WnA1 IS SCCICLCG?

Soc|o|ogy enables us Lo undersLand Lhe sLrucLure and dynamlcs of socleLy and Lhelr lnLrlcaLe connecLlons Lo
paLLerns of human behavlor and lndlvldual llfe changes lL examlnes Lhe ways ln whlch Lhe forms of soclal sLrucLure
groups organlzaLlons communlLles soclal caLegorles (such as class sex age or race) and varlous soclal
lnsLlLuLlons (such as klnshlp economlc pollLlcal or rellglous) affecL human aLLlLudes acLlons and
opporLunlLles1he dlsclpllne also explores how boLh lndlvlduals and collecLlvlLles consLrucL malnLaln and alLer
soclal organlzaLlon ln varlous ways Soclology asks abouL Lhe sources and consequences of change ln soclal
arrangemenLs and lnsLlLuLlons and abouL Lhe saLlsfacLlons and dlfflculLles of plannlng accompllshlng and adapLlng
Lo such change Areas sLudled ln examlnlng soclal dynamlcs lnclude culLure values soclallzaLlon cooperaLlon
confllcL power exchange lnequallLy devlance soclal conLrol vlolence order and soclal change
WnA1 IS AN1nkCCLCG?
Anthropo|ogy ls Lhe sLudy of humanlLy AnLhropology has orlglns ln Lhe naLural sclences Lhe humanlLles and Lhe
soclal sclences 1he Lerm was flrsL used by lranols eron when dlscusslng hls encounLers wlLh 1asmanlan
Aborlglnes 1he Lerm anLhropology pronounced ls from Lhe Creek human dlscourse or sLudy
lLs baslc quesLlons concern WhaL deflnes nomo sopleos" Who are Lhe ancesLors of modern nomo sopleos"
WhaL are humans physlcal LralLs" Pow do humans behave" Why are Lhere varlaLlons and dlfferences among
dlfferenL groups of humans" Pow has Lhe evoluLlonary pasL of nomo sopleos lnfluenced lLs soclal organlzaLlon
and culLure" and so forLh
1o deflne anLhropology ln laymens Lerms anLhropology ls Lhe sLudy of anyLhlng and everyLhlng human form Lhe
way we procured food 10000 years ago Lo Lhe way we drlve our cars Loday and everyLhlng ln beLween 8aslcally
lf lL has Lo do wlLh humans lL ls anLhropologlcal ln naLure
1he sLudy of humans (and whaL lL ls Lo be human) ulvlded lnLo 4 subflleds SocloculLural 8lologlcal
Archaeologlcal and LlngulsLlc

1nLCk CI LVCLU1ICN

1he flrsL ls Cosm|c Lvo|ut|on Lhe ldea LhaL space Llme maLLer and energy somehow exploded (or
expanded) from essenLlally noLhlng ln Lhe sudden blg bang LhaL was Lhe blrLh of our unlverse 1he
second sLage lsSte||ar Lvo|ut|on Slnce Lhe blg bang ls LhoughL Lo have produced only Pydrogen Pellum
and a varleLy of subaLomlc particles, these elements must have somehow condensed lnLo sLars Lhrough
some sorL of evoluLlonary process 1he Lhlrd sLage ls Chem|ca| Lvo|ut|onAccordlng Lo general LhoughL
Lhe only chemlcal elemenLs produced by Lhe 8lg 8ang were Pydrogen and Pellum (and posslbly LlLhlum)
As a resulL of Lhe lncredlble heaL and pressure wlLhln sLars Lhese orlglnal elemenLs somehow evolved lnLo
Lhe oLher 88 naLurally occurrlng chemlcal elemenLs we observe Loday 1he fourLh sLage ls |anetary
Lvo|ut|on 1he complex chemlcal elemenLs LhoughL Lo have evolved wlLhln anclenL sLars were somehow
e[ecLed posslbly aL Lhe vlolenL deaLhs of sLellar llfe cycles releaslng greaL clouds of swlrllng compounds
1hese clouds of chemlcal elemenLs somehow formed flnelyLuned solar sysLems lncludlng our own 1he
flfLh phase ls Crgan|c Lvo|ut|on (also known as sponLaneous generaLlon) 1he Lheory ls LhaL Lhe planeL
arLh began as a molLen mass of maLLer a few bllllons years ago lL cooled off lnLo solld dry rock 1hen lL
ralned on Lhe rocks for mllllons of years formlng greaL oceans venLually Lhls prebloLlc rock soup
(waLer + rock) came allve and spawned Lhe flrsL selfrepllcaLlng organlc sysLems 1hls ls where Lhe slxLh
phase of general evoluLlonary Lheory occurs Macro Lvo|ut|on All llvlng creaLures are LhoughL Lo
share a common ancesLor a relaLlvely slmple slnglecelled organlsm whlch evolved from lnorganlc
maLLer (socalled rock soup) ssenLlally Lhe blrds and Lhe bananas Lhe flshes and Lhe flowers are all
geneLlcally relaLed Ch we need Lo add one more 1he sevenLh and flnal sLage of Lhe Lheory ls M|cro
Lvo|ut|on Mlcro voluLlon ls Lhe varlaLlon and varleLy of LralLs expressed ln sexually compaLlble klnds
of organlsms xamples lnclude Lhe dlfferences beLween varlous klnds of horses dogs caLs eLc 1hls
varlaLlon wlLhln a klnd ls whaL uarwln observed ln Lhe mld1800s and whaL we sLlll observe
Loday cosmic vo/ution 1he developmenL of space Llme maLLer and energy from noLhlng

