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In this chapter, you will learn polynomials, and how to do additions, subtractions, and multiplications on algebraic expressions.

A number of concepts that you will learn are some types of polynomials, which include monomial and binomial. You have to understand how to do operations (additions, subtractions, or multiplications) on polynomials and polynomials by using these operations. how to simplify some

In dealing with algebraic concepts and these related topics, polynomials are important concepts that you have to understand. These concepts are widely used not only in algebraic concepts but also in any other concepts which use polynomials as expressions f or representation. The key terms that you need to consider are polynomials, factors, factorizations, GCD (Great Common Divisors), perfect quadratic expressions, and algebraic expressions. The following diagram shows the map of polynomials, and factorization of algebraic expressions.

Polynomials

Terms

Coefficientss

Variables

Powers (Exponents)

Mathematic for Junior High School Year 8

Learning Objectives:
to identify polynomials to simplify polynomials by grouping like terms to determine the multiplication of a monomial and a binomial to determine the multiplication of two binomials to determine the multiplication of binomials to determine the square of binomials

The Meaning of a Polynomial


Consider the following algebraic expression: 5a 3 + 4a 2 a 2 + 9a + 6 This algebraic expression is called a polynomial. It has 5 terms, namely 5a 3 , 4a 2 , a 2 , 9a and 6. In 5a3, 5 is called the coefficient of a 3 , 3 is called the power or exponent of a, and a is called a variable. Similarly, in 4a2, 4 is called the coefficient of a 2 and 2 is called the power or exponent of a. Some polynomials have specific names. A polynomial that has only one term is called a monomial, the one having two terms is called a binomial, and the one having three terms is called trinomial. Of course, a special name can also be given to a polynomial having more than three terms. In general, a polynomial is either a monomial or a sum of monomials. Note that a

Key Terms:

like terms polynomial monomial binomial trinomial distributive property

constant can be considered as a monomial. The following is an example of the application of polynomials in our real life. Daddy went to a fast-food restaurant. Daddy ordered 2 packs of French fries, 3 pieces of hamburgers, and 1 glass of soda. If the prices of one pack of French fries, one piece of hamburger, and one glass of soda are denoted by f, h, and s, respectively, then the total price would be:
2f + 3h + s.

Students Book 8 Polynomials

This expression is a polynomial, specifically it is a trinomial. If, in fact, f = Rp 10,000, h = Rp 12,000, and s = Rp 5,000, then the total price can be calculated as follows:

The total price

= 2(Rp 10,000) + 3(Rp 12,000) + 1 (Rp 5,000) = Rp 20,000 + Rp 36,000 + Rp 5,000 = Rp 61,000

The following are some other examples of polynomials: Polynomials


Monomial a. b. c. a. b. c. a. b. c. a. b.

Examples
2x2 5c 10 5h + 2f 8c + 2 c2 + 3c 3h + 2f + m 5w2 + 36w + 4 c2 - 5c + 2 2x3 + 4x2 - x 7 2x5 + 3x4 -5x3 + x2 x - 7

Binomial

Trinomial

More than 3 terms

A polynomial is quite often written in a descending order. This means that the polynomial is started with the term having the largest power followed by the lower one.

Simplifying Polynomials
Look at the following polynomial: 5a 3 + 4a 2 a 2 + 9a + 6. In this polynomial the terms 4a 2 and a 2 are like terms, the terms having the same variables of the same power. A polynomial having like terms can be simplified by adding or subtracting the like terms. So, for example, the polynomial 5a 3 + 4a 2 a 2 + 9a + 6 can be simplified as follows:
Mathematic for Junior High School Year 8 3

5a 3 + 4a 2 a 2 + 9a + 6 = 5a 3 + (4-1) a 2 + 9a + 6 = 5a 3 + 3a 2 + 9a + 6 The last expression is the simplest one that consists of 4 terms, that is , 5a 3 , 3a 2 , 9a and 6. Below are some other examples of polynomials.

Polynomial: 2c + s + f + s + h + c - s Grouping the terms: ( 2c + c ) + ( s + s - s ) + f + h

The simplest expression: 3c + f + h + s

Polynomial: n + x + y2+ 2x + y2 Grouping the terms: ( y2 + y2 ) + ( x + 2x ) + n

The simplest expression: 2y2 + 3x + n

Points to remember
Terms of polynomials can be a number, a variable or a product of a number and a variable. The coefficient of a variable is a number that is a multiplier of a variable. Like terms are the terms which have the same variables of the same power. A constant term is a term that consists of a number only.

Write each of the following polynomials in the simplest expressions. a. 4x 2x d. 8 + 3x x 6 g. 4x 2 x


4

b. 5 + 2x 1 e. 6 + 6x h. 5x 2 + 2x 3

c. 3x 6x + 4 f. 3x + 3x x i. 2x 3 3x x 2 + 2x + 5

Students Book 8 Polynomials

Summary
1. A polynomial is either a monomial or a sum of monomials. A monomial can be a number, a variable, or multiplication of a number and a variable. 2. A polynomial containing two terms is called a binomial, whereas a polynomial containing three terms is called a trinomial. 3. To simplify a polynomial, we should group like terms, and then calculate them.

