8kANCnLS CI SCILNCL

O SCCIAL SCILNCLS (sLudles abouL human socleLy human relaLlonshlps and lnLeracLlons)
4 AnLhroology orlgln and developmenL of human
4 Lconomlcs producLlon goods and servlces
4 ollLlcal Sclence forms of governmenL
4 sychology human behavlor
4 Soclology human socleLy
O ,A1nL,A1ICS (glves numerlcal predlcLlons)
O LCGIC (sclenLlflc reasonlng)
4 lnducLlve observaLlon paLLern LenLaLlve hypoLhesls Lheory
4 ueducLlve Lheory hypoLhesls observaLlon conflrmaLlon
O NA1UkAL SCILNCLS (sLudles abouL Lhlngs whlch have naLural exlsLence)
4 Llfe Sclence (sLudles abouL llvlng Lhlngs)
Zoology anlmals
8oLany planLs
AnaLomy body sLrucLure
hyslology llfe processes
CyLology cells
CeneLlcs Lransfer of LralLs
4 hyslcal Sclence (sLudles nonllvlng maLerlals)
AsLronomy ob[ecLs ln ouLer space (slze sLrucLure composlLlon and hlsLory)
Ceology sLrucLure componenL and beglnnlng of LarLh
O Llmmology freshwaLer
O Cceanology oceans
O volcanology volcanoes
O Mlneralogy mlnerals
O eLrology rocks
O Selsmology earLhquake
O Ceochronology age and hlsLory of LarLh
ChemlsLry organlc and lnorganlc arLlflclal and naLural subsLances
O hyslcal ChemlsLry effecLs of llghL heaL and oLher energy on chemlcal processes
O SLereochemlsLry poslLlon of aLoms ln Lhreedlmenslonal space
O 8adlochemlsLry radloacLlve subsLances
O Crganlc ChemlsLry organlc compounds
O lnorganlc ChemlsLry wlLhouL Lhe elemenL carbon
hyslcs forces energy and maLLer
O Solld SLaLe hyslcs properLles of crysLals and oLher solld
O lasma hyslcs lonlzed gases aL very hlgh LemperaLure
O Cryogenlc maLLer aL very low LemperaLure
O arLlcle hyslcs proLons neuLrons elecLrons and parLlcles smaller Lhan aLomlc nuclel
O nuclear hyslcs composlLlon
MeLeorology sclence of weaLher (sLudy of aLmospherlc condlLlon)
O MeLeorologlsLs predlcLs weaLher
O CllmaLologlsLs analyze Lrends of weaLher Lo creaLe paLLern
* Loday we dlspel llluslons by uslng lnsLrumenLs LhaL measure or record physlcal properLles
* preclslon how conslsLenL repeaLed measuremenLs of Lhe same quanLlLy are
* accuracy how close measuremenLs are

SCILNCL ls a sysLemaLlc body of knowledge deallng wlLh observed facLs relaLlonshlps among facLs and based on
fundamenLal LruLhs
nIS1CkICAL ILCW CI nSICAL SCILNCL

SCILN1IIIC ,L1nCD
1 ldenLlfylng Lhe problem
2 uaLa gaLherlng
3 lormulaLlng hypoLhesls
4 1esLlng hypoLhesls
3 urawlng concluslons
5cleotlflc keseotcb
1 Obsetvloq ootote
2 closslfyloq Joto
J cooJoctloq expetlmeots
4 lotmloq bypotbesls
5 xptessloq floJloqs motbemotlcolly
6 usloq loqlc

8kANCnLS CI CnL,IS1k
O Crganlc ChemlsLry chemlsLry of carbon compounds
O lnorganlc ChemlsLry sLudy of elemenLs and compounds oLher Lhan organlc compounds
O AnalyLlc ChemlsLry ldenLlflcaLlon of composlLlon (quallLaLlve and quanLlLaLlve characLerlsLlcs)
O hyslcal ChemlsLry physlcal prlnclples LhaL underlle ln maLLer and lLs chemlcal LransformaLlon
O 8lochemlsLry chemlsLry of llvlng sysLem
,A11Lk anyLhlng LhaL occuples space and has mass
O ClasslflcaLlon of MaLLer
4 ure SubsLance flxed composlLlon wlLh dlsLlncL properLles
LlemenLs slmplesL form of maLLer (cannoL be decomposed by slmple chemlcal change)
Compounds comblnaLlon of elemenLs ( can be decomposed by slmple chemlcal change)
4 MlxLures Lwo or more subsLances comblned
Pomogenous Lhe subsLances comblned cannoL be vlslbly dlfferenLlaLed
PeLerogenous mlxed subsLances can be vlslbly dlfferenLlaLed

