ENERGY POTENTIAL OF PAKISTAN

BY: Dr. S. R. Malik*, M. A. Maqbool*

*NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research, Faisalabad.

ABSTRACT: Pakistan is a country gifted with all main natural energy sources but it is facing worst energy crisis of its history. Per capita primary energy supply of Pakistan is 0.30 Tons Oil Equivalent (TOE) compare to world average of 1.55 TOE. Per Capita Electricity generation of Pakistan is 581 KWH whereas the world average is 2657 KWH. Pakistan has estimated hydel potential of 46,000 MW whereas only 6595 MW is produced. There are considerable oil, gas, and coal reserves. The crude oil reserves are estimated at 27 billion barrels including 300 million barrels proven reserves. The level of production is presently 22.6 million barrels compared with the level of consumption of 100 million barrels. The natural gas reserves are 8 trillion cubic meters including the proven reserves of 0.8 trillion cubic meters. The level of production is presently 93 million cubic meters per day compared with the level of consumption of 82 million cubic meters per day. Pakistan is sixth richest country of the world in coal reserves. The coal reserves are 185 billion tons including the proven reserves of 3.3 billion tons. The level of production is 4.6 million tons and the level of consumption is 6.1 million tons. Pakistan is one of the ten developing countries, which have nuclear power stations. The two nuclear power plants of Pakistan are now providing 3.3% of electricity needs of the country. Pakistan has great potential of alternate energy like wind, solar, micro-hydel, fuel cell, tidal, biomass and bio gas. There is great potential for wind energy in sindh. Pakistan has 3000 hours of sunshine a year and so it has great solar potential. Although Pakistan has great energy potential but 24% of Pakistans energy requirement depends on imports.

1.

Introduction:

Pakistan is a country deficient in energy where per capita energy supply is 0.30 Tons Oil Equivalent (TOE) [14 million British Thermal Units (BTU)], compared with 1.55 TOE for world, 0.32 TOE for India, 0.91 TOE for China and 2.17 TOE (92 million BTU) for Malaysia. The per capita Electricity generation for Pakistan is 581 kwh, compared with

world average of 2657 kwh, 1484 kwh for China and 3500 kwh for Malaysia. The import dependence of Pakistan is 24%, compared with 21% for Bangladesh, 18% for India, 1% for China whereas Malaysia exports 53% of its energy generated [5]. Natural gas is the main source of energy in Pakistan. It fulfills the 50% of the countrys primary energy requirement. Natural gas is followed by oil, which contributes 30% of primary energy requirement. The share of coal in primary energy mix is 6.5%. the remaining 13.5% is fulfilled by other sources like Hydel, Nuclear etc. The natural gas reserves of Pakistan are 8 trillion cubic meters out of which 0.8 trillion cubic meters are proven reserves. The production level of natural gas is 93 million cubic meters per day, whereas the consumption level is 82 million cubic meters. Pakistan also has considerable crude oil reserves. The estimated crude oil reserves are 27 billion barrels out of which 300 million are proven reserves. The production level of crude oil is 22.6 million barrels, whereas the consumption level is 100 million barrels. This oil and gas potential corresponds to 0.75 percent and 1.79 percent respectively of the corresponding world resource potential. Some 3 percent of the estimated oil and 15 percent of the estimated natural gas potential resources have been discovered so far in Pakistan. Pakistan is sixth richest nation of the world in respect of coal resources. The total coal reserves are estimated at 185.5 billion tones. The production level is 4.6 million tones whereas the consumption level is 6.1 million tones. It has been estimated that the hydel potential in the country is 46,000 MW, while the present installed capacity of hydel power is only 6595 MW [5].

Fig: Oil, Gas and Coal Resource potential of Pakistan (As on 30 June, 2005)

2.
2.1

Main energy sources:

Hydel

The identified hydel potential of Pakistan is 46,000 MW, out of which only 15 per cent (6,595 MW) has been exploited so far and 8 10 % is under various stages of development but still 75 % of the potential hydel power is unexploited The Northern part of Pakistan is rich with hydro power resources. Other than 12 big (capacity greater than 1MW) hydro power plants, there are a large number of sites in the high terrain, where natural and manageable waterfalls are abundantly available. The generation capacity of Wapdas own hydel sources stands at around 6,595 MW [5][11]. 2.1.1 Hydel Potential in NWFP:

