Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, VOL 59.

NO 7/s, 2008, 74-77

Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technicka 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic; osmera@fme.vutbr.cz

ISSN 1335-3632 2008 FEI STU

MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT OF ELECTRON


Pavel Omera Imrich Rukovansk*



We would like to find some plausible structure of the electron as a vortex-fractal-ring structure and its parameters. But it is in
contradiction with general accepted knowledge, where the electron has not a structure. This paper is an attempt to calculate the spin
and the magnetic dipole moment of the electron (magnetic moment). The vortex-fractal theory could possibly explain what the
spin, the magnetic dipole moment, etc actually are.

Ke ywo r d s : spin of the electron, magnetic dipole moment of the electron, vortex-fractal-ring structures




1 INTRODUCTION



Most of our knowledge of the electronic structure of
atoms has been obtained by the study of the light given
out by atoms when they are exited. The light that is
emitted by atoms of given substance can be refracted or
diffracted into a distinctive pattern of lines of certain
frequencies and create the line spectrum of the atom. The
careful study of line spectra began about 1880. The
regularity is evident in the spectrum of the hydrogen
atom. The interpretation of the spectrum of hydrogen was
not achieved until 1913. In that year the Danish physicist
Niels Bohr successfully applied the quantum theory to this
problem and created a model of hydrogen. Bohr also
discovered a method of calculation of the energy of the
stationary states of the hydrogen atom, with use of Planck
constant h. Later in 1923 it was recognized that Bohrs
formulation of the theory of the electronic structure of
atoms to be improved and extended. The Bohr theory did
not give correct values for the energy levels of helium
atom or the hydrogen molecule-ion, H
2
+
, or of any other
atom with more than one electron or any molecule. During
the two-year period 1924 to 1926 the Bohr description of
electron orbits in atoms was replaced by the greatly
improved description of wave mechanics, which is still in
use and seems to be satisfactory, [1].
The discovery by de Broglie in 1924 that an electron
moving with velocity v has a wavelength =h/m
e
v, [1].
The theory of quantum mechanics was developed in 1925
by the German physicist Werner Heisenberg.
An equivalent theory, called wave mechanics, was
independently developed early in 1926 by Austrian
physicist Ervin Schroedinger. Important contribution to
the theory were also made by the English physicist Paul
Adrien Maurice Dirac. The most probable distance of the
electron from the nucleus is thus just the Bohr radius r
o
;
the electron is, however, not restricted to this distance.
The electron is not to be thought of as going around the
nucleus, but rather as going in and out, in varying
directions, so as to make the electron distribution
spherically symmetrical, [1].
This paper is an attempt to attain a new and profound
model of the natures structure using vortex, fractal and
ring structures. Scientists try to explain some phenomena
in Nature that have not been explained so far. The aim of
this paper is the vortex-fractal modeling of vortex-ring
fractal structure of atoms, molecules, and a creation of
elements in the Mendeleev periodic table with vortex-ring
particles which is not in contradiction to the known laws
of nature, [6].
The discovery of the electron was a landmark in
physics and led to great technological advances. The
electron emission is the process when negative charges in
the form of electron, escape for example from the hot
filament. Streams of electrons moving at high speed are
called cathode rays or electron rays. The rays are
deflected by a magnetic field too. If the N pole of a
magnet is brought up to the neck of the tube, the rays
move upwards, using Fleming left-hand rule. The ratio of
the charge q of an electron e to its mass m
e
is called its
specific charge and can be found from experiments in
which cathode rays are deflected by electric and magnetic
fields. It was first done by J. J. Thomson in 1897 using a
deflection-type tube. His work is regarded as proving the
existence of the electron as a negatively charged particle
of very small mass and not, as some scientists thought a
form of electromagnetic radiation like light.
Electron is defined as a fundamental particle of matter,
with negative electric charge, which populates the outer
region of atoms.
The electrical force decreases inversely with the
square of distance between charges. This relationship is
called Coulomb law. There are two kinds of matter,
which we can call positive and negative. Like kinds repel
each other, while unlike kinds attract unlike gravity,
where only attraction occurs, [1-2]. When charges are
moving the electrical forces depend also on the motion of
charges in a complicated way, [2-4].
Fractals seem to be very powerful in describing natural
objects on all scales. Fractal dimensions and fractal
measures are crucial parameters for such description.
Many natural objects have self-similarity or partial-self-
similarity of the whole object and its part, [5].



Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, VOL 59. NO 7/s, 2008 75


2 ELECTRON WITH VORTEX-FRACTAL-RING
STRUCTURE



The structure of the electron in Fig. 1 presents the
electron as pure ring fractal structure. Electrons
0
e (or e)
in the electron ray
0
r are hold together by photon vortex
structure
0
f (a pair of vortices), [6]. Generally, in the
fractal structure of the electron, the number n defines the
level of substructure
n
e. The name osmeron we derived
from the name Osmera of Egyptian deity with 4 pairs of
gods as primary creative forces (from a chaos beginning).
Osmerons are too small that is why have unmeasurable
size and mass. Osmerons on osmeron trajectory creates an
osmeron ray.







Fig. 1. The vortex-fractal structure of the electron ray
with two electrons






For a calculation [5] of the fractal-ring electron structure
we will use the structure that is shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2.
In the ring electron structure (see Fig.2) the subelectrons
e
0
rotate with a velocity v
e
and subsubelectrons e
1
with a
velocity v
0
. The radius of the electron is R
e
and a radius of
axes of subelectrons e
0
is r
e
. A rough estimation of
number of subrings is N and number of subsubring is N
2
.
They are determined in the electron structure by the mass
m
p
of the proton structure [5].




a A
F F = (1)



The fundamental physical law for an acceleration force F
a

for mass m with velocity v and distance r is




2
a
v
F m
r
~ (2)



The mass m
0e
of the subelectron e
0
for the fractal
structure of the electron is




0
e
e
m
m
N
= (3)



where N is number of subelectrons. To cover creation of
the proton structure and the electron structure from the
same very small rings (N
2
subsubelectrons e
1
) [5]



42 2 3 7
p
e
m
N
m
= ~ = (4)

where m
p
is the mass of the proton and m
e
is the mass of
the electron. From the fractal structure of the electron in
Fig.2.






2
2 2
2 2
e e
a ao
e
m v N N
F F
N r t t
= = (5)



The average value of forces F
a0
for N/2 subelectrons 2/t
was calculated in according to Fig. 3.



Fig. 3. Average value of the acceleration force


The fundamental physical law for attraction force F
A

(Ampere law) between two wires with a current I, a length
l, a distance d, and a permeability
o
of vacuum




2
2
o
A
l
F I
d

t
~ (6)


Electric charges q
1
in the subring e
1
create the current
I. Let us calculate properties of the electron with a vortex-
fractal theory [5]. This requires that subelectrons are
accelerated towards the centre of the electron ring. The
amount of the acceleration force F
a
has to be in balance

Fig. 2. The fractal-ring structure of the electron
76 P. Omera I. Rukovansk: MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT OF ELECTRON


with two coulomb forces F
0
. A whole force of attraction
F
A
can be calculated by Ampere law

1
q N dQ
I
dt T
= = (7)
2
oe o
r v T t = (8)

1 2
e
q
N
= (9)

2
2
2
2
o
oe
o o
e
e
e
N
ev e
N
I
T NT N r
ev ev
r
r
N
N
t
t
t
= = = =
= =
(10)

2
e
r
d
N
t
= (11)
Equation (10) and (11) we use in (6)


2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 4
e
o o
a A o
e
e
r
e v
N
F F F
r
r
N
t

t
t t
= = = (12)
From (5) and (12)

2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2 4
e
e e o o
e
e e
r
m v e v N
N
r
N r r
N
t

t
t t t
= (13)

2 2
2 2
4
o o
e
e e
e v
r
m v

t
= (14)

and the radius r
e
of the electron (in

Fig. 2) is
If velocities of rings and subrings are







o e
v v c = ~ (15)
then

2
15
2
0.89 10
4
o
e
e
e
r
m

t

= ~ m. (16)



We can now calculate the size of the electron with the
fractal geometry in Fig. 4. Full calculation is in reference
[5]. But it is only for the free and quite electron. The size
of the electron in the hydrogen atom is not constant.