O roperLles of MaLLer
4 lnLrlnslc or lnLenslve physlcal and chemlcal properLles (don'L depend on amounL of sample)
4 LxLrlnslc or LxLenslve

O Changes of MaLLer
4 Chemlcal formaLlon of new subsLances
4 hyslcal change ln color odor denslLy melLlng polnL bolllng polnL (alLers form buL noL composlLlon)

O SLaLe of MaLLer
4 Solld characLerlsLlc lmpeneLrablllLy
4 Llquld characLerlsLlc vlscoslLy
4 Cas characLerlsLlcs compresslblllLy and expandablllLy
Shape and volume
CnL,IS1k ls Lhe branch of sclence concerned wlLh Lhe sLudy of maLLer and Lhe changes maLLer undergoes
State of
,atter
Shape Vo|ume

4
f 4 4

O ALoms and Lhelr SLrucLure
4 aLom a Llny nucleus (1/100000 ln dlameLer) whlch conLalns Lhe aLom's mass
4 nucleus lnslde Lhe aLom ueLermlnes how many elecLrons each aLom has
proLon poslLlve charged (lnslde nucleus accdg Lo 8uLherford)
neuLron charge less (lnslde nucleus accdg Lo 8uLherford)
elecLron negaLlve charged (ouLslde nucleus) LhaL governs Lhe aLom's lnLeracLlon wlLh oLher
aLoms

4 luLn1l1? (MASS) Cl A1CM number of proLons
4 WLlCP1 Cl A1CM proLon + neuLron

O A1CMlC 1PLC8? Cl MA11L8
4 laLo and ArlsLoLle maLLer ls lnflnlLely dlvlslble
4 uemocrlLus maLLer ls composed of aLomos lndlvlslble" (meanlng maLLer can be dlvlded Lo a smallesL
unlL)
ualLon's ALomlc 1heory
O Lach elemenL ls composed of small parLlcles called aLoms
O ALoms of glven elemenL are ldenLlcal aLoms of dlfferenL elemenLs are dlfferenL
O ALoms of an elemenL cannoL be changed Lo a dlfferenL aLom by chemlcal reacLlon
4 Law of ConservaLlve of Mass or MaLLer LoLal mass ls Lhe same before and afLer
Lhe reacLlon
O Compounds formaLlon of aLoms of more Lhan one elemenL when comblned
4 Law of ConsLanL ComposlLlon ln a compound relaLlve numbers and klnds of
aLoms are consLanL
O ALoms can enLer lnLo a chemlcal change

O ulscovery of ALom roLon neuLron and LlecLron
4 LlecLron !! 1homson (1897)
CaLhode 8ay 1ube

4 roLon LrnesL 8uLherford (1911)
ln 1919 8uLherford dlscovered LhaL he could change one elemenL lnLo anoLher by sLrlklng lL wlLh
energeLlc alpha parLlcles (whlch we now know
are [usL hellum nuclel) ln Lhe early 1920s
8uLherford and oLher physlclsLs made a number
experlmenLs LransmuLlng one aLom lnLo
anoLher ln every case hydrogen nuclel were
emlLLed ln Lhe process lL was apparenL LhaL Lhe
hydrogen nucleus played a fundamenLal role ln
aLomlc sLrucLure and by comparlng nuclear
masses Lo charges lL was reallzed LhaL Lhe
poslLlve charge of any nucleus could be
accounLed for by an lnLeger number of hydrogen nuclel 8y Lhe laLe 1920s physlclsLs were
regularly referrlng Lo hydrogen nuclel as proLons

4 neuLron !ames Chadwlck (1932)