In NWFP, 150 potential sites with a total capacity of 18698 MW are identified with high, medium and small head. Out of these, 17 projects are in operation (with total capacity of 3767.2 MW), 6 sites are under implementation in the public sector (with total capacity of

635 MW), these 6 sites are Malakand-III, Allai Khwar, Duber Khwar, Golen gol, Khan Khwar and Kayal Khwar. One site (Matiltan) has been offered to the private sector (with total capacity of 84 MW). 2.1.2 Hydel Potential in Punjab:

At different canals and barrages, about 324 potential sites with a total capacity of 5895 MW were identified with medium and small head. Out of these, 7 projects are in operation (with total capacity of 1698 MW); one site is under implementation in the public sector (with total capacity of 96 MW). 2.1.3 Hydel Potential in Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK):

In AJK, 53 potential sites with a total capacity of 4635 MW are identified with high, medium and small head. Out of these, 8 projects are in operation (with total capacity of 1036.1 MW), 2 sites are under implementation in the public sector (with total capacity of 973.8 MW), and 7 sites has been offered to the private sector (with total capacity of 828.7 MW), mainly, these sites are run-of-river sites, with some as daily storage projects. 2.1.4 Hydel Potential in Sindh:

In sindh, 6 potential sites of an estimated total capacity of 178 MW, with medium and low head at different canals have been identified. Presently, no hydel projects are in operation or under implementation in the public sector, and no projects are being processed / undertaken by the private sector. 2.1.5 Hydel Potential in Balochistan:

The total identified hydel potential in the province is 0.50 MW. Presently, no hydel projects are in operation or under implementation in the public sector, and no projects are being processed / undertaken by the private sector [11].

2.2
2.2.1

Thermal
Natural gas:

Natural gas has been and remains the most common indigenous source of energy in Pakistan. With constant rise in prices of oil, growth in population, urbanization, industrialization, depletion in other sources like wood and also because of convenient usage, the demand for natural gas is on the increase. Currently 50% of the energy requirements of the country are being met from natural gas. This percentage can very conveniently be increased provided sufficient investments are made in the drilling/development and supply system. Pakistan has onshore and offshore sedimentary area of 827,268 km2. The conventional recoverable gas resource potential of Pakistan, based on volumetric yield method, has been estimated as 6,850 MTOE (282 trillion CFT or 8.0 trillion m 3) of gas. This gas potential corresponds to 1.79 percent of the world gas resource potential. Some 15 percent of the estimated natural gas potential resources have been discovered so far in Pakistan, from some 620 exploratory wells drilled over the past 40 years. The remaining recoverable proven reserves of natural gas are significant, i.e. 612 MTOE The cumulative oil and gas exploratory effort in Pakistan so far has been very small, 0.75 wells against the world average5 of 10 wells per 1000 km2. Half the number (302 wells) have been drilled during the last 14 years (22 wells per year) resulting in net addition to reserves of oil (13.7 MTOE, or 101 million barrels) and gas (125.3 MTOE or 7.1 trillion CFT).

Pakistans largest gas producing area has been and is Sui, which was initially meeting 100% later on 50 % and currently 28 % of countrys gas requirements [4][6][7][13]. 2.2.2 Oil:

Oil was the biggest primary source of energy in Pakistan. In 1999-2000, oil provided 43.4% of energy supplies, followed by gas at 40.5%. With the production of more gas in the country, and as a result of a deliberate policy decision to convert major industrial concerns to gas, the share of oil as primary source of energy reduced to 29.9% and share of gas went up to 49.7%.in the year 2003-04. The conventional recoverable oil resource potential of Pakistan, based on volumetric yield method, has been estimated as 3,622 MTOE (27 billion barrels) of oil. This oil potential corresponds to 0.75 percent of world oil potential. 3 percent of the estimated oil potential resources have been discovered so far in Pakistan, from 620 exploratory wells. The remaining recoverable proven reserves of oil are only 41 MTOE In the years 1998-99 to 2002-03, 30 to 33% of total oil products were used by the power plants. In the year 2003-04, the usage of oil products by the power plants reduced to 17% of total oil because of supply of more gas to these plants. During 1998-99 to 2003-04, the annual compound growth in the usage of oil by the power plants has been -13.1%. Usage of gas by the power plants has during this period increased at annual compound growth of 18.8%. Usage of oil products in domestic sector during 1998-99 to 2003-04 also declined at an annual compound growth rate of 14.0%, while the usage of gas by this sector during the same period increased at an annual compound growth of 3.3%. Industrial Sector also reduced the consumption of oil during 1998-99 to 2003-04 at an annual compound growth rate of 6.7%. The oil sector is heavily dependent on the

imports. About 85% of countrys oil requirement is met by imports. Annually about 7.8 million tons of crude oil and 5.2 million tons of oil products are imported [6][7][5][13]. 2.2.3 Coal:

