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1 The small reading oI scale 0.01 cm -more sensitive
-more accurate/suitable to measure a small length

2 Front and rear crumple zones -to increase time oI impact
-to reduce impulsive Iorce

3 Air bags -will inIlate during collision
-/to prevent driver and passenger colliding with
steering wheel dashboard

4 Dashboard- made oI soIt material To lengthen the time oI impact so as to reduce
impulsive Iorce

5 Seat belt To prevent passenger thrown Iorward due to it
inertia

6 Headrest To prevent head thrown back due to it inertia

7 Thicker wall at the base To withstand greater pressure at the bottom oI the
pressure increase with depth

8 The wall is constructed using stronger materials
-using reinIorce concrete
-To avoid the wall Irom breaking
-to increase the strength oI the wall
- to avoid leaking
9 Equipped with the water overIlow system -To avoid Ilooding
- to channel away the overIlow water

10 The mass must be high So that the vehicle become more stable

11 The types oI engine is diesel So that the cost is low

12 The diameter oI the tyre must be bigger So the pressure is low
- More stable

13 Streamline / larus Reduce the water resistance ( kurangkan rintangan
air)

14 Low density Higher buoyant Iorce

15 High speciIic heat capacity Absorbs heat slowly

16 High strength DiIIicult to damage

17 Material made Irom glass Glass do not corrode with acid

18 Small diameter oI capillary tube To increase the sensitivity oI the hydrometer
19 High density oI shots (added more) Makes the hydrometer stays upright
Lower centre oI gravity

20 Big diameter oI bottom bulb To obtain a bigger uppthrust/stability

21 Aerodynamics / cone shape at top Reducing oI air Iriction

22 Small mass Higher rate oI acceleration
- Easy to carry

23 Less than halI oI the bottle Iilled with water Enough space Ior increasing air pressure
- Big buoyant Iorce

24 3 or 4 wings The stability oI the rocket

25 Angle oI projection 45 degree Increase the Ilight distance

26 Low density oI the object So that it is lighter
- Accelerate Iaster
27 Higher density Bigger inertia/stability

28 High engine power To produce high acceleration
- High resultant Iorce

29 High spring constant // stiIIer spring So that the spring is stiIIer
- Motocycle bounce less
- Less vibration

30 Wide tyre // smooth tyre To increase stability
- To reduce Iriction

31 Use a spring with a bigger diameter So that k is bigger
32 The spring is made Irom steel a larger k The type oI material inIluence k
- Produces a bigger elastic potential energy

33 Spring is greatly compressed So that EPE is bigger

34 Slope oI inclied plane is 45 degree So that the distane is maximum

35 The melting point should be high To be able to withstand high temperature

36 The material must be very strong To be able to withstand very strong Iorce

37 Shaped with a curved surIace at the top and a Ilat
surIace at the bottom (aerodynamic)
To achieve an upward liIting Iorce when moving
at high speed

38 Run with higher speed To increase kinetic energy

39 Bend pole greater// jump when the pole is
maximum bend
Increase elastic potential energy
40 Elastic pole// strong material //low density So that the pole can return to its original shape
So that it will not break // light

41 Wear Iit attire Reduce air resistance

42 Use mattress // soIt material Increase time oI collision
Reduce impulsive Iorce
Increases lending time

43 Made oI concrete Stonger // not easy to break // metal can rust
easily

44 Thicket wall at the bottom Able to withstand the higher pressure at the
bottom

45 Height Irom ground is high (dam) To produce a greater diIIerence in pressure

46 Wide base cross sectional area So that ship can Iloat
Prevent Irom overturn
Ship more stable // ship not sink deeper
47 High volume oI air space in the ship Produce more buoyant Iorce // ship can Iloat

48 Spring arrange in parallel

The spring system is stiIIer
Less extension // less elastic

49 Spring with thicker wire The spring is stiIIer // wire not easily break

50 Spring with smaller diameter oI coil Increase the stiIIness oI the spring // can with
stand higher Iorce

51 Rope with small diameter (parachute) Occupy less space // less mass

52 Long stem (Ior hydrometer) Cover a wider range oI densities

53 Stem with smaller diameter Sink more and increase the sensitivity

54 Low rate oI rusting To ensure the material last longer

55 Semicircular curve shaped (Ior slope) Exchange between KE and PE easily

56 Smooth surIace Easy to move // reduce Irictional Iorce

57 Synthetic material Light weight // air prooI material


CHAPTER 4 (HEAT)
BIL ASPECT/CHARATERISTICS/MODIFICATIONS REASON/EXPLANATION
1 The lid oI the pan designed to lower the air
pressure inside the pan
The boiling point oI water decreased
2 The lid oI the pan made oI substance which has
weak conductivity oI heat
Heat will not absorbed by the lid, so heat will not
lost to surrounding
3 Made Irom material with low speciIic heat
capacity
Temperature in the pot can be increased quickly
when heated.
This save Iuel or cooking gas
4 Made Irom a low density material Pot is light and more portable
5 Made Irom material that is not easily corroded or
oxidized
Pot is more durable and will not contaminate the
Iood with dangerous material
6 The handle oI the pot made Irom material with
high speciIic heat capacity
The handle become hot slower and can be held
without scorching the hand
7 The pot is designed to have vertical compartments This makes the pot versatile because diIIerent Iood
which can be added or removed can be cooked at the same time
8 High melting point Does not melt easily iI there is an increase in
temperature
9 Liquid that diIIicult to compress Pressure will be transmitted uniIormily in all
directions / Ilows easily

