product note

E7473A, 74A, 75A

Drive Test

Spectrum and Power Measurements Using the Agilent CDMA, TDMA, and GSM Drive-Test Systems

Band Clearing

Site Evaluation / Selection

Optimization

QoS Monitoring

I. II.

Applications and tasks addressed by spectrum and power measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

III. Band clearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Noise floor characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 IV. Site evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 CW power measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 Channel power measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 V. Interference control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Internal interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Downlink interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Uplink interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Base station interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 External interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 External interference: case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Wireless manufacturing environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Appendix A: Optimization features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Data recording capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Alarm configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 User notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Playback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Key specifications for spectrum noise floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Lees Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Drive-test system photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

I. Applications and tasks addressed by spectrum and power measurements

El ec /O tro th nic er Ma nu fac Ne tu w re Ne rs tw or k De Ex pl oy is t m Ne ing en tw t or ks

Application

Tasks

Drive Test System Features

Band Clearing

Determine whether alloted spectrum is devoid of incumbent frequency holders Add new channels to existing network Clear AMPS channels to add CDMA channels Easy noise floor characterization Allows for accurate measurements at low signal levels

Spectrum analyzer

Spectrum analysis/ channel power measurements Low noise figure of approximately 8 dB Measures signals as low as 139 dBm Spectrum analysis/CW power measurements At Least averaging based on Lee's Criteria

Site Evaluation

Test for all possible cell site locations Measures CW and Channel Power of designated frequency

Internal Interference Control

Diagnose performance issues: co-channel interference, pilot pollution Uplink/downlink Interference Measurements Troubleshoot base station interference: helpful when getting switch alarms

Pilot analyzer-CDMA Channel analyzer-TDMA Broadcast channel-GSM

Spectrum analysis/ power measurements

Spectrum analysis

External Interference Control

Uplink/downlink Interference Measurements Measure intensity of RF interferers inside manufacturing environments

Spectrum analysis/ power measurements

Spectrum analysis/ power measurements

II. Introduction

With the rapid development of wireless technologies, it has become increasingly important to maintain a high-performance and fully optimized network. Quality and reliability of service are growing in importance, and influence the customers choice of service provider. The drive-test system provides a low-cost, lightweight, easy-to-use solution for spectrum monitoring and interference detection. The spectrum and power virtual front panels (VFP) have software windows that provide measurement control and display. The system can perform the basic functions of a spectrum analyzer, but also has recording capabilities that allow data to be collected by a technician and later evaluated by the optimization engineer. With the spectrum analysis tool, the entire network can be examined, increasing the chance of discovering broken transmitters or illegal transmissions. In addition, the receiver is designed with a significantly low noise figure for easier noise floor characterization. Networks of all technologies CDMA, TDMA, GSM, analog and paging -- can benefit from spectrum monitoring for network optimization, troubleshooting, infrastructure installation and manufacturing. This application note describes how the spectrum analyzer and power measurements contribute throughout the "network lifecycle." Each stage in the cycle -- band clearing, site evaluation, optimization and quality of service -- can benefit greatly by using the Agilent drive-test system.

Band Clearing

Site Evaluation / Selection

Optimization

QoS Monitoring

Network Lifecycle

III. Band clearing

Prior to site turn-up, a given area must be deemed interferer free. The intended coverage area should be driven, searching for illegal transmissions or interference. With excellent sensitivity, the spectrum analyzer virtual front panel (VFP) enables the user to view and record interferers. Band clearing is used for the following applications: To eliminate interference prior to network turn-up To add new channels to the existing network To clear analog channels to provide space for new digital channels To determine possible interferers Procedure 1: Using the spectrum analyzer for band clearing (refer to figure 1) 1. Use the spectrum VFP 2. Open two spectrum VFPs: one for uplink frequencies, one for down link frequencies 3. Set the center frequency and frequency span to cover transmission 4. Vertically tile the two VFPs using the Window menu on the tool bar 5. Set an alarm for Max Spectrum > 110 dBm (refer to Appendix A for alarm configuration) 6. Save the current project 7. Record data If not recording data, the Max Hold function is an easy way to monitor the network without having to constantly observe the screen. It will show the maximum values over all measurements since the option was selected. The results are displayed every measurement cycle. So instead of setting an alarm, when the Max Hold function is selected, the technician can walk away from the screen and then return to see the maximum value reached in the elapsed time. The Max Hold selection can be found in the Averaging pull-down menu (refer to figure 2).

