Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
To define the meaning of particles of matter (atom, ion and molecule) To explain the difference of isotope, isotones and isobar To explain the difference between the element molecule and the compound molecule To mention some examples of simple molecules in daily life To give examples of substances that consist of ions
On grade VII youve learned that all matters around us are made up of fundamental matter called ELEMENT. Element is a simple substance which cannot be broken down into simpler substance
Look at the figure !
A piece of iron
Iron atom
Fe
Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe
charge +1 No charge -1
Position in atom Atom nucleus Atom nucleus Moving around atom nucleus
ISOTOPES
Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic numbers but different mass numbers.
EXAMPLES Hydrogen
Chlorine Carbon
ISOBAR
Atoms of different elements might have the same mass number.
EXAMPLES
ISOTONES
Atoms of different elements might have the same number of neutron EXAMPLES
According to Bohr, electrons move around the nucleus in fixed orbit or shells The electron in each shell have different energy level. The shells closes to the nucleus have lower energy levels than those farther away The biggest atoms can have up to 7 electron shells, However, each shell can contain only a limited number of electrons. This number depends on their size:
1st shell maximum filled with 2 electrons. 2nd shell maximum filled with 8 electrons. 3rd shell can hold up to 18 electrons, but normally only holds up to 8 to make atom more stable. 4th shell can hold up to 32 electrons but, like the third shell, normally holds only up to 8 to make atom more stable
Sodium
Electronic Configuration: 2, 8, 1
1st shell 2nd shell 3rd shell
Electronic Structure
The electron in the outermost shell of an atom are called the outer electron or valency electrons Sodium has 1 valency electron
Ion is an atom having electric charge When atoms lose or gain electrons, they become ions
Loses electrons + Positive ion
atom _
Gains electrons
Negative ion
cation ion with a positive charge If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation.
Na
11 protons 11 electrons
Na+
11 protons 10 electrons
anion ion with a negative charge If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes an anion.
Cl
17 protons 17 electrons
Cl-
17 protons 18 electrons
Be2+
A monatomic ion contains only one atom Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-
A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-
H2
H2O
NH3
CH4
A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
Kinds of Molecules
Molecules are made up of the same kinds of atoms
Isoprene (C5H8) and polystyrene Sucrose (C12H22O11) Ionic compound NaCl Ion-ion (Cl-, Na+,Mg 3+, Ca2+)