Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
*******
By
Mrs. Shyla V
2/4 I Floor, 3rd Main Road
Raja Annamalai Puram
Chennai – 600 028
Cell: 938100 4365
Computer is defined as:
An electronic machine for storing and organizing information and for communicating with
others computers.
It is also defined as a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed
mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise
processes information.
Computer accepts information in the form of digitalized data and manipulates it for some
result, based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed,
as well to store data.
Computers come in all types and sizes. There are primarily two main sizes of computers.
They are:
• Portable
• Desktop
• System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It
includes operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic tools, servers, windowing
systems, utilities and more.
• Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing
computer programs and software using different programming languages in a
more convenient way. The tools include text editors, compilers, interpreters,
linkers, debuggers, and so on.
• Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-
computer related) tasks. Typical applications include industrial automation,
business software, educational software, medical software, databases, and
computer games
Computer software has to be "loaded" into the computer's storage (such as a hard drive,
memory, or RAM). Once the software is loaded, the computer is able to execute the
software. Computers operate by executing the computer program. This involves passing
instructions from the application software, through the system software, to the hardware
which ultimately receives the instruction as machine code. Each instruction causes the
computer to carry out an operation -- moving data, carrying out a computation, or altering
the control flow of instructions.
Computer Components:
1. Power Supply - The power supply comes with the case, but this
component is mentioned separately since there are various types of power
supplies to ensure uninterrupted power supply during general power
failure.
Motherboard – This is the heart of the computer. This is where the core
components of the computer reside, which are listed below.
Hard disk drive(s) - This is where the files are permanently stored on the
computer. Also, normally, the operating system is installed here.
CD-ROM drive(s) - This is normally a read only drive where files are
permanently stored. There are now read/write CD-ROM drives that use
special software to allow users to read from and write to these drives.
Floppy drive(s) - A floppy is a small disk storage device and has a very
limited, about 1.4 Megabytes, memory capacity.
Other possible file storage devices include DVD devices, Tape backup
devices, and sound adopter and speakers.
3. Monitor - This device which operates like a TV screen lets the user see
the text, as well display icons to give commands.
4. Keyboard - This is where the user enters text commands into the computer.
5. Mouse - A point and click interface for entering commands which works
well in graphical environments.
Computer with Voice Recognition for the Visually Handicapped (Blind) Users
Many people with clear vision deficiency depend on voice command for operating their
Computer - known as voice in-voice out, which is programmed through the screen
reading software.
However, the keyboard is still the most efficient way of inputting data into the computer.
and should be thoroughly practiced for easy operation. This needs continuous practice.
Keyboard is one of the most important aspects of disability access. Blind people
generally cannot use a mouse because they cannot see where to click. They use their
keyboard almost exclusively.
The standard keyboard is usually called a 'QWERTY' keyboard because of the order of
the first six alphabetical characters on the unit. The main functions may be categorised as
follows:
1 Alpha-numeric characters.
These are the numbers 0 to 9 and the letters of the alphabet in both upper and lower case.
2 Punctuation marks.
These include the full stop, comma, inverted commas, colon and semi-colon. In the
computing world, many punctuation marks have special significance and special names.
Here are a few examples:
3 Control Keys
These consist of 'Escape', 'Tab', 'Caps Lock', 'Enter', 'Delete' etc. The control key itself
(Ctrl) gives a different key press level so that pressing Ctrl+key produces a completely
different function. The 'Alt' key has a similar purpose, for example, pressing 'Alt+F' is the
same as clicking on the 'File' pull-down menu in Windows 'Program Manager'. It has a
similar effect in many other applications and was in use, long before it was common to
use a mouse with a computer.
Even now, typing Alt+F, X, Enter, is a much quicker alternative to using the mouse and
is frequently preferred by more experienced programmers. Although it is rare, the mouse
function does sometimes fail, so being aware of these commands enables the computer to
be navigated and shut down properly from the keyboard.
The Tab button allows you to step through text boxes more easily than pointing and
clicking with the mouse to obtain the 'I' bar.
Alt+Tab allows you to step through all the applications you have running at any one time.
Releasing the Tab button enables you to remain in the application being run and work on
it before returning to the current application.
Ctrl+Alt+Delete is one of the 'last resort' key press combinations. If a program has
'locked up' or stopped responding, pressing this key combination is often the only way of
regaining control - short of switching the computer off and starting again (which is NOT
recommended).
4 Function Keys
These are the keys F1 to F12 usually found along the top of the keyboard. Their use
varies considerably from one machine to another and may also be dependent on the
software being run.
For example, if you're using Microsoft Word and you wish to highlight text to change
font or colour, to make bold or italicise or simply to delete, the standard method is to
click and drag with the mouse. This is often difficult to achieve and areas not required
may be highlighted, whilst other parts may be missed.
Using the function keys, once you've pressed F8, pressing it again will highlight a word,
pressing again will highlight a sentence and pressing a third time will highlight an entire
paragraph. To select the word, place the cursor at the front of the word, just behind it, or
anywhere in between. This function can be turned off by hitting the Escape button.
Shortcut Keys
Shortcuts keys help provide an easier and usually quicker method of navigating with out
the mouse and using computer software programs. This is basically supportive to the
blind. Shortcut keys are commonly accessed by using the Ctrl, and/or Shift in
conjunction with a single letter
Let us learn how to use the 14 top most commonly used Windows XP
shortcuts.
To take advantage of, one should be comfortable using a keyboard and be familiar with
the layout.
Once a student becomes proficient in using the keyboard, the following lessons are
to be taught.
Practice program:
The following areas of instruction are suggested, making adjustments in the depth of
coverage and order of presentation based upon each student’s abilities and needs. The
student’s access method - screen reader with speech, screen reader with Braille, screen
magnification software, etc - should be taught in conjunction with the following areas,
rather than separately.
Essential:
• Keyboarding
• Word Processing (Microsoft Word)
• Translating and embossing, if a Braille reader (Duxbury)
• File Management (via the Desktop, Windows Explorer, later within the Open and
Save As dialog boxes)
• Email (Outlook Express)
• Web (Internet Explorer)
• Scanning, if appropriate
• Configuring Windows to be more accessible
Word processing was one of the earliest applications for the personal computer in office
productivity. Microsoft Word is the most widely used computer word processing system,
and have a variety of uses and applications in the field of business, home, and education.
Example: First type windows key, then type P – will get programs in the monitor.
Type W – will get word. And start your job.
(The whole process will be supported by voice guidance)
Creating a Document:
Creating a new document is as easy as opening the Word program and we start out by
explaining how to do this from the Windows start menu.
Formatting
Transferring the words from thought to the keyboard, is the first step in getting a
document done in a presentable form, as well to highlight bold, italicize and underline the
documents wherever needed.
How to save them into folders, as well as how to open them again later.
Even the most literate people get stumped as to how to spell certain words, and all of us
commit mistakes. The process of spell checking allows us to correct any mistakes we
may have made along the way. Spell checking contains many keyboard commands to
access all of the many options available to the student.
It's not enough to ensure that the spelling is correct. Microsoft Word's grammar checker
examines your sentences and offers suggestions for many commonly made errors.
Since highlighting text is the most important thing to learn, we feel it's justified to have a
review of how to highlight, cut, copy and paste text in your documents.
Besides Word processing, the other program which is currently in high demand on the
job market is Microsoft Excel. Excel is a program used to create spreadsheets, designed
to facilitate the manipulation of data for budgets, salary expenses, tax reports, proposals,
etc.