Figure 1. Setup for band clearing using two spectrum front panels

Figure 2. The max hold selection can be found under trace in the averaging pull-down menu

Noise floor characterization

All RF communication systems are affected by noise. When noise increases, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) decreases. A low SNR can hinder network quality. A network will not achieve its intended performance level if the noise floor is higher than assumed in the design. In CDMA, an elevated noise floor will reduce a cells effective coverage area. The spectrum analyzer measurement uses a low noise receiver (noise figure 8 dB typical) that takes accurate measurements at low signal levels. To obtain similar measurement sensitivity with a traditional spectrum analyzer, an external filter and pre-amp would need to be connected at the input. Spectrum analyzers are designed to scan a broad band of frequencies and therefore have noise figures as high as 20 to 30 dB. Procedure 2 below describes how to make noise floor measurements using the spectrum analyzer. Procedure 2: Noise floor measurements (refer to figure 3) 1. Open the power VFP 2. Use the Channel power Measurement list 3. Select the power option on the Show Value pull-down menu 4. Insert desired channel into the User List (a channel that is not used in the surrounding area should be chosen to guarantee an accurate noise measurement) 5. Select the appropriate channel width: a. CDMA = 1.23 MHz b. TDMA = 30 kHz c. GSM = 200 kHz 6. Set an alarm for Max Channel Power > Noise Floor Value (+1 or 2 dB); obtain noise floor value from table 1 in Appendix A, according to appropriate bandwidth for the wireless technology being used: a. CDMA = 105 dBm b. TDMA = 121 dBm c. GSM = 113 dBm 7. Save current project

Figure 3. Noise floor characterization using channel power measurement

IV. Site evaluation

Before a new cell site is installed, site evaluation tests are run and data is analyzed. These tests are done in the following manner: Setting up a test transmitter at the candidate site Driving the intended coverage area, recording the transmitted signal strength Plotting the collected data on a map corresponding to the drive route Tuning the predictive model using the drive test data Many candidate sites may be tested before choosing a cell location. However, instead of testing each location individually, the power VFP can measure multiple CW signals simultaneously. Site evaluation can then be determined by a single drive of the proposed coverage area, reducing the time spent in the field. Refer to Procedure 3 for the setup of a site evaluation test using the Agilent drive-test system.

CW power measurements

Continuous Wave (CW) power is defined as the peak power of a transmitted signal in a user-defined resolution bandwidth. CW testing is the most important task executed for site evaluation. When collecting data using the CW power measurement, the At Least averaging technique is used to give confident results. In order to have 90 percent confidence in the predictive model, the data used to tune that model needs to meet Lees Criteria. Lees Criteria states that during data collection, at least 50 measurements must be taken every 40 wavelengths of distance. (Distance = 40 = 40(c/f) = 14.1 m at 850 MHz, 6.3 m at 1900 MHz, and 5.7 m at 2.1 GHz.) See equation 2 and table 2 in Appendix A for additional values. The At Least averaging feature is found on the Averaging pull-down menu and is an essential key to collecting accurate data. In addition, when measuring multiple CW signals simultaneously, as described above, the test frequencies should be contained within 1 MHz to maintain Lees Criteria. For example, 870, 870.2, 870.4, 870.6, and 870.8 MHz would be sufficient test transmissions.