10 High degree oI hardness Can withstand great Iorce
Does not break easily

11 Large number oI Iin blade Increase surIace area // release heat quickly
Engine cools quickly

13 Big size oI Ian Can suck more air // more air can be blow to the
engine / can cool down a larger area

14 High boiling point Not easily to vaporise // the volume oI liquid
reduce slowly //taken a longer time to boil

15 High speciIic heat capacity Takes a longer time to become hot
The rise in temperature is slow

16 A storage tank must be place at a higher level To give higher pressure

17 Pipe emdedded in plate must be long Will enlarge surIace area will absorbs heat Iaster

18 The pipe inside the plate must be made oI metal Metal is a good conductor so it will tranmit heat to
water easily

19 Thermometer is made Irom strong transparent
glass
So that it is not easily broken

20 The thermometric liquid choosen is mercury Because it easily expands uniIormly

21 The capillary tube is made narrow and thin So that it is more sensitive

22 The shape oI the thermometer is round So that it has a magniIying eIIect

23 The thermometer is placed in melting ice /steam To obtain the lower point / the upper point

24 Low speciIic heat capacity oI ice cream box Easy get cold // becomes cool quickly

25 Smaller siza oI ice-cream box Easy to carry // easy to become cool

26 Plastic PVC Poor conductor oI heat

27 Bright colour oI outer box Does not absorb heat Irom surrounding quickly

28 Use insultor behind the absorber panel To prevent the loss oI heat energy

29 Use an absorber panel which is painted black A black surIace is a good absorber oI radiation so
it will absorb heat Iaster




CHAPTER 5 ( LIGHT)

BIL ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MODIFICATION REASON/EXPLANATION
1 Small crictical angle Allow more light to involve in total internal
reIlection

2 Strong material Not easily broken

3 Flexible material Can easily change the shape

4 Fine diameter Can enter small holes

5 High reIractive index Total internal reIlection can occur easily

6 Optical Iibre in a bundle Large number oI signal / higher intensity oI light
can propagate

7 Material with weak rigidity The optical Iibre can be bent easily

8 Material with great strength The optical Iibre can last longer / not easily spoil

9 A plane mirror mounted on an adjustable arm ReIlects light to the vertical screen, corrects lateral
and vertical inversion

10 Use a converging mirror instead oI plane mirror Focus the light directly to the lens
Increase the intensity oI light

11 Place the Iilament at the centre oI curvature oI the
converging mirror // use high powered lens
Light goes directly Irom the lamp and reIlect back
on the same path //increase the intensity oI light
towards the transparency // to get brighter image

12 Use heat Iilter To absorb excess heat to the transparency

13 Electric Ian operates during and aIter the lamp is
switched on
Cooling system to stabilize the temperature ( heat
energy produced by Iilament bulb)

14 Shorter // smaller size oI binocular Easy to carry

15 Use prism to make the total internal reIlection
occur
Produce upright image
16 Higher density Higher reIractive index

17 Objective lens with large diameter More light passes through the lens

18 Eyepiece with higher power Shorter Iocal length

19 Shorter Iocal length Higher power
Increase the magniIication

20 Convex lens Can produce real image


21 U is a bit bigger than I Produce maximum magniIication

22 Periscope Cheaper than CCTV

23 2 plane mirror /prism Can reIlect light Irom object

24 Casing to hold the mirror Easy to handle periscope

25 Convex mirror Wider Iield view

26 Optical Iibre with higher densities / reIractive
index inner compare than outer

To ensure total internal reIlection occur

CHAPTER 6 (WAVE)

BIL ASPECT/ CHARACTERISTIC /
MODIFICATION

REASON / EXPLANATION
1 Build near bay Waves are calmer due to divergence oI energy /
convergence oI waves at the cape / the bay is
shallower

2 Build retaining walls Reduce direct impact oI the waves on the shore.
To reIlect the waves Irom the shore
Protect the area Irom large wave s/ avoid erosion

3 Concrete barrier structure with a gap in between Waves passing through the gap will be diIIracted
in the children`s area
The smaller amplitude oI the diIIracted waves
causes the sea to be calmer
The energy oI waves decreases

4 Build high retaining wall To ensure the water not overIlow

5 Thick area at the base oI the wall To withstand high pressure at the base

6 Long wavelength Easy to diIIract

7 Short slit DiIIraction more obvious

8 Ultrasonic wave Can transIer more energy


CHAPTER 7/8 (ELECTRIC &
ELECTROMAGNET)


BIL ASPECT / MODIFICATION REASON / EXPLANATION
1 The electric appliances are connected in parallel Allow each electric appliance