Coal plays an important role as a primary and an inexpensive source for power generation. Coal provides 25% of global primary energy needs and generates 40% of worlds electricity. In the Asian region 45% power is generated from coal. This is expected to increase to 60 % by the year 2020. Major countries depending on power generation from coal are South Africa 93%, Australia 80%, China 78%, India 69%, USA 50% and Germany 47%. Despite having much larger coal deposits approximately estimated at 185 billion metric tons in Pakistan (2% of the worlds coal reserves), its share in primary energy mix of the country is very small that is only 6.5% as compared to its neighboring countries where it is 55% for India and 67% for china [14]. Pakistan has emerged as one of the leading countries sixth in the list of top 20 countries of the world after the discovery of huge lignite coal resources in Sindh. Economists say that the energy demand over the next 5 years is expected to grow at a rate of 7.4% per annum. It may be noted that in India the share of coal is as high as 54.5% in the total energy mix. To meet the future requirements of the country with indigenous resources, domestic exploration would have to be intensified to increase the share of coal from 5 to 19% by 2030. Energy Security Action Plan has set a target of generating 20,000 MW power from coal by 2030 and 50 percent by 2050. The total national coal production from operational coalmines increased by 6.5 percent from 4.6 millions ton in 2005-06 to 4.9 million ton in 2006-07

Coal is found in all the four provinces of Pakistan. The country has huge coal resources, about 185 billion tons, out of which 3.3 billion tons are in proven/measured category and about 11 billion are indicated reserves, and the bulk of it is found in Sindh province. The current total mine able reserves of coal are estimated at 2 billion tones (60% of the measured reserves). Although Pakistan has great coal reserves but 2.8 million tons of coal is being imported at a cost of around $ 3 billion. The Sindh province has total coal resources of 184 billion tons, accounting for 99% of the total coal reserves in Pakistan. The quality of Coal is mostly lignite - B to sub-bituminous A. The important coal fields in sindh are Thar Coalfield, Lakhra Coalfield, SondaJherruck Coalfield. The Balochistan province has total coal resources of 217 million tons. The coal seams in Balochistan are found in Ghazig formation of Eocene age. The quality of the coal is subbituminous A to high volatile B bituminous. There are 5 known coalfields mostly around Quetta. The Punjab province has total coal resources of 235 million tons The Punjab province has coalfields in the eastern, central and western Salt Range between Khushab, Dandot and Khewra while Makarwal coalfield lies in Trans Indus Range (Sarghar Range). The rank of the coal is sub-bituminous A to high volatile bituminous [12][13].

2.3

Nuclear Energy:

Nuclear power is on the rise after decades of dormancy, driven by the need for a cleaner environment and steady, secure sources of power.

Presently there are 439 nuclear power plants, with a total capacity of 372 GW, connected to the grid of 30 countries. Nuclear power is the most environmentally benign way of producing electricity on a large scale. Without it most of the world would have to rely almost entirely on fossil fuels for base-load electricity production. Nuclear power generation is an established part of the worlds electricity mix providing 16% of global electricity [15]. In spite of very rapid and consistent increase in electricity supply during the last three decades, the level of per capita electricity consumption in Pakistan is very low. It is only 1/5th of that in the world as a whole and 1/20th of that in the developed countries. Still 30 per cent of the population is waiting for access to electricity. Until now Pakistan has been relying on hydro and fossil fuel source for electricity generation. The demand for electricity is expected to increase exponentially in the near future. Nuclear power is one of the possible options that could meet the electricity needs of the country. Nuclear energy represents only 0.9% of the electricity produced in Pakistan. Pakistan is one of the ten developing countries, which have nuclear power stations. The first major step towards nuclear electricity generation was the commissioning of a 137 MW, Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) in 1971. It was then the first and the only nuclear power plant in the Muslim world. The construction of Pakistans second nuclear power plant CHASNUPP started in 1992 with the help of China National Nuclear Corporation. The plant was connected to the national grid on June 13, 2000. CHASNUPP is the second nuclear power plant in the entire Muslim world. These two nuclear power plants are now providing 3% of electricity needs of Pakistan. After success of

CHASNUPP-I, the second unit CHASNUPP-II with a capacity of 340 MW has been inaugurated at the same site. To realize its plans, Pakistan plans to install 10-12 more nuclear power plant with the aim to produce 8800 MW of nuclear electricity in the 2030. At 85 per cent capacity factor, the demand for natural uranium will be 1,600 tones per year in 2030. Exploration and mining of uranium in Pakistan will be intensified to meet projected requirements as far as possible [6][7].