Channel power measurement

Channel power is the total integrated power in a user-defined channel width. A modulated transmitter can be used in conjunction with channel power measurements to further characterize a site. Procedure 3: Site evaluation testing using the CW power measurement 1. Set up a source that will transmit a CW signal at the desired power level

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Open power VFP Use CW power list measurement Input frequency of transmitter into CW user list Select the Power option on the Show Value pull-down menu Select At Least averaging, 50 averages Select distance according to transmitted frequency (refer to table 2 in Appendix A) 8. Recommended display settings are: ref level = 40 dBm at 10 dB/div 9. Set an alarm to notify you when the CW power is below the minimum receive strength for your network (refer to Appendix A for alarm configuration); for example, if the MAX value of CW Power List < 90 dBm 10.Save current project 11.Record data

Figure 4. Setup for site evaluation using CW power measurement

V. Interference control
Internal interference Internally generated interference, or interference that occurs as a result of ones own network, is a major cause of performance problems. Internal interference can occur in both the uplink and downlink frequency bands either at the base station or in the intended coverage area. Internal interference in the downlink can be from a variety of causes such as: Adjacent channel interference Co-channel interference Pilot pollution (CDMA) Transmitted base station noise Faulty power amplifier stages Internally generated interference from this list will cause poor network performance. To insure quality service, the E7473A CDMA drive-test system is used to monitor pilot pollution, the E7474A TDMA drive-test system measures adjacent channel interference, and the E7475A GSM drive-test system monitors both adjacent and co-channel interference. Reference the following technical specification sheets for more information: E7473A (CDMA drive-test system) Specification Literature # 5968-5555E E7474A (TDMA drive-test system) Specification Literature # 5968-5556E E7475A (GSM drive-test system) Specification Literature # 5968-5564E
Uplink interference

Downlink interference

The Agilent drive-test systems can take measurements in the uplink frequency band. Internal uplink interference can be adjacent or can be co-channel interference from frequencies in reuse. Uplink interference can be very difficult to detect in the case of TDMA or GSM because of the timebursted transmissions. Also, carrier-to-interference (C/I) measurements will be different at different periods due to power control (when the mobile powers up or down depending on its proximity to the base station). The spectrum analyzer measurement can easily be connected to the receive antenna of the base station to make uplink interference measurements. This will display the uplink spectrum as seen by the cells antenna. This data can be viewed, recorded, and analyzed either at the site or at a later time. This measurement procedure is similar to that of band clearing. So, for this application, connect the base station antenna to the receiver and follow the steps in Procedure 1, opening only one VFP for the uplink frequencies.

Figure 5. Uplink interference monitoring

Base station interference

The drive-test system can be used to monitor interference at the base station. It is often necessary to troubleshoot this area when switch alarms have been triggered. The receiver can be used to investigate any internal station interferers. Possible interferers include RF leakage within or between cabinets, antenna base plates, cables, or connectors. External interferers can be detected by connecting the base station receive antenna directly to the receiver. The RF environment in the immediate vicinity and selected radius of the base station can then be examined on the spectrum analyzer. The spectrum analyzer can help detect both manufacturing flaws and quality control issues. External interference can occur in either the uplink or downlink frequency bands. Examples include: Paging transmitters Competitor networks (adjacent bands) Illegal transmissions Spurs and harmonics from other transmitters Radar Industrial appliances Special mobile radios (SMR) Cordless telephones Interference caused by external sources, such as 900-MHz cordless phones, can be continuous or time-bursted. For time-bursted interferers, long-term monitoring may be required. In the example of the cordless phone, an alarm for a signal occurring above a particular threshold (for a given duration of time) would need to be set. This is because the cordless phone generates interference when it turns on and remains continuous for the duration of the cordless phone call.