1. Simplify the following polynomials. a. 2n 3n b. x + 7 + 3x c. 2k 5b b k d. 7y 2 3y + 4y + 8y 2 + 4y e. 2x 2 4 + 3x 2 6 x 2 g. 2 + 6x + z 2x + 8 4z i. 4 + k 9m m + 2k 2. Write down one example of a monomial, one example of a binomial, and one example of a trinomial. Explain. 3. Write down a polynomial containing four terms that can be simplified into binomials. 4. The sizes of two angles of a triangle are shown below. Find the sizes of the angles. f. c 2 + 2c c 2 c h. 9p + 10 p + 3x 5

(2x 2)

(x + 10)

Mathematic for Junior High School Year 8

Multiplication of a Monomial and a Binomial


In this section you will learn about the multiplication of a monomial and a binomial. Consider the following situation: Mr. Harso asks Andi to calculate the area of a rectangle whose length i s 2 centimetres longer than its width. How do you solve this question? Suppose the width of the rectangle is w cm. Then its length is l = (2 + w) cm. Thus, the area of the rectangle is A = l w cm 2 = (2 + l) l cm 2 . This expression is an example of multiplication of a monomial and a binomial. Now let us do the following Mini Lab activity.

MINI - LAB

MULTIPLICATION OF A MONOMIAL AND A BINOMIAL Group Activity

Material: tile model

x x 11 A tile model is constructed based on the 1 x 1 area of a square or rectangle. The area of a rectangle is the product of its length and its width. You can use a tile model to have more complex rectangles. These rectangles will help you to understand how to determine the product of simple binomials. The length and width of the rectangle are the factors being multiplied. Your task Work with your classmates to determine x(x + 2). Use the following hints. Draw a rectangle with the length of (x + 2) and the width of x. Use the tile model to identify the factors. Use those factors as a guide to fit the rectangle into the tile model.

x2

Students Book 8 Polynomials

MINI - LAB
x x
1 1

x2 x x

Determine the area of the rectangle in two ways: Method I : add the area of the tile model Method II : use the formula of the area of a rectangle and use the distributive law of multiplication over summation. Compare the answers. Discuss the following problems 1. Say whether each of the following statements is correct or wrong. Check your answer using the tile model. a. x (2 x + 3) = 2 x 2 + 3 x b. 2 x (3 x + 4) = 6 x 2 + 4 x 2. Determine the result of each of the following multiplications using the tile model. a. x ( x + 5) b. 2 x ( x + 2) c. 3 x (2 x + 1) 3. Suppose Agus has a square garden with the sides of x metres in length. If Agus wants to enlarge his garden so that its length is twice the length of the previous one and its width is 3 metres more than the previous one, what is the area of Aguss new garden?

In the Mini Lab activity, we have determined the area of a rectangle using polynomials. Now, we will use the distributive proper ty that you learned previously in Year 7.

The product of a monomial and a binomial can be modeled as the area of a rectangle which is formed using the tile model. Polynomial (x + 2)2x can be modeled as the area of a rectangle of x + 2 in length and 2x in width. The result of (x + 2)(2x) can be determined in two ways: Method I: x+2 Add the areas of the tile model. x 2 + x 2 + x + x + x + x = 2x 2 + 4x x2 xx 2x
x2 xx
7

Mathematic for Junior High School Year 8

Method II: Apply the distributive law : (x + 2)(2x) = (x)(2x) + (2)(2x) = 2x 2 + 4x

Expand the product of the following multiplication of a monomial and a binomial using the distributive law. a. 7(2x + 5) b. (3x 7) 4x

Multiplication of Two Binomials


To understand the multiplication of two binomials, consider the following situation. Suppose you have a rectangular garden. The length of the garden is five metres longer than twice of its width. On the periphery of the garden there is a road of 1 metre width as shown in the figure. The area of the road is 24 m 2 . What are the length and width of the garden?

To answer the question, you can use a tile model. Suppose that x represents the width of the garden. Then 2x + 5 represents the length of the garden. x + 1 represents the width of the garden and the road. 2x + 6 represents the length of the garden and the road. Thus x(2x + 5) equals the area of the garden. (x + 1)(2x + 6) equals the area of the garden and the road.

Students Book 8 Polynomials

Plan:

2x + 5 x+1 x

2x + 6
Area of garden and street Area of garden Area of street

(x + 1)(2x + 6) Solution:

x(2x + 5)

= 24

(*)

(x + 1)(2x + 6) x(2x + 5) = 24 2x 2 +6x + 2x + 6 2x 2 5x = 24 (2x 2 2x 2 ) + (6x + 2x 5x) + 6 = 24 3x + 6 = 24 3x = 18 x = 6

Hence, the width of the garden is 6 m. The length of the garden is 2x + 5 = 2(6) + 5 = 17 meters Check whether the result is correct if x = 6 is substituted into the equation (*).