O MeasuremenLs of Lhe Charges and Mass of an LlecLron
4 !! 1homson 1897 176 x 10
8
(uslng CaLhode 8ay 1ube)
4 8oberL Mllllkan 1909 160 x 10
19
(uslng Cllurop 1esL)
4 Mass of LlecLron 910939 x 10
28
g

O Modern vlew of ALomlc SLrucLure
art|c|e Charge ,ass (amu)
roLon oslLlve 1602 x 10
19
C 10073
neuLron negaLlve 1602 x 10
19
C 10087
LlecLron none uncharged 3486 x 10
4


O lsoLopes aLoms havlng same aLomlc numbers buL dlfferenL mass numbers or dlfferenL number of neuLrons
4 proLons and elecLrons are noL changed
4 only neuLrons are changed (represenLlng lLs mass)
4 A1CMlC nuM8L8 proLons
4 MASS nuM8L8 proLons + neuLron
4 nucllde aLom of a speclflc lsoLope

O Molecules ALom and LlemenLs
4 aLom bulldlng blocks of maLLer smallesL parL of an elemenL
4 molecules group of aLoms can be dlvlded wlLhouL loslng lLs ldenLlLy
4 elemenLs slmplesL form of maLLer cannoL be spllL by chemlcal means
C
16


8
aLom + aLom molecules
molecules + aLom/molecules elemenLs/compounds

O 8CnulnC lonlc and CovalenL
4 lonlc Lransfer of elecLrons
lnvolves meLals and nonmeLals
O MeLal glves Lhe elecLron (LhaL's why lL becomes 9O5l1lvl charged)
O nonmeLal recelves Lhe elecLron glven (lL becomes -CA1lvl charged)
4 1hese elemenLs aLLracLs because opposlLes aLLracL

4
4 CovalenL sharlng of elecLrons
olar unequal sharlng of valence elecLrons

nonolar equal sharlng of unpalred valence elecLrons

O 1?LS Cl CCvALLn1 8CnuS
4 Slmple CovalenL 8ond sharlng of elecLrons ln whlch elecLron shared comes
from boLh aLoms
Slngle CovalenL 8ond a palr of elecLron ls shared (ex P)
uouble CovalenL 8ond 2 palrs of elecLron shared (ex C)
1rlple CovalenL 8ond 3 palrs of elecLron shared (ex n)
4 CoordlnaLe CovalenL 8ond sharlng of elecLrons ln whlch elecLrons shared
comes from only one of Lhe Lwo aLoms
MeLalllc 8onds

O LLLC18CnLCA1lvl1?
4 ablllLy of an aLom ln a molecule Lo aLLracL elecLrons Lo lLself
4 greaLer elecLronegaLlvlLy greaLer ablllLy Lo aLLracL elecLrons







O lorms of Lnergy
Iorm of Lnergy Descr|pt|on Lxamp|e
1 Mechanlcal Lnergy energy possessed by an ob[ecL
dependlng upon lLs moLlon or
poslLlon
O lneLlc Lnergy energy of an
ob[ecLs movemenL
O oLenLlal Lnergy sLored
energy of an ob[ecL ln a
parLlcular poslLlon
pendulum landslldes avalanches
waLer behlnd dams and movlng
car
2 1hermal Lnergy (PeaL) energy presenL lnslde Lhe body due
Lo moLlon of Lhe aLoms LhaL are
presenL lnLernally
O CeoLhermal Lnergy energy
presenL ln LarLh
all maLerlal bodles
3 Chemlcal Lnergy energy LhaL ls sLored ln chemlcal
form (prlmarlly poLenLlal energy of
elecLrons ln Lhe bonds beLween
aLoms)
coal blomass peLroleum producLs
4 8adlanL Lnergy
(LlecLromagneLlc Lnergy)
energy carrled by elecLromagneLlc
radlaLlon movlng aL Lhe speed of
llghL
sunllghL xrays and radlowaves
3 LlecLrlc Lnergy energy sLored ln Lhe backandforLh
moLlon of elecLrons ln elecLrlc uLlllLy
llne
elecLrlclLy ln power llnes or ln
clrculLs and llghLnlng
6 nuclear Lnergy energy LhaL ls creaLed from Lhe
nucleus of an aLom nuclear energy
becomes avallable when unsLable
nuclel naLurally change by Lhrowlng
off parLlcles (prlmarlly Lhe
poLenLlal energy of parLlcles lnslde
aLomlc nuclel)
suns energy source nuclear
power planL nuclear bomb
7 CravlLaLlonal Lnergy Lhe energy sLored ln Lhe helghL of an
ob[ecL as lL ls dependenL on Lhe
gravlLaLlonal pull of Lhe LarLh
(hlgher ob[ecL hlgher gravlLaLlonal
energy)