5te//or vo/ution 1he developmenL of complex sLars from Lhe chaoLlc flrsL elemenLs

chemico/ vo/ution 1he developmenL of all chemlcal elemenLs from an orlglnal Lwo

P/onetory vo/ution 1he developmenL of planeLary sysLems from swlrllng elemenLs

Orqonic vo/ution 1he developmenL of organlc llfe from lnorganlc maLLer (a rock)

Mocrovo/ution 1he developmenL of one klnd of llfe from a LoLally dlfferenL klnd of llfe

Microvo/ution 1he developmenL of varlaLlons wlLhln Lhe same klnd of llfe
Cosmic Evolution. The development of space, time, matter and energy from nothing.

8ranches of Anthropo|ogy
Cu|tura| Anthropo|ogy
CulLure ls an lmporLanL Lool for human survlval lL ls a complex whole of knowledge morals LradlLlonsarLs and
cusLoms LhaL we have learned as belng parL of a socleLy lL ls Lransferred over generaLlons nonblologlcally
Lhrough words and symbols CulLural anLhropologlsLs Lry Lo undersLand Lhe loglc behlnd culLural norms 1hey
belleve LhaL no LradlLlon or culLural pracLlce ls wrong lor example scarrlng of Lhe body mlghL seem blzarre Lo us
Powever a sLudy of Lhe culLure of Lhe Afrlcan Lrlbes LhaL follow Lhls rlLual has shown LhaL Lhls ls a hlghly relevanL
pracLlce uurlng Lhelr research culLural anLhropologlsLs llve wlLhln a communlLy observe Lhelr cusLoms and Lry Lo
undersLand Lhem ln comparlson Lo Lhe pracLlces of oLher socleLles CulLural anLhropologlsLs may sLudy a socleLy
llvlng on Lhe far end of Lhe globe or may concenLraLe on cerLaln segmenLs of our own socleLy llke Lhe corporaLe
secLor laborers or slum dwellers
L|ngu|st|c Anthropo|ogy
Language ls an lmporLanL agenL of Lransmlsslon of culLure lL ls an accompllshmenL of Lhe human specles LhaL has
glven lL an edge over Lhe resL of Lhe anlmals ln Lhe llvlng world ln Lhelr endeavor Lo undersLand Lhe orlgln and
evoluLlon of a language and oral LradlLlons llngulsLlc anLhropologlsLs galn valuable lnslghLs lnLo Lhe culLure of a
communlLy 1hey undersLand prehlsLorlc llnks beLween varlous socleLles and explore Lhe meanlng of verbal
concepLs Lo learn abouL Lhe condlLlons LhaL exlsLed ln Lhe pasL and how humans ad[usLed Lo Lhose 8esldes
sLudylng language ln a culLural aspecL llngulsLlc anLhropologlsLs also Lry Lo undersLand Lhe blologlcal lmpllcaLlons
of language 1hls lnvolves sLudylng changes ln Lhe human braln and body LhaL enabled us Lo organlze sounds ln a
meanlngful way Lo evolve language
Archeo|ogy
Archeology deals wlLh sLudylng Lhe Langlble remalns of a culLure lorLunaLely human belngs leave clues abouL
Lhelr ways of llfe noL only ln words and alphabeLs buL also ln Lhe form of maLerlal remalns llke poLsherds
foundaLlon of houses sLone Lools and burlals 1hese reveal lmporLanL lnformaLlon abouL Lhe bellefs and LradlLlons
of a parLlcular clvlllzaLlon or communlLy lor example palnLlngs on walls of Lombs may Lhrow llghL on Lhe sLaLus of
Lhe person burled Lhere Such palnLlngs ofLen deplcL pracLlces prevalenL ln a socleLy SLudy of burlal slLes can
help archaeologlsLs undersLand Lhe rellglous bellefs of a group of people
8|o|og|ca| Anthropo|ogy
8lologlcal anLhropology also known as physlcal anLhropology deals wlLh Lraclng Lhe blologlcal orlglns
evoluLlonary changes and Lhe geneLlc dlverslLy of Lhe human specles ln Lhe process blologlcal anLhropologlsLs
sLudy prlmaLe behavlor and anaLomlcal varlaLlons beLween prlmaLes and human belngs ln order Lo undersLand
physlcal changes LhaL have Laken place ln humans durlng Lhelr evoluLlonary [ourney from apes 1hey may also Lake
up geneLlc analysls and anLhropomeLrlc sLudles Lo flnd reasons behlnd Lhe physlcal dlfferences beLween people of
varlous groups 8esldes Lhese ma[or branches anLhropology also has oLher dlvlslons llke forenslc anLhropology