External interference

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External interference: case study

To ensure network performance, a wireless service provider (WSP) began troubleshooting an interference problem. The spectrum analyzer was able to solve this problem while other phone-base measurement systems were not. Most phones provide an adequate measurement by calculating the channel power of active frequencies in the network. This is done by integrating the total signal power in a given channel width. However, in this case, supplemental measurements were needed to fully interpret the collected data. This particular WSPs GSM network occupied 29 channels (96 to 124), each with a bandwidth of 200 kHz. While scanning the network using the channel power measurement, a technician found a strong signal coming from channel 96, creating interference with channel 97. However, according to the network plan, channel 96 was not active in the surrounding area or at any of the nearby base stations. The following steps were followed to resolve the interference problem: The spectrum analyzer VFP was opened and added to the receivers display Markers were applied to identify the 200-kHz bandwidth of channel 96 The real-time trace display on the spectrum analyzer was examined It was determined that a channel 96 didnt actually exist in this area, but the interference was caused by the extremely high strength of channel 95, which was from an adjacent bandthe competitors net work (refer to figure 6). It turned out that there was a signal propagating in the 200-kHz band width of channel 96, but it was actually the overflow power from channel 95. Since this power was so strong, there was some signal strength that flowed over into the adjacent channel (channel 96), justifying the channel power measurement originally received. This is a perfect example of how the spectrum analyzerused in conjunction with the power measurementsfurther clarifies complex results.

Figure 6. Spectrum analyzer measurement

The markers are showing a delta of about 200 kHz, and the channel width of channel 96. It is easy to see that the power of the previous channel (95) is overflowing into the next channel (96). This was the cause of the channel power measurement and the interference with channel 97. 11

Wireless manufacturing environments Many wireless product manufacturers and infrastructure suppliers are dis-

covering interference issues within their own plants. Mobile phone manufacturers have used the receiver to monitor the spectrum of their indoor facilities to be sure the environment is clear of RF interference. This reduces the downtime of their test equipment, thus resulting in increased revenues for the company. In addition, once the environment has been scanned for interferers and none are found, the plants manufacturing data is given credibility and the data being collected is positively valid. Possible interferers could be: Servo motors (machines that are found in servo systems): these are small, high-power motors that may generate an electric field in their rotation, which could produce a harmonic that interferes with product testing Large pieces of machinery Conveyer systems Leaky lighting fixtures The following method can be used to scan a manufacturing environment: Procedure 4: Scanning manufacturing environments for interference (refer to figure 7) 1. Open spectrum VFP 2. Increase the span so you can see at least three harmonics (harmonics of low-frequency interferers, such as computer clocks at 2 to 3 MHz); this allows you to look at either side of the frequency and monitor the interference as well as the power level 3. Using the markers, you can pinpoint areas of interference 4. Once interference is found and the frequency is known, open power VFP 5. Use CW power trace measurement (this allows for long-term monitoring of the interference, since power measurements dont use as much disk space) 6. Enter the start frequency and the step that will work best for your frequency range 7. Enter the count, or the number of frequencies to be displayed on the screen 8. Select the Power option on the Show Value pull-down menu 9. Save current project 10. Record data

Figure 7. Setup for interference scans (wireless manufacturing environments)

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Appendix A: Optimization features

Data recording capabilities
Alarms

One of the major benefits of the drive-test system is its ability to record data. A number of complex alarms can be set to mark trouble spots or areas that require attention. These alarms can be made up of single or multiple conditions. Alarms can be configured to respond with a sound, notification or particular action when the measurement result meets user-specified criteria. The system alarms notify the user that the system has encountered specific conditions, such as power greater than or less than a specified value. Any given measurement can carry more than one alarm. You can also specify a minimum duration of time before an alarm is triggered. Procedure 5: Basic alarm configuration

Alarm configuration

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Select a saved project or open a new one Click the configuration button at the top left of the screen Select the measurements/alerts tab Click the add button at the bottom of the screen The measurement editor window will pop up; name the description Choose the measurement type you will be using from the pull-down menu 7. Click OK 8. Select the alarms tab 9. Click the add button at the bottom of the screen 10. The alarm editor window will pop up; name the alarm description 11. Select the conditions tab 12. Under condition definition: a. Choose a value from the value pull-down menu b. Choose the measurement you wish to use, from the second pulldown menu c. Choose the equality sign needed for the alarm, from the third pulldown menu d. Choose the type of value you will be comparing, from the fourth pull-down menu: Some constant value (110 dB) Maximum, minimum, average, or delta value e. Enter the value of the constant or choose the measurement, from the fifth pull-down menu f. Select whether you would like the alarm to trigger after a certain number of occurrences or after a particular duration of time 13. Click the add button at the top right of the screen 14. Select the actions tab 15. Choose one or more actions to take place when an alarm is triggered 16. Click OK 17. The title of the alarm will show up on the alarms tab as enabled; if you wish to make further changes to this alarm, just select the alarm and then click the modify button at the bottom of the screen