Energy E
0
of a quite electron
0
e, which has velocity
v=0 and quite mass m
e0
, can be calculated from kinetic
energy of their subelectrons
-1
e with velocity v
-1
(v
e
),
subsubelectrons
-2
e with velocity v
-2
(v
0
), sub-
subsubelectrons
-3
e with velocity v
-3
, sub subsub-
subelectrons
-4
e with velocity v
-4
[6]

If velocities of substructures are

0
e
v v = = ,
3
2
o
c
v v

= ~ ,
4
v c

~ (17)



their inner kinetic energy of the quite electron is




2 2 2 3 0 0
3 2 3
1 1
2 2
e e
o o
m m
E v N v N
N N

= + +

2 4 2 0
4 0 4
1
2
e
e
m
v N m c
N

+ ~ . (18)


This result is in coincidence with the well-known
Einstein equation

2
0 o e
E m c ~ . (19)









3 THE SPIN OF THE ELECTRON




It was discovered in 1925 that the electron has
properties corresponding to its spin S. It can be described
as rotating about an axis of a ring structure of the electron
(see Fig.1). The spin of the electron is defined as angular
momentum
( )
e e e
S m r v =

(20)
For the spin on axis z

e
z e e
m
S N r v
N
= (21)
In [6] the formulae (14) is modified to

2
2 2
0
1
8
e
e e
e
r
m v t c
= (22)

2
o
c
v = (23)
where

m
e
v
v
t
= (24)

2
0
2
m
e
v
h c
= (25)

2 2 2
2 2 2
0 0
1
8 8
e
e e m m
e e
r
m m v v
t
c t c
= = = (26)

2 2 2 2
0 0
4 2
0
4
8 2
e e
h h e
m e m e
c c
c
= = (27)
the spin on axis z

m
z e e e e e
v
S m v r m r
t
= = =

2 2
0
2
0
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
e s
e
h e h
m m
h m e
c
c t t
= = = = (28)



1
2
s
m = (29)
The result (28) is in coincidence with the generally
equation for the spin, where m
s
is spin quantum number.

Magnetic momentum M
z
is defined as


z
M IS = (30)
where I is an current around a surface S

2
e
e
r
T
v
t
= (31)
where T is period for calculation of current I
Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, VOL 59. NO 7/s, 2008 77




2 1
2 2
e
e
e
e
e
N
ev Q
N
I
T r
r
v
t
t
= = =

(32)

2
e
S r t = (33)


2 e e
z e
e e
ev m
M IS r
r m
t
t
= = =

1
2
z B
e e
e e
S
m m
= = = (34)

where
B
is Bohr magneton [1]. We received well known
result but with a fractal-ring model.







4 CONCLUSIONS



Our science creates terrific demands on the
imagination [2]. To understand the electromagnetic field
requires a high degree of imagination. The degree of
imagination that is required is much more extreme than
that required for some of the ancient ideas. The modern
ideas are much harder to imagine. We usually use
mathematical equations and rules, but we used a lot of
pictures to describe very complex vortex-fractal models.
There is not easy to formulate mathematical models. We
cannot allow ourselves to seriously imagine things, which
are obviously in contradiction to the known laws of
nature. We created vortex-fractal-ring model of the
electron, of the proton and hydrogen and then calculated
sizes, forces, energies and covalent bonds [6].







Acknowledgement

This work has been supported by the Czech Grant
Agency; Grant No. MSM21630529.






REFERENCES


[1] PAULING, L.: General Chemistry, Dover publication, Inc, New
York, 1988
[2] FEYNMAN, R.P. LEIGHTON, R.B. SANDS, M.: The Feynman
Lectures on Physics, volume I, II, III Addison-Wesley publishing
company, 1977
[3] FEYNMAN, R.P.: QED The Strange Theory of Light and Matter,
Princeton University Press, 1988
[4] FEYNMAN, R.P.: The Character of Physical Law, Penguin Books, 1992
[5] OMERA, P.: Vortex-fractal-ring Structure of Electron, Proceedings
of the 6th International Conference on Soft Computing ICSC2008,
January 25, Kunovice, Czech Republic, (2008), 151 158
[6] OMERA, P.: Vortex-fractal-ring Structure of Molecule,
Proceedings of the 4th Meeting Chemistry and Life 2008, September 9-
11, Brno, Czech Republic, (2008), Chemick listy (ISSN 1803-2389),
1102-1108





Received 21 September 2008

}


Fig. 4. Geometry of the electron and the subelectron