Unit-I Research and its Designs] L-10

1. Meaning, objectives and types oI research

2. Research Approaches quantitative and qualitative
3. Research Process the steps involved
4. Research Design Meaning and diIIerent types
5. Sampling Selecting a sample, types oI sampling Probability and Non-
Probability
6. Hypothesis /Research Questions

Unit-II Data Collection] L-20
1. Primary and Secondary data
2. Observation method
3. Interview method
4. Collection oI data through questionnaire
5. Collection oI data through schedule




MEDIA RESEARCH



According to the advanced learner's dictionary oI current english, research is "a
careIul investigation or inquiry specially to search Ior new Iacts in any branch oI
knowledge."



According to Redman and Mory, research is "a systemised eIIort to gain new
knowledge ."



According to CliIIord Woody, Research comprises "deIining and redeIining
problems, Iormulating hypothesis or sujjesting solutions, collecting, organising and
evaluating data, making deductions and Iormulating hypothesis."



According to D'Slesinger and M Stephenson, in the ensyclopedia oI social
sciences,research is "the manupilation oI things, concepts or symbols Ior the purpose
oI generalisation/conclusion to extend, correct or veriIy knowledge, whether the
knowledge helps in costruction oI theory or in the practice oI art.






M.R.



RESEARCH PROCESS

BeIore embarking on the details oI research methodology and techniques, it seems
appropriate to present a brieI overview oI the research process. The research process
consists oI a series oI actions or steps necessary to eIIectively carry out research and
the desired sequencing oI these steps-



-Formulating The Research Problem

There are 2 types oI research problems, those which relate to the state oI nature and
those thwat realte to relationship between variables.

At the very initial time, the researcher must single out the problem he wants to study
and he must also study in a generalised way oI the relating problems. Then the
Ieasability oI a particular solution has to be considered beIore working on Iormulation
oI the problem.

Essentially there are 2 steps involved in Iormulating the research problem i.e.
UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM THOROUGHLY

AND REPHRASING THE SAME INTO MEANINGFUL TERMS FROM AN
ANALYTIC POINT OF VIEW.

The best way oI understanding the problem is to discuss it with one's colleague or
Iriends or even with those who are having some expertise in this subject.



-Review OI Literature

The researcher must simuntaniously examine all available literature to get himselI
Iamiliarised with the problem. He may review 2 types oI literature

Conceptual Literature (concerning concepts and theories)

Imperical Literature (studies made earlier, similar to the one proposed or similar
research made earlier)

The basic outcome oI this research review will be the knowledge as to what data and
other materials are available Ior operational purposes which will enable the researcher
to speciIy his own research problems in a meaningIul context. AIter this the
researcher rephrases the problems into analytic and operational terms to put the
problem in as speciIic terms as possible.



-Development oI Formulation oI Working Hypothesis And Objective

AIter extensive literature survey, researcher shuold state in clear terms the working
objectives, they are the aim or goals Ior which researcher is working to Iind the
approximate result.

AIter the point oI objectives are designed, the researcher works on Iormulation oI the
hypothesis.

Working hypothesis is a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its
logical consequences. They also eIIect the manner in which tests must be conducted
while analysing data and indirectly the quality oI data which is required Ior the
analysis.

In most types oI research, the development oI a working hypothesis plays an
important role. The Hypothesis should be very speciIic and limited to the piece oI
research in hand because it has to be tested.

The role oI hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area oI research and
to keep him on the right track.



How does one go about to develop a workin ghypothesis?

-Discussions with Iriends, colleagues about the problem, its origin and the objectives
in seeking the details.

-Examination oI data and records, iI available concerning the problem Ior possible
trends and other clues.

-Review oI similar studies in the area or oI the studies on similar problems.

-Personal investigation which involves original Iield interview on the limited scale
with intrested parties and idividuals with the view to secure greater insight into the
practical aspect oI the problem.

Thus a hypothesis arises as a result oI a prior thinking about the subject, examination
oI the available data and material including related studies ancd councels oI intrested
parties.

Lastly working hypotheses are more useIul when stated prcisely and in clearly
deIined terms.





RESEARCH





DiII btw Descriptive and Analytical Research



Descriptive includes surveys and Iact Iindin enquiries oI diIIerent aIIairs.THe major
purpose oI descriptive researching description oI state oI aIIairs at it exists at present.

