Chapter 1:

• 6 elements of Geo/5 themes

○ Location: Absolute v. Relative
○ Site and Situation
○ Place
○ Regions: Formal, Functional, Perceptual
○ Phys vs. Human Geo
○ Movement
○ Human/Env. Interatcion
• Main lines of lat and long
• Functions of lat/long
• How to write coordinates
• Maps v. globes
• Calculate great circle routes
• 5 parts of a Map – name and function
• Cardinal v. intermediate directions
• Large v. small scale
• Types of maps
• GIS – what is it? Uses
• How do I prepare for Chpt 1 Test

Chpt 2:

• Earth Extremes: high, low, deep pts; biggest continent, ocean, lake, desert,
longest river, deepest lake, tallest mtn chain
• Spheres: hydro, litho, atmo, bio
• Continents and their Hemispheres – Africa only one in 4
• Landforms – 7 largest and common others (archipelago)
• 3 layers of the earth
• Continental drift theory and Pangea
• Plate tectonics
• Faults and other examples of tectonic activities
• Weathering vs. Erosion
• Types of weathering and causes of erosion
• 4 parts of the water cycle
• Sources of salt water and fresh water
CHPT 3
• Weather v. Climate
• Impacts of the Tilt of the Earth
○ Axis, 23.5 degrees – Tropics, midnight sun and darkness
• Impacts of the Rotation of the earth
○ Day/night, time zones
• Impacts of the Revolution of the earth
○ Calendar year, tilt and seasons
• Equinox v. solstice
• Dates: spring and fall equinox, summer and winter solstice
• Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
• Latitude belts: high, mid, low
• Elevation and climate
• Causes of wind and currents
• Prevailing winds – trade winds, westerlies and polar eaterlies
• Coriolis Effect
• Doldrums or Horse Latitudes
• El Nino
• Windward v. Leeward
• Rain Shadow
• Climate Zones
○ Tropical Climates
 Tropical Wet
 Tropical Dry
○ Dry Climates
 Desert
 Steppe
○ Mid Latitude Climates
 Marine West Coast
 Mediterranean
 Humid Subtropical
 Humid Continental
○ High Latitude Climates
 Sub-Arctic
 Tundra
○ Highland Climates
• Coniferous v. Deciduous
• Permafrost
CHPT 4
• Population Stats: current numbers and projections
• Demography: definition and purpose
• Demographic statistics
○ Birthrate, death rate, natural increase, migration, doubling time,
negative pop. Growth
• Positives and negatives of population growth
• Population distribution
○ Rural, urban, metro areas
• Population density and how to calculate it
• Urbanization
• Immigrants, emigrants and refugees
• Culture – what is it
• 4 main elements of culture
• Ethnic group v. social classes
• Culture regions
• Cultural diffusion
• Culture hearths and examples
• 3 major cultural changers: ag, industrial and information revolutions
• Govts: Unitary system vs. federal system
• types of Govts and examples
○ autocracy, oligarchy, monarch
 monarchy v. dictatorship
 direct v. representative democracy
• types of economies and examples
○ traditional, market and command
 mixed economy
 communism v. socialism

• Natural resources: renewable v. nonrenewable
• Four types of economic activity
○ Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
• Developed v. developing nations
○ Subsistence v. commercial farming
• Reasons countries trade
• Trade barriers: embargo, tariff
• Trade helpers: NAFTA, EU
• Pollution v. Economic and Population growth
CHPT 5
• ID and Locate:
○ major physical features of US/Can
○ major natural resources of US/Can
○ climate zones of US/Can
• divide v. headwater v. tributary
• Piedmont v. fall line
• Grand Banks and Aquaculture
• US/Can Extremes: high pt, low pt, hottest temp recorded where
• Timberline and Chinook
• Everglades, chaparral, prairie – vegetation of the climate zones
• Hurricane, Supercell, Blizzards

CHPT 6
• US: Population – total #, density and diversity (origins)
• US: pop. distribution: highly pop./low pop./growth areas
• US: pop. migration - urbanization: metros v. megalopolis v. urban sprawl
• US: Culture elements
○ govt – type, political organization
○ history basics: exploration/colonization, govt. and expansion west,
railroad & industrial growth, wars, high tech advancement, cold war
and terrorism
○ language – no official (English and Spanish)
○ religion – catholic v. protestant
○ education
○ health care – private system
○ arts – jazz and centers of art
○ high standards of living
• US: demographic trends: aging pop and shrinking households/fewer
kids/fewer marriages
• Can: Population – total #, density and diversity (origins)
• Can: pop. distribution: highly pop area/low pop areas/growth areas
• Can: pop migration: movement to cities and primary cities
• Can: Culture elements
○ govt – constitutional monarchy, parliament, prime minister, province v.
territory
○ history basics: exploration/colonization, French connection, Quebec,
Nunavut
○ language – 2 official (English, French)
○ religion – catholic v. protestant
 ○ education
○ health care – public system
○ arts – govt. control of media
○ high standards of living
• Can: demographic trends: aging pop and shrinking households/fewer
kids/fewer marriages
CHPT 7
• US/Can: economies
○ market economies
○ industrial v. post-industrial
○ economic sectors
 service industries - #1 sector, types of jobs
 high-tech sector – silicon Valley
 manufacturing – products – Rust Belt & impact of technology
 agriculture – commercial farming, crops (wheat & corn belts),
shrinking sector due to technology
• US/Can: transportation
○ Interstates(w to e even, n to s odd, spurs) v. Trans Can Highway
○ air, rail (freight), water (Miss river and St. Lawrence seaway), truck and
pipelines
• US/Can: Communications
○ private v. public
• US/Can: Trade
○ #1 partners
○ NAFTA
• US/Can: Environmental concerns
○ resources depletion
○ pollution
 acid rain
 Eutrophication
○ Global Warming and fossil fuel dependence