8 MoLlon Lnergy energy assoclaLed wlLh Lhe
movemenL of an ob[ecL (fasLer
ob[ecL hlgher moLlon energy)
wlnd
9 Sound Lnergy energy produced by sound
vlbraLlons as Lhey move Lhrough
longlLudlnal waves

O Work producL of force applled by Lhe body and Lhe dlsLance Lhrough whlch Lhe force acLs
4 Wld
W work
l force
LNLkG ls Lhe ablllLy Lo do work 1he ablllLy Lo cause moLlon and change
u dlsLance Lo whlch Lhe force acLs
4 Sl unlL !oules
newLonMeLer (nm)
O newLon ml
O meLer m

O lneLlc Lnergy energy possessed by a body by vlrLue of lLs moLlon
4 L Z mv
2

L klneLlc energy
M mass
v veloclLy

O Lnergy ConservaLlon
4 Law of Lnergy energy cannoL be creaLed nor desLroyed
vlbraLlng Mass (Sprlng)
O aL exLreme poslLlons klneLlc energy ls zero mass ls aL resL and all mechanlcal energy ls
sLored as poLenLlal energy
O aL equlllbrlum poslLlon klneLlc energy poLenLlal energy (aL exLreme poslLlon)
endulum
O gallleo
O conLlnual lnLerplay beLween klneLlc and gravlLaLlonal poLenLlal energy
O gravlLaLlonal poLenLlal energy max aL exLreme poslLlons (max helghL)
O klneLlc energy max aL Lhe boLLom of pendelum's swlng
8oller CoasLer
O golng up galnlng gravlLaLlonal energy
O as lL falls gravlLaLlonal energy Lransforms Lo klneLlc energy
O golng up ln small hllls klneLlc Lo gravlLaLlonal energy
ComeL's MovemenL
O A

O Mass Lnergy
4 1heory of 8elaLlvlLy (AlberL LlnsLeln)
a very small amounL of mass ls equlvalenL Lo a vasL amounL of energy
4 Lmc
2

L energy
M mass
C speed of llghL

O ower
4 Lhe raLe aL whlch work ls done
4 W/L
4 L/L
power
W work
L energy
1 Llme

O Chemlcal Lnergy
4 Lvery chemlcal reacLlon ls accompanled by a LransformaLlon of energy and all LransformaLlons of energy
are conslsLenL wlLh Lhe law of conservaLlon of energy
LxoLhermlc reacLlon reacLlon LhaL releases or llberaLes energy
LndoLhermlc reacLlon reacLlon LhaL absorbs energy

O Chemlcal luels
4 subsLances LhaL can be uLlllzed for Lhe conLrolled releases of chemlcal poLenLlal energy
Coal
O Coal conLalns sulfur burned sulfur reacLs wlLh oxygen formlng sulfur dloxlde
reacLs wlLh waLer formlng sulfurlc acld acldlfled molsLure falls as acld raln
desLrucLlon of vegaLaLlon and aquaLlc llfe
O Carbon dloxlde producL of burnlng coal a greenhouse gas
Cll
O ldeal combusLlon of fuel one whlch produces only carbon dloxlde and waLer vapor

O nuclear Lnergy
4 Lnergy released durng spllLLlng or fuslng of aLomlc nuclel
nuclear ower lanL
O uranlum flssloned ln a nuclear reacLor hlgh pressured waLer pumped Lhrough Lhe
reacLor energy from flsslon heaLs waLer hoL waLer use Lo heaL oLher waLer (becomes
sLeam) sLeam pumped lnLo Lurblnes generaLes elecrlclLy