Expand (x + 3)(x + 2) by referring to the Mini Lab activity on page 6. Explain the steps that you use.

1.

Expand the following multiplications and explain the steps you use. a. (2x + 3)(3x + 5) b. (2x + 1)(5x 3)

2.

Fika expands the multiplication of two binomials using a method that is called FOIL (First, Outer, Inner, Last). Fika explains the FOIL method as follows.

Mathematic for Junior High School Year 8

F: means Fika multiplies the first term of the first binomial with the first term of the second binomial. O: means Fika multiplies the outer terms, i.e. the first term of the first binomial and the second term of the second binomial. I: means Fika multiplies the inner terms, i.e. the second term of the first binomial and the first term of the second binomial. L: means Fika multiplies the last (second) terms of the binomials.
a. b. c.

Use the Fikas method to expand (3x + 5)(2x + 7). Expand (3x + 5)(2x + 7) using the ways you have learned (using algebraic tiles as a model or using the distributive property). Compare your results in part (a) and part (b).

3.

Expand the following multiplications using the Fikas method. a. (x + 3) (x + 5) b. (2y + 3) (3y + 4) c. (a 1) (a 7) d. (6x + 1) (2x 3)

Summary: Multiplication of two binomials can be modeled by using algebraic tiles. An algebraic expression such as (x + 2)(2x + 3) can be modeled as a rectangle having the length of (x + 2) and the width of (2x + 3). The expression (x + 2)(2x + 3) represents the area of the rectangle. To expand this expression you can use algebraic tiles as a model, use the distributive property, or use the FOIL (First, Outer, Inner, and Last) method. The expansion of (a + b)(c + d) by using FOIL method is illustrated as follows.

F (a + b) (c + d)

10

Students Book 8 Polynomials

Powers of Monomials and Binomials


In elementary school, you have learned about the power of an integer. You should be able to answer the following questions. What does 7 3 mean? How to determine the value of 7 3 ? What is the value? If k is a number, what does k 4 mean? The expressions 7 3 and k 4 can be considered as powers of polynomials (monomials).

Discussion
Suppose Mr. Budi has a square garden with the length of (x + 5). a. Express the area of Mr Budis garden as a function of x. b. Is the area of Mr Budis garden a power of a polynomial?

How do you calculate the result of (x 2) 3 ?

Mathematic for Junior High School Year 8

11

1. Explain how to calculate the multiplication of x and 2 x 1. 2. Explain why x(2x + 3) and (2x + 3)x are equivalent. 3. Use algebraic tiles to calculate each of the following multiplications.

a. 5(x + 2)

b. x(x + 4)

c. 2x(x 1)

4. Determine the results of the following multiplications.

a. 7(3x + 5) d. pq(pq + 8) g. 2(n 6)

b. 2(x + 8) e. 7(2a 2 + 5a 11) h. (5b 4) 2


5

c. y(y 9) f. 3y(6 9y + 4y 2 ) i. 2 (5w + 10)


5

5. Simplify each of the following algebraic expressions.

a. 18y + 5(7 + 3y) d. 3(8 + a) + 7(6 + 4a)

b. 14(b + 3) + 8b e. x + 5x + 8(x + 2)

c. 30(b + 2) + 2b f. 3(x + y) + 4(2x + 3y)


2s s 3

6. Calculate the area of the shaded region

on the figure on the right.


7. Is 2ab = 2a 2b? Explain your answer. 8. Explain
s

the

similarities

between

the

procedure of multiplication of two binomials and the procedure of multiplication of a monomial and a binomial. Explain the differences. 9. Draw a rectangle having an area of (x + 3)(2x + 1).
10. Use algebraic tiles to calculate the following multiplications.

a. (x + 1)(x + 2)

b. (x + 3)(x + 4)

c. (2x + 3)(x + 2)

11. For each of the following models, show the two binomials being multiplied

and then write down the results. a.


x2 x x x2 x x x x
1 1 1 1

b.

x2 x2 x

x x x x x x
1 1 1

12

Students Book 8 Polynomials

12. Calculate the result of each of the following multiplication s and use the

b. (x 6)(x + 2) 1 1 d. (2x + 3)(x 4) e. (3x )(6x ) 2 4 13. Simplify the following expressions. a. (p 3) 2 b. (3 + 2t) 2 d. (x 4) 3 e. 3a 2 + (2a + 1) 2

FOIL method. a. (x + 2)(x + 2)

c. (x + 7)(x 5) f. (x 2)(x 2 + 2x)

c. (2x 1) 2 f. (x 1) 3 + (x + 7) 2

Mathematic for Junior High School Year 8

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