et al, 1985,,)

BRST equations for contracted Virasoro:

First open bosonic Regge trajectory TRIPLETS

Off-shell truncation : Geometric form:

( Buchbinder, Krykhtin, Reshetnyak 2007 )

A. SAGNOTTI - Istanbul, 2011

(Campoleoni, Francia, Mourad, AS, 2008, and 2009)

A. SAGNOTTI - Istanbul, 2011

(see Porrati, 2008)

(Light-cone or covariant) 3-vertices

(Scalar) scattering via current exchanges

String contact terms resolve Velo-Zwanziger

Deformed low-derivative with 0

Infinitely many fields

(Fronsdal, 1978) (Francia, Mourad, AS, 2007, 2008)

NOTICE: e.g. s=1 :

Static sources: Coulomb-like Residues: degrees of freedom

Unique NON-LOCAL Lagrangian

(van Dam, Veltman; Zakharov, 1970)

A. SAGNOTTI - Istanbul, 2011

Two types of deformations: a finite dS radius L a mass M s=2 :

Rational function of (ML) : Questions:

massless result as (ML)0 massive result as (ML)

How to extend to all s ? Origin of the poles ?

E.g.: massive s=2 in dS in general NO gauge symmetry, BUT if

Partial gauge symmetry :

(Deser, Nepolmechie, 1984) (Deser, Waldron, 2001)