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Alarm configuration (continued)

Figure 8. Using the configuration tab (Steps 1 4)

Figure 9. Using the measurements/alerts tab (Steps 5 7)

Figure 10. The alarms tab (Steps 8 9)

Figure 11. Using the alarms tab - alarm conditions (Steps 10 13)

Alarm conditions: Measurement [<, >, , , =, ] value Min (measurement ) [<, >, , , =, ] value Max (measurement) [<, >, , , =, ] value Example: If Max (spectrum) > 110 dBm for at least 3 seconds then

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Alarm configuration (continued)

Figure 12. Using the alarm tab - alarm actions (Steps 14 16)

Alarm action: Play a sound file: allows you to select the sound to be played when the alarm condition is met. You can select any .wav file desired. Perform an action: Stop data logging: stops the recording of data when an alarm condition is met. Pause data logging: pauses data recording when an alarm condition is met. Display a text message: allows you to indicate whether you want a message to be displayed when an alarm condition is met.

Figure 13. Alarm enabled (Step 17)

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User notes

When driving the network, events may occur that have not been set for alarms. Notes can be inserted to mark these points during data collection. In other words, if data is being recorded and an area of interference is encountered, that segment of the data can be marked and played back later. There are two options when inserting notes: 1. Auto-numbered note: this type of note marks data points with a number. Each time this feature is used, the number increases consecutively. This is a quick and easy way to mark trouble spots and examine them later. In collection mode, either push the numbered red tablet icon on the far right or use the F11 shortcut key.

2. User note: this is a manually entered note that marks data points with the users comments. In collection mode, either push the plain red tablet icon on the far right or use the F12 shortcut key. A dialogue box will appear on the screen and the comment can be typed in. Later, when playing back the data, the comment will appear at the bottom of the screen when that particular data point is reached.

Playback

During playback, you can cycle through the user notes or alarms that occurred while logging the data. This allows you to skip directly to each marked or alarmed segment rather than reviewing the complete recorded section. In order to conserve space, you can decimate data collection, and the software will record and display on the n = x trace. Yet data is still tested for alarms on every trace. For example, if n = 3 and an alarm is triggered, it will be recorded on the third trace. If the interferer lasts for more than 3 seconds, this may be a way to catch the signal, reduce storage space, and increase monitoring time. The following are methods used to conserve disk space: 1. Decimate by trace number (example above) 2. Decimate by time 3. Reduce number of points per trace Remember, when reducing the number of points per trace, less resolution is captured in the trace. Also, the probability of catching a short-time interferer decreases when decimating data.

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Markers

Markers can be used on spectrum traces to display the numeric value of the trace at a particular X coordinate. The following commands are features of the receiver: Add: allows you to create a new marker and associate it with the currently active trace. The value of the trace point is displayed in the upper portion of the screen. You can add the markers that you need and the active marker is drawn in bold. Delta: a delta marker can be added to an existing marker to deter mine the difference in frequency and power between the two points. Marker to Max: allows you to place the active marker on the current, greatest or highest value of the trace, respectively. Using this feature you can instantly obtain the value on the X-axis (frequency) that corresponds to the value on the Y-axis (signal strength). Marker to Center: changes the measurement setup to align the center of the display to the X-axis position of the active marker. Marker to Left/Right: allows you to move the marker one trace point left or right, respectively. Drag/Drop Markers: markers can easily be dragged and dropped to other locations of the trace.