medlcal anLhropology and ecologlcal anLhropology AlLhough each branch ls a speclallzed fleld of sLudy Lhey are
lnLerrelaLed 1hls glves anLhropologlsLs an edge over researchers from oLher flelds ln addresslng human problems
as Lhey sLudy human exlsLence noL ln lsolaLlon buL ln LoLallLy
Cu|tura| Anthropo|ogy
CulLure ls an lmporLanL Lool for human survlval lL ls a complex whole of knowledge morals LradlLlons arLs and
cusLoms LhaL we have learned as belng parL of a socleLy lL ls Lransferred over generaLlons nonblologlcally
Lhrough words and symbols CulLural anLhropologlsLs Lry Lo undersLand Lhe loglc behlnd culLural norms 1hey
belleve LhaL no LradlLlon or culLural pracLlce ls wrong lor example scarrlng of Lhe body mlghL seem blzarre Lo us
Powever a sLudy of Lhe culLure of Lhe Afrlcan Lrlbes LhaL follow Lhls rlLual has shown LhaL Lhls ls a hlghly relevanL
pracLlce uurlng Lhelr research culLural anLhropologlsLs llve wlLhln a communlLy observe Lhelr cusLoms and Lry Lo
undersLand Lhem ln comparlson Lo Lhe pracLlces of oLher socleLles CulLural anLhropologlsLs may sLudy a socleLy
llvlng on Lhe far end of Lhe globe or may concenLraLe on cerLaln segmenLs of our own socleLy llke Lhe corporaLe
secLor laborers or slum dwellers
L|ngu|st|c Anthropo|ogy
Language ls an lmporLanL agenL of Lransmlsslon of culLure lL ls an accompllshmenL of Lhe human specles LhaL has
glven lL an edge over Lhe resL of Lhe anlmals ln Lhe llvlng world ln Lhelr endeavor Lo undersLand Lhe orlgln and
evoluLlon of a language and oral LradlLlons llngulsLlc anLhropologlsLs galn valuable lnslghLs lnLo Lhe culLure of a
communlLy 1hey undersLand prehlsLorlc llnks beLween varlous socleLles and explore Lhe meanlng of verbal
concepLs Lo learn abouL Lhe condlLlons LhaL exlsLed ln Lhe pasL and how humans ad[usLed Lo Lhose 8esldes
sLudylng language ln a culLural aspecL llngulsLlc anLhropologlsLs also Lry Lo undersLand Lhe blologlcal lmpllcaLlons
of language 1hls lnvolves sLudylng changes ln Lhe human braln and body LhaL enabled us Lo organlze sounds ln a
meanlngful way Lo evolve language
Archeo|ogy
Archeology deals wlLh sLudylng Lhe Langlble remalns of a culLure lorLunaLely human belngs leave clues abouL
Lhelr ways of llfe noL only ln words and alphabeLs buL also ln Lhe form of maLerlal remalns llke poLsherds
foundaLlon of houses sLone Lools and burlals 1hese reveal lmporLanL lnformaLlon abouL Lhe bellefs and LradlLlons
of a parLlcular clvlllzaLlon or communlLy lor example palnLlngs on walls of Lombs may Lhrow llghL on Lhe sLaLus of
Lhe person burled Lhere Such palnLlngs ofLen deplcL pracLlces prevalenL ln a socleLy SLudy of burlal slLes can
help archaeologlsLs undersLand Lhe rellglous bellefs of a group of people
8|o|og|ca| Anthropo|ogy
8lologlcal anLhropology also known as physlcal anLhropology deals wlLh Lraclng Lhe blologlcal orlglns
evoluLlonary changes and Lhe geneLlc dlverslLy of Lhe human specles ln Lhe process blologlcal anLhropologlsLs
sLudy prlmaLe behavlor and anaLomlcal varlaLlons beLween prlmaLes and human belngs ln order Lo undersLand
physlcal changes LhaL have Laken place ln humans durlng Lhelr evoluLlonary [ourney from apes 1hey may also Lake
up geneLlc analysls and anLhropomeLrlc sLudles Lo flnd reasons behlnd Lhe physlcal dlfferences beLween people of
varlous groups 8esldes Lhese ma[or branches anLhropology also has oLher dlvlslons llke forenslc anLhropology
medlcal anLhropology and ecologlcal anLhropology AlLhough each branch ls a speclallzed fleld of sLudy Lhey are
lnLerrelaLed 1hls glves anLhropologlsLs an edge over researchers from oLher flelds ln addresslng human problems
as Lhey sLudy human exlsLence noL ln lsolaLlon buL ln LoLallLy