In social sciences we quite oIten use the term 'EXX POST FACTO'Research Ior
descriptive research.

The main characteristics oI this method is that the researcher has no control over the
variable.He can only report what has happened or what is happening.

Most descriptive research are used IIor the purpose in which the researcher seeks to
measure such as Irequency oI shopping, preIerences oI people or similar data.

The method oI research utilised in descriptive research are usually survey methods oI
all kinds, including comparitive methods.

While in analytic research, the researcher has to use Iacts or inIo already available and
analyse these to make a critical evaluation oI the material.


M.R.



Conceptual Research Vs Imperical Research



It is related to some abstract or theory. It is generally used by philosophers or
thinkerst to develop new concepts or interpret existing ones.

On the other hand Imperical Research relies on experiments, experience or
observations alone. It is data based research coming up with conclusions which are
capable oI being veriIied by observations or experiments.

We can also call it Experimental type oI Research. In this type it is necessary to get






M.R.



-Applied Vs Fundamental Research

Research can be applied (action) or Iundamental (basic) research.

Applied research aims at Iinding solutions Ior an immidiate problem Iaced by a
society, induvidual or business organisation whereas Iundamental research concerned
wit generalisation (conclusion) and with the Iormulation oI theory , gathering
knowledge Ior the sake oI knowlegde became basic research or Iundamental research
. Similarly research study concerning human behavoiur carried on with the view to
make generalisation about human behaviour, is also an eg. oI Iundamental research.

Thus the central aim oI applied research is to discover a solution Ior some Iacing
practical problems .

Whereas basic research is directed towards Iinding inIormation that has a broad base
oI application and thus adds to the already existing organised body oI scientiIic
knowledge.





-Quantitive Vs Qualitative

Quantitative research is based on the measurement oI the quantity or amount. It is
applicable to the phenomenon, Qualitative research on the other hand is concerned
with qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomenon that is related to quality or kind. For
eg. when we are intrested in investigating the reason Ior human behaviour.

(why people think or do certain things, we quite oIten talk oI motivational research as
an important type oI qualitative research.














V.R.

5. Prepar|rg lre Researcr 0es|gr
Tre researcr proo|er rav|rg oeer lorru|aled |r c|ear cul lerrs, lre researcrer W||| oe
requ|red lo prepare a researcr des|gr |.e. re W||| rave lo slale lre corceplua| slruclure W|lr|r
Wr|cr researcr Wou|d oe corducled.
Tre preparal|or ol sucr des|grs lac|||lale researcr lo oe as ell|c|erl as poss|o|e carry|rg
rax|rur |rlorral|or. lr olrer Words, lre lurcl|ors ol researcr des|gr |s lo prov|de lor lre
co||ecl|or ol re|evarl ev|derce W|lr r|r|ra| experd|lure ol ellorl, l|re ard rorey.
8ul roW a|| lrese cou|d oe acr|eved deperds ra|r|y or researcr purposes Wr|cr car oe
grouped |rlo 1 calegor|es-
-Exp|oral|or
-0escr|pl|or
-0|agroses
-Exper|rerlal|or

Trere are severa| olrer researcr des|grs a|so |||e exper|rerla| ard ror exper|rerla|
rypolres|s lesl|rg elc.
Exper|rerla| car oe e|lrer |rlorra| or lorra|, oul ol Wr|cr lre researcrer rusl se|ecl ore lor
r|s oWr projecl.
Tre preparal|or ol researcr des|gr appropr|ale lor a parl|cu|ar researcr lor a parl|cu|ar
researcr proo|er usua||y |rvo|ve lre cors|deral|or ol lre lo||oW|rg-
-Tre rears ol oola|r|rg lre |rlorral|or
-Tre ava||ao|||ly ard s||||s ol lre researcrer ard r|s slall
-Exp|aral|or ol lre Way |r Wr|cr se|ecled rears ol oola|r|rg |rlorral|or, W||| oe orgar|zed
ard reasor|rg re|aled lo |ead|rg ol lre se|ecl|or
-Tre l|re ava||ao|e lor researcr
-Tre cosl laclor re|al|rg lo researcr lral |.e.l|rarce





















V.R.