2.4

Renewable energy:

As a result of intensive global research the cost of generation of electrical power through renewable sources of energy is becoming an attractive option. The generation of electricity through renewable sources is not only becoming competitive with electricity produced through power stations using fossil fuels, it is also reducing pollution and contributing towards reduction in global warming. By utilizing these modern technologies, Pakistan can harness the freely available renewable sources of energy like the wind, sun, biomass and oceans and reduce its dependence on imported oil. Pakistan has a large resource base for employing renewable for meeting its energy needs. Renewable resources that are technologically viable and have prospects to be exploited commercially in Pakistan include wind energy, solar energy, micro-hydel, bio-energy, and emerging technologies like fuel cell. The Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) would facilitate alternative/renewable energy projects and would also develop and implement off-grid electrification programme of rural areas. At least 5 percent of

total national power generation capacity would be met through these resources by 2030 (i.e. 9700 MW). Government of Pakistan has created Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB) in 2003 to act as the central body on the subject of Renewable Energy (RE). The main objective of the Board is to facilitate, promote and encourage development of the RE in Pakistan with a mission to introduce Alternative/Renewable energy at an accelerated rate to achieve 10 % share of the RE in the energy mix of the country. The Chairman AEDB in a press conference said that Pakistan will have 9700 MW of electricity by 2030 through renewable energy projects based on wind, solar ,micro-hydel, fuel cell, tidal and bio gas [8][10][18]. 2.4.1 Wind Energy

Since 2001, global wind capacity has nearly doubled to 47,760 megawatts and is cheaper than natural gas even without subsidies; on good sites, wind is even closing in on coal. The coastal belt of Pakistan is blessed with a God gifted wind corridor that is 60 km wide (Gharo ~ Kati Bandar) and 180 km long (up to Hyderabad). This corridor has the exploitable potential of 50,000 MW of electricity generation through wind energy. The annual average wind speed, at 50m height, at Gharo, Mirpursakro and Talhar sites in Sindh is 6.5 m/s and the capacity factors for wind turbines at these sites are estimated to be in the range of 23-28 per cent. With improved site studies, wider wind mapping, better project planning, R&D and learning cost of wind energy projects can be reduced to acceptable levels of around US 6.0 cents/kWh and even below. Wind energy is an ideal renewable energy because: 1. It is a pollution-free, infinitely sustainable form of energy

2. It doesnt require fuel 3. It doesnt create greenhouse gasses 4. It doesnt produce toxic or radioactive waste. Gharo Wind Power Plant is planned to be built at Gharo, Sindh, Pakistan. This will be one of the first wind power projects in Pakistan. The Fuhralander of Germany and Access Energy Inc of United States have signed an agreement with Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) of Pakistan, to manufacture wind turbines in Pakistan to help establish wind power projects. US-based Access Energy, who would set up a 50 MW wind power plant along the general wind corridor in Gharo, would finance the project, whereas the German Company, Fuhrlander, would transfer the technology to Pakistan for manufacturing of wind turbines along with its accessories to set up a minimum of 1000 MW power plants. The AEDB had issued letter of intent to 93 national and international companies for generating 4650 MW through wind energy, adding that the AEDB was planning to produce the towers and blades for windmill in Pakistan [16][17]. 2.4.2 Solar energy:

Much of Pakistan, especially Balochistan, Sindh, and southern Punjab, receives abundant solar irradiation on the order of over 2 MWh/m 2 and 3,000 hours of sunshine a year, which is at the highest end of global insolation averages. Photovoltaic (PV) devices convert the energy contained in the sunlight directly into electricity. PV power generation is mature technology for small power applications. PV systems are currently cost-effective in some consumer products. Costs are expected to

