Brians 7.

012 Study Guide R08/R09

Topics Covered and to be Familiar With

Genetics Phenotypes and genotypes Dominant vs. recessive Monohybrid crosses Dihybrid crosses Mitosis vs. Meiosis Crossing over Linked genes and recombination frequency Pedigree analysis o Modes of inheritance o Probability of disease Determining complementation groups Epistasis and ordering biochemical pathways Biochemistry Chemical bonds o Types o Relative strengths Hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity Properties of the four major biomolecules o Lipids o Carbohydrates o Proteins Classification/interactions of amino acids o Nucleotides Polymer synthesis Joining monomers o Ester linkages, glycosidic linkages, peptide bonds, phosphodiester bonds o Condensation Reaction Enzymes/catalysts o Denaturation and renaturation o Thermodynamics/G Respiration ATP production Glycolysis inputs/outputs Aerobic respiration o Electron transport chain Anaerobic respiration o Fermentation in yeast/humans NAD regeneration

Molecular Biology Transforming principle Steps and requirements of DNA replication o Template and non-template o Direction of synthesis Transcription o Promoter, start/stop site o Post-transcriptional modifications Translation o Ribosome binding site o Ribosome/tRNAs/genetic code Mutations o Silent, missense, nonsense, frameshift Gene Regulation Tissue specific gene expression Lac operon o Partial diploid system o X-gal/IPTG Recombinant DNA and Cloning Restriction enzymes, genomic/cDNA libraries, vectors, transformation, screening Cloning by complementation Directional cloning Gel electrophoresis PCR Gene fusion DNA sequencing Genomics SNP mapping Protein Localization Localization signals Secretory and transmembrane protein pathway Cell Signaling Following pathways Growth factor pathway/Ras Forms of activation/regulation Viruses Different requirements and life cycles of each virus type o Host cell requirements o Viral requirements

Enveloped vs non-enveloped Retroviruses/HIV

Cancer Tumor suppressors/proto-oncogenes o Transforming vs. non-transforming mutations Inherited genotypes vs cancer cell genotypes Somatic vs germline mutations Cancer pedigrees o Rb/APC RSV/src Breast cancer/HER-2/Herceptin CML/ABL-BCR/Gleevec Neurobiology Movement of ions Establishing the resting potential Channels/events generating the action potential Synapse Inhibitory/excitatory neurons Effects of drugs that target specific channels/neuronal enzymes Stem Cells Properties of stem cells Identifying stem cells Confirming stem cells Intestinal stem cells o Crypt o Cell migration/APC/intestinal cancer Immunology Innate response Cell-mediated response Humoral response Memory Antigen receptor/antibody structure and diversity Self vs. non-self Receptor interactions o TCR/B-cell receptor/MHC Class I/MHC Class II Vaccination HIV Cholesterol Functions/sources Familiar hypercholesterolemia

LDL properties LDL receptor Cholesterol therapy

Molecular Evolution Tracing lineages Tracing divergence Traceable DNA Microarrays What they measure How they work