Prooao|||ly 3arp||rg

Nor Prooao|||ly 3ar||rg
-0e||oerale
-Corver|erce
-Judgrerla|
-0uola (reasor|rg)

0ELl8ERATE
Tr|s sarp||rg |s a|so |roWr as purpos|ve or ror prooao|||ly sarp||rg. Tr|s sarp||rg relrod
|rvo|ves purpos|ve or de||oerale se|ecl|or ol parl|cu|ar ur|ls ol lre ur|verse lor corsl|lul|rg a
sarp|e Wr|cr represerls lre Wro|e ur|verse.

C0NvENlENCE
wrer popu|al|or e|ererls are se|ecled, lor |rc|us|or |r lre sarp|e oased or easy access, |l
car oe ca||ed Corver|erce 3arp||rg.

Judgrerla|



V.R.

lre ralure ol |rvesl|gal|or , oojecl|ves ard scope ol erqu|ry, l|rarc|a| resources, ava||ao|e l|re
ard lre des|red degree ol accuracy.

ANALY3l3 0F 0ATA
Aller lre dala ras oeer co||ecled, lre researcrer lurrs lo lre las| ol ara|yz|rg lrer. Tre
ara|ys|s ol dala requ|res a ruroer ol c|ose|y re|aled operal|ors sucr as eslao||srrerl ol
calegor|es lo raW dala lrrougr cod|rg, laou|al|or ard lrer draW|rg lre slal|sl|ca| |rlererces.
Tre urW|se|y dala srou|d recessar||y oe cors|dered lo oe cordersed lorr ol |rlo a leW
rarageao|e groups ard lao|es lor lurlrer ara|ys|s.
Trus researcrer srou|d c|ass|ly lre raW dala |rlo sore purposelu| ard usao|e calegory.
Cod|rg operal|ors are usua||y dore al lr|s slage lrrougr Wr|cr lre calegor|es ol dala are
lrarslorred lral rade | laou|aled ard courl |l.
E0lTlN0 |s lre procedure lral |rproves lre qua||ly ol lre dala lor cod|rg. w|lr cod|rg, lre
slage |s ready lor laou|al|or. Taou|al|or |s lre parl ol lecrr|ca| procedure Wrere|r lre c|ass|l|ed
dala are pul |r lre lorr ol lao|es, Tre recrar|ca| dev|ces car oe rade use ol sucr dala . A
greal dea| ol dala spec|a||y |r |arge erqu|res |s laou|aled oy corpulers. Corpulers rol or|y
save l|re oul a|so ra|es poss|o|e lre sludy ol |arge..
Ara|ys|s ol Wor| aller laou|al|or |s gerera||y oased or corpulal|or ol var|ous percerlages,
coell|c|erls elc. oy app|y|rg var|ous We|| del|red slal|sl|ca| lorru|a. lr lre process ol ara|ys|s
re|al|orsr|ps or d|llererces, supporl|rg or corl||cl|rg W|lr or|g|ra| or reW rypolres|s srou|d oe
suojecled lo lesl ol s|gr|l|carce lo delerr|re W|lr va||d|ly dala car oe sa|d lo ary corlr|oul|ors.
Trrougr lre use ol slal|sl|ca| lesl, We car eslao||sr Wrelrer sucr a d|llererce |s a rea| ore or
|s lre resu|ls ol rardor l|uclual|ors.
lr or|el, lre researcrer car ara|yze lre co||ecled dala W|lr lre re|p ol var|ous slal|sl|ca|
reasures.

YP0TE3l3 TE3TlN0
Aller lre ara|yz|rg lre dala, lre researcrer |s |r a pos|l|or lo lesl lre rypolres|s (|l ary) 0o lre
lacls supporl lre rypolres|s or lrey rapper lo oe corlrary. Trese are lre usua| quesl|ors
Wr|cr srou|d oe arsWered |r lre rypolres|s. Tre rypolres|s ray oe lesled lrrougr lre use ol
ore or rore sucr lesls, deperd|rg upor lre ralure ard oojecl ol researcr erqu|ry.
ypolres|s lesl|rg W||| resu|l |r e|lrer accepl|rg lre rypolres|s or rejecl|rg |l. ad ro
rypolres|s ... gerera||zal|or eslao||sred or lre oas|s ol dala ray oe slaled as rypolres|s
lo oe used/lesled oy suosequerl researcrer |r lre l|res lo core.