Figure 14. Markers

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Key specifications for spectrum noise floor (characteristic)

CDMA/TDMA Specs for noise floor (E7473A/74A)* Narrowband mode/300-kHz span: Wideband mode/300-kHz span: Narrowband mode/25-kHz span: Wideband mode/25-kHz span: GSM Specs for noise floor (E7475A)** Narrowband mode/300-kHz span: Wideband mode/300-kHz span: Narrowband mode/25-kHz span: Wideband mode/25-kHz span:

Average 139 dBm 128 dBm 132 dBm 123 dBm

Peak 131 dBm 119 dBm 129 dBm 117 dBm

Average 139 dBm 131 dBm 130 dBm 125 dBm

Peak 138 dBm 130 dBm 129 dBm 123 dBm

Sensitivity

Equation 1: Sensitivity equation Noise floor = KTB + 10log(BW) + NF =174 + 10log(BW) + 8.0 BW is equal to the appropriate bandwidth of different wireless technologies. CDMA: 1.23 MHz TDMA: 30 kHz GSM: 200 kHz
Table 1. Calculations for noise power using a noise figure = 8.0 dB BW Noise power 10 kHz -126.0 dB 30 kHz -121.2 dB 100 kHz -116.0 dB 150 kHz -114.2 dB 200 kHz -113.0 dB 300 kHz -111.2 dB 1.23 MHz -105.1 dB

Lees Criteria

Equation 2 Distance = 40 wavelengths = 40(c/f) c = speed of light (3x108 m/s), f = transmit frequency
Table 2. Values for distance measurement interval to satisfy Lees Criteria Frequency Distance 850 MHz 14.1 m 900 MHz 13.3 m 960 MHz 12.5 m 1800 MHz 6.7 m 1900 MHz 6.3 m 2.0 GHz 6.0 m 2.1 GHz 5.7 m

Does not imply warranted performance, but rather characteristic performance. Tested with minimum-resolution bandwidth: 246 Hz in narrowband mode, 8.46 kHz in wideband mode.

** Does not imply warranted performance, but rather characteristic performance. Tested with minimum-resolution bandwidth: 1.68 kHz in narrowband mode, 8.46 kHz in wideband mode.

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E7475A GSM Drive-test system

Figure 15. The Agilent E7475A GSM based drive-test system including receiver and phone

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For more information about Agilent Technologies test and measurement products, applications, services, and for a current sales office listing, visit our web site: http://www.agilent.com/find/tmdir You can also contact one of the following centers and ask for a test and measurement sales representative. United States: Agilent Technologies Test and Measurement Call Center P.O. Box 4026 Englewood, CO 80155-4026 (tel) 1 800 452 4844 Canada: Agilent Technologies Canada Inc. 5150 Spectrum Way Mississauga, Ontario, L4W 5G1 (tel) 1 877 894 4414 Europe: Agilent Technologies European Marketing Organization P.O. Box 999 1180 AZ Amstelveen The Netherlands (tel) (31 20) 547 9999 Japan: Agilent Technologies Japan Ltd. Measurement Assistance Center 9-1, Takakura-Cho, Hachioji-Shi, Tokyo 192-8510, Japan (tel) (81) 426 56 7832 (fax) (81) 426 56 7840 Latin America: Agilent Technologies Latin American Region Headquarters 5200 Blue Lagoon Drive, Suite #950 Miami, Florida 33126, U.S.A. (tel) (305) 267 4245 (fax) (305) 267 4286 Australia/New Zealand: Agilent Technologies Australia Pty Ltd 347 Burwood Highway Forest Hill, Victoria 3131 (tel) 1-800 629 485 (Australia) (fax) (61 3) 9272 0749 (tel) 0 800 738 378 (New Zealand) (fax) (64 4) 802 6881 Asia Pacific: Agilent Technologies 24/F, Cityplaza One, 1111 Kings Road, Taikoo Shing, Hong Kong, SAR (tel) (852) 3197 7777 (fax) (852) 2506 9284 Technical data is subject to change Copyright 1999 Agilent Technologies Printed in U.S.A. 12/99 5968-8598E

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