8kANCnLS CI SCCICLCG

Cr|m|no|ogy (from LaLln nmeo accusaLlon and Creek loqlo) ls Lhe sclenLlflc sLudy of Lhe naLure exLenL
causes and conLrol of crlmlnal behavlor ln boLh Lhe lndlvldual and ln socleLy
Cu|tura| anthropo|ogy ls one of four or flve flelds of anLhropology (Lhe hollsLlc sLudy of humanlLy) lL ls Lhe branch
of anLhropology LhaL examlnes culLure as a meanlngful sclenLlflc concepL
Cu|tura| stud|es ls an academlc fleld whlch comblnes pollLlcal economy communlcaLlon soclology soclal Lheory
llLerary Lheory medla Lheory fllm/vldeo sLudles culLural anLhropology phllosophy museum sLudles and arL
hlsLory/crlLlclsm Lo sLudy culLural phenomena ln varlous socleLles
Is|am|c soc|o|ogy ls a dlsclpllne of lslamlc sLudles and Lhe soclal sclences
Med|a stud|es ls an academlc dlsclpllne LhaL deals wlLh Lhe conLenL hlsLory and effecLs of varlous medla ln
parLlcular Lhe mass medla
Med|ca| soc|o|ogy lnvolves Lhe soclologlcal analysls of medlcal organlzaLlons and lnsLlLuLlon
o||t|ca| soc|o|ogy ls Lhe sLudy of power and Lhe lnLersecLlon of personallLy soclal sLrucLure and pollLlcs
Soc|a| anthropo|ogy ls Lhe branch of anLhropology LhaL sLudles how conLemporary llvlng human belngs behave ln
soclal groups
Soc|a| psycho|ogy ls Lhe sLudy of Lhe relaLlons beLween people and groups
Soc|ob|o|ogy ls a synLhesls of sclenLlflc dlsclpllnes whlch aLLempLs Lo explaln soclal behavlor ln anlmal specles by
conslderlng Lhe uarwlnlan advanLages speclflc behavlors may have
Soc|oeconom|cs or soc|oeconom|cs ls Lhe sLudy of Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween economlc acLlvlLy and soclal llfe
Soc|o||ngu|st|cs ls Lhe sLudy of Lhe effecL of any and all aspecLs of socleLy lncludlng culLural norms expecLaLlons
and conLexL on Lhe way language ls used
Stat|st|cs ls Lhe sclence of maklng effecLlve use of numerlcal daLa relaLlng Lo groups of lndlvlduals or experlmenLs
systems theory ls an lnLerdlsclpllnary Lheory abouL Lhe naLure of complex sysLems ln naLure socleLy and sclence
and ls a framework by whlch one can lnvesLlgaLe and/or descrlbe any group of ob[ecLs LhaL work LogeLher Lo
produce some resulL