continue to decline in the future allowing PV device to compete with large-scale conventional power generation. During last fifteen years Pakistan has shown quite encouraging developments in photovoltaic (PV). The National Institute of Silicon Technology (NIST) under the Ministry of Science and Technology has developed the know-how and technology to fabricate solar cells, modules, and systems. In early 1980s eighteen PV stations in different parts of the country were set up for village electrification. Because of lack of technical know-how and follow up, these systems have not performed as required. Now NIST has developed the know-how and technologies and basic infrastructure in the field. Currently solar technology is being used, in Pakistan, for stand alone rural telephone exchanges, repeater stations, highway emergency telephones, refrigeration for vaccine and medicines in the hospitals etc. The Public Health Department has installed about 20 solar water pumps for drinking purposes in different parts of Balochistan. There are a large number of applications in which solar energy can be utilized directly by exploiting its heat characteristics. Such technologies are comparatively simple, relatively low cost and can easily be adopted. The applications include cooking, heating and cooling of buildings, generation of high temperature steam, heating water for domestic and industrial applications, and drying agricultural products under controlled temperature [10][18]. 2.4.3 Biomass:

Pakistans large agricultural and livestock sector produces copious amounts of biomass in the form of crop residues and animal waste, such as bagasse, rice husk, and dung, much

of which is currently collected and used outside the commercial economy as unprocessed fuel for cooking and household heating. In addition, municipal solid waste produced by a large urban population is presently openly dumped, which could instead be disposed of in proper landfills or incinerated to produce useable methane gas or electricity. Presently, the domestic solid waste in Pakistan has not been managed in a satisfactory and adequate manner as far as its collection, transportation & disposal or dumping are concerned regardless of the size of the city. Polluted dust blows and people suffers from living in such conditions. It is estimated that the urban areas of Pakistan generate over 55,000 tons of solid wastes daily. About 70% of the population resides in rural areas who meet 95% of their domestic fuel needs by burning bio-fuels, but in urban areas the bio-fuel consumption drops to 56% because they use Kerosene oil, LPG and natural gases etc. in addition to fuel wood to meet their domestic fuel needs. As per livestock census 2000, there are 46.69 million of animals (buffaloes, cows, bullocks) in Pakistan (FBS, 2002b). On the average, the daily dung dropping of a medium size animal is estimated at 15 kg per-day. This would yield a total of 700 million kg dung per day. Assuming 50% collectability the availability of fresh dung comes to be 350 million kg per day. Thus, 17.5 million m3 of biogas per day can be produced through the bio-methanation Sugar mills in the country use bagasse for cogeneration purposes and have recently been allowed to sell surplus power to the grid up to a combined limit of 700 MW. No other significant commercial biomass-based technology is presently employed for energy production/use in the country beyond experimental deployment of biogas digesters,

improved cook stoves, and other small- scale end-use applications. Use of biogas digesters in rural households, after a promising start, has stagnated due to withdrawal of external subsidies [10][18].

3
3.1

Recommendations:
Hydel:
Decision regarding Kalabagh dam (3600 MW) may be taken immediately after developing consensus at the political level. Construction for Bhasha Dam (4500 MW) should be initiated on priority basis. Extension of Tarbella Power House (960 MW) should be undertaken immediately. Construction of Neelum Jhelum Hydel Project (969 MW) should be undertaken. Construction of Dasu, Bunji and Akhori Dams would have to be undertaken in the longer run. Feasibility Study for Skardu / Katzara dam needs to be initiated immediately. Wapda should undertake feasibility studies for maximizing Hydel power generation from all rivers particularly Indus in order to identify strategy and projects for increasing the Hydel power share. Thermal generation by private sector through augmentation of existing capacity or installation of additional capacity may be encouraged. Encourage Public-Private partnership or BOT for power generation on canals and other mini / micro hydel projects.

3.2

Thermal:
Share of Coal in energy production may be increased to at least 15% by 2030 and 50% by 2050 in the energy mix. An authority like Wapda may be established for mining and power generation through coal. Technology transfer for Coal gasification is essential. Gasification of Coal tar for commercial use may be expedited Good quality coal import to be encouraged only for short term for mixing with local coal to increase coal consumption. Simultaneously establishment of washeries by private sector be encouraged for improving quality of local coal. Incentives for exploration activities may be enhanced. Number of exploratory and development wells needs to be increased substantially from existing 268 wells by another 250 300 wells every 5 years. By the year 2030 number of wells should reach 1650. Sugar Mills have 2000 MW of available capacity during off-crushing season. This capacity with some modification of boilers can be made available on national grid. Petroleum policy for on-shore and offshore exploration may be pursued used with incentives to attract foreign investment. Expedite development of deeper reserves of Sui which may have the potential to meet rising demand for gas. Tal field also needs to be developed as it can meet the demand of gas in northern Pakistan.

