1.N GRAM PHRASE: An n-gram is a subsequence of n items from a given sequence.

An n-gram of size 1 is referred to as a "unigram"; size 2 is a "bigram" (or, less commonly, a "digram"); size 3 is a "trigram"; size 4 is a "four-gram" and size 5 or more is simply called an "n-gram". So 2.Gini impurity :Used by the CART algorithm, Gini impurity is a measure

of how often a randomly chosen element from the set would be incorrectly labeled if it were randomly labeled according to the distribution of labels in the subset. Gini impurity can be computed by summing the probability of each item being chosen times the probability of a mistake in categorizing that item. It reaches its minimum (zero) when all cases in the node fall into a single target category.
3.Special types of hyperplanes Several specific types of hyperplanes are defined with properties that are well suited for particular purposes. Some of these specializations are described here. Affine hyperplanes An affine hyperplane is an affine subspace of codimension 1 in an affine space. In Cartesian coordinates, such a hyperplane can be described with a single linear equation of the following form (where at least one of the ai's is non-zero):

In the case of a real affine space, in other words when the coordinates are real numbers, this affine space separates the space into two half-spaces, which are the connected components of the complement of the hyperplane, and are given by the inequalities

and

As an example, a line is a hyperplane in 2-dimensional space, and a plane is a hyperplane in 3-dimensional space. A line in 3-dimensional space is not a hyperplane, and does not separate the space into two parts (the complement of such a line is connected).Any hyperplane of a Euclidean space has exactly two unit normal vectors. Affine hyperplanes are used to define decision boundaries in many machine learning algorithms such as linear-combination (oblique) decision trees, and Perceptrons.

Vector hyperplanes

In a vector space, a vector hyperplane is a linear subspace of codimension 1. Such a hyperplane is the solution of a single homogeneous linear equation.
Projective hyperplanes Projective hyperplanes, are used in projective geometry. Projective geometry can be viewed as affine geometry with vanishing points (points at infinity) added. An affine hyperplane together with the associated points at infinity forms a projective hyperplane. One special case of a projective hyperplane is the infinite or ideal hyperplane, which is defined with the set of all points at infinity. In real projective space, a hyperplane does not divide the space into two parts; rather, it takes two hyperplanes to separate points and divide up the space. The reason for this is that in real projective space, the space essentially "wraps around" so that both sides of a lone hyperplane are connected to each other. 4.KERNEL A kernel is a weighting function used in non-parametric estimation techniques. Kernels are used in kernel density estimation to estimate random variables' density functions, or in kernel regression to estimate the conditional expectation of a random variable. Kernels are also used in time-series, in the use of the periodogram to estimate the spectral density. An additional use is in the estimation of a time-varying intensity for a point process. 5.SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION Suppose M is an mn matrix whose entries come from the field K, which is either the field of real numbers or the field of complex numbers. Then there exists a factorization of the form

where U is an mm unitary matrix over K, the matrix is an mn diagonal matrix with nonnegative real numbers on the diagonal, and V*, an nn unitary matrix over K, denotes the conjugate transpose of V. Such a factorization is called the singular value decomposition of M.

6.EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE: the Euclidean distance or Euclidean metric is the "ordinary" distance between two points that one would measure with a ruler, and is given

by the Pythagorean formula. By using this formula as distance, Euclidean space (or even any inner product space) becomes a metric space