O naLural 8adloacLlvlLy
4 8ecquerel
4 8adloacLlvlLy sponLaneous dlslnLegraLlon of an unsLable aLomlc nucleus and Lhe emlsslon of parLlcles
or elecLromagneLlc radlaLlon
Alpha parLlcles ()
O Pellum nuclel
O ueflecLed sllghLly
O 2 proLons and 2 neuLrons
O Low peneLraLlng power
O SLoppable by Lhln sheeL of paper or alumlnum
O Change Lhe composlLlon of nucleus
8eLa parLlcles ()
O LlecLrons capable of Lravelllng aL speed of llghL
O ueflecLed greaLly (opposlLe Lhe alpha parLlcles)
O Plgh speed hlgh peneLraLlng power
O Can peneLraLe several cenLlmeLers of alumlnum
O Change Lhe composlLlon of nucleus
Camma rays ()
O Plgh energy elecLromagneLlc radlaLlon
O ShorL wavelengLhs
O PlghesL peneLraLlng power
O eneLraLes aL leasL 30 cenLlmeLers of lead
O uo noL change Lhe composlLlon of nuclel

O ManMade nuclear 8eacLlon
4 Man could dellberaLely rearrange Lhe aLomlc sLrucLure of molecules ln ordlnary chemlcal reacLlons
8uLherford (flrsL sLep)
!olloLCurle (arLlflclal radloacLlvlLy)

O 8adlanL Lnergy
4 energy of elecLromagneLlc waves
4 radlaLlon emlLLed by a source lnLo Lhe surroundlng envlronmenL
examples elecLron space dlscharge vlslble llghL vacuum energy and oLher wave Lypes

O vlslble SpecLrum
4 CpLlcal specLrum
4 orLlon of elecLromagneLlc specLrum vlslble Lo human eye
LlecLromagneLlc radlaLlon ln Lhls range of wavelengLh ls called vlslble llghL or slmple llghL

O SpecLroscopy
4 sclenLlflc sLudy of ob[ecLs based on Lhe specLrum of llghL Lhey emlL
Co|or Wave|ength
vloleL 380430 nm
8lue 430493 nm
Creen 493370 nm
?ellow 370390 nm
Crange 390620 nm
8ed 620730 nm

O ulLravloleL
4 beyond vloleL
vloleL shorLesL wavelengLh
O ulLravloleL shorLer wavelengLh Lhan LhaL of vloleL

O 8lack LlghL
4 uv wavelengLhs lnvlslble Lo human eye

O 8eneflclal LffecLs
4 uv8 exposure produces vlLamln u ln skln
4 ulLravloleL radlaLlon can be applled ln LreaLmenL of skln dlseases llke psorlasls and vllLlllgo
4 uvA radlaLlon can be used ln con[uncLlon wlLh psoralens
4 uv8 rarely used ln con[uncLlon wlLh psoralens

O SafeLy AspecLs of uv
4 rolonged exposure Lo uv radlaLlon resulLs ln acuLe and chronlc healLh effecLs
4 uvC rays are Lhe mosL dangerous Lype of uv llghL (hlghesL energy)
4 uvA uv8 and uvC can acceleraLe skln aglng
4 uvA ls Lhe leasL harmful (buL can conLrlbuLe Lo skln aglng unA damage ad posslbly skln cancer)
uvA peneLraLes deeply and does noL cause sunburn

O AppllcaLlon of uv
O PeaL
4 lnLernal energy ln LranslL from one body of maLLer Lo anoLher by vlrLue of a LemperaLure dlfference
beLween Lhem
Cld unlLs kllocalorle and 81u (8rlLlsh 1hermal unlL)
CorrecL unlL [oules
4 Sun ls Lhe mosL lmporLanL source of heaL
4 PeaL ls realesed when oxygen of Lhe alr chemlcally acLs upon Lhe maLerlals
4 PeaL ls also produced when Lwo ob[ecLs are rubbed LogeLher (or movlng parLs of machlnes Louch each
oLher)
4 LffecL on MaLLer PeaL causes solld llquld and gases Lo expand (Solld Llquld/Cas Llquld Cas)
4 PeaLed 8ody molecules move rapldly occuples more space body becomelonger wlder and Lhlcker
(body expanslon)
4 Coollng body veloclLy of molecules decreases occuples less space body conLracLlon
4