New oil and gas discoveries may be developed on fast track basis along with other new oil and gas recoveries.

Production and use of ethanol from molasses for mixing it with petrol may be encouraged to meet some of the energy requirement from this source as well.

Naphtha cracker plant and acquisition of Hydrogen Fuel cell technology may be developed / acquired.

Pakistan has done well using CNG for cars. We need to fast track the introduction of CNG for the entire public transport to reduce our dependence on imported oil.

3.3

Nuclear:
In view of scarce hydel potential in the long run greater emphasis is required for installation of nuclear power plants. Nuclear capacity may be gradually increased from existing 400 MW to 8800 MW by the year 2030. PAEC may enhance indigenous capability to maximize local content to reduce capital cost. Capacity of each units may be increased from 300 MW to 600 MW and then to 1000 MW, which should be standardized for future as well

3.4

Alternate energy
Sources of wind and solar energy may be developed so that this sector can generate at least 5% of total national power generation capacity by 2030 i.e. 9700 MW. Alternate Energy Development Board is however chasing the target of supplying 10% of total energy requirements by the 2015. Development and use of solar products like, solar cookers, solar geysers etc.

Conclusions:
Hydropower: way out of energy crisis

The single renewable energy resource that Pakistan possesses in abundance is hydropower, the most environmental friendly, cheapest source of energy. It has a potential of more than 46,000MW. Despite this, Pakistan now is faced with a most serious energy shortfall. The acute shortage of electricity has resulted in load shedding during the current summer season, costing the economy millions of rupees. The installed power generation capacity at the end of 2005 was 19,560MW, of which 65 per cent was thermal, 33 per cent was hydroelectric and 2.4 per cent was nuclear. The 33 per cent share of hydroelectric power amounts to only 6,595MW. We should not forget the fact that the projected lifetime of the existing natural gas and oil is just over 22 and 13 years respectively. Domestic coal reserves may be exploited only at great financial and environmental costs. Seventy per cent of Pakistan's oil needs are met through imports. The average cost of hydel energy generation in Pakistan was Rs0.50 per kilowatt hour in 2000-01. The annual per capita electricity consumption in Pakistan is around 320kwh, and this only caters for 60 per cent of the population. Forty per cent of Pakistanis still have no access to electricity. In view of these facts, the best solution to Pakistan's energy/electricity crisis is hydropower. An abundant, cheap, environmental friendly and renewable source of energy has remained untapped.

5.

Reference:
1. Government of Pakistan, Chapter 15, Energy, Economic survey 2006 2007. 2. Government of Pakistan, Chapter 16, Environment, Economic Survey 2006-07.

3. Government of Pakistan, Chapter 8: Energy and renewable resources fuelling the future. 4. Government of Pakistan, Chapter 9, Energy for growth, Vision 2030, Planning commission. 5. Government of Pakistan, Energy Security by ministry of planning and development. 6. Government of Pakistan, Energy year book 2004-2005, ministry of petroleum and natural resources. 7. Government of Pakistan, Energy year book 2005 2006, ministry of industries, production and special initiatives. 8. Government of Pakistan, Policy of development of renewable energy for power generation, 2006. 9. Government of Pakistan, Project profile, tarbela 4th extension hydropower project, private power and infrastructure board, ministry of water and power, May 2006. 10. Government of Pakistan, Promotion of renewable energy, energy efficiency and greenhouse gas abatement (PREGA), April 2004. 11. Private power and infrastructure board, Hydel Report. 12. Private power and infrastructure board, Pakistan coal power generation potential, June 2004. 13. World Bank, Pakistan: oil and gas sector review, Oil and gas policy Division, private sector development and infrastructure, July 10, 2003. 14. World Coal Institute website accessed on June 24, 2008.

15. World Nuclear Association website accessed on June 24, 2008. 16. M. Akhlaque Ahmed et al, Assessment of wind power potential for coastal areas of Pakistan, Turk J Phys 30 (2006), 127-135. 17. Syed Zafar Ilyas and Sadik Kakac, The wind potential in coastal area of balochistan, American-Eurasian journal of scientific research 1(1): 52-54, 2006. 18. Zeeshan Alam Zaigham and Zeeshan Alam Nayyer, Prospects of renewable energy sources in Pakistan, proceeding of COMSATS conference 2004 on renewable energy technologies and sustainable development, 2005.