COOPERATIVE ACTIVITY 3-4: PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

Using the diagram of pulmonary and systemic circulation In Figure 3-8, insert the following arrows and labels:

1.

Shade in the arrows that indicate the correct direction of movement of O2 and CO2 (in and out of the blood) at Gas Exchange Location A.

See shaded arrows in figure on the following page.

2. Shade in the arrows that indicate the correct direction of movement of O2 and CO2 (in and out of the blood) at Gas Exchange Location B.

See shaded arrows in figure on the following page.

3. Label the blood as oxygenated (O) or deoxygenated (D) at the following locations: __O_ __O_ __D_ __D_ __O_ __D__ __O_ aorta entering the tissue capillaries leaving the tissue capillaries vena cava left atrium entering the lung capillaries leaving the lung capillaries

4.

Most arteries contain oxygenated blood and most veins contain deoxygenated blood. Which blood vessels on the diagram are exceptions to this statement? Why?

The pulmonary arteries and veins are the exceptions. The pulmonary arteries carry blood that has not yet reached the lungs to be oxygenated. The pulmonary veins are returning from the lungs, and therefore, carry a full load of oxygen.

cells pick up O2 from the blood

CO2 from cells carried away by the blood

Gas Exchange - Location A

aorta blood flowing through the capillaries of the body tissues inferior or superior vena cava

left ventricle

right atrium

bicuspid (mitral) valve

tricuspid valve

left atrium

right ventricle

Gas Exchange - Location B

pulmonary veins blood flowing through the lung capillaries pulmonary arteries

blood picks up O2 in the lungs

lungs remove CO2 from the blood

COOPERATIVE ACTIVITY 3-5: PREVENTING HEART DISEASE

In addition to Bio 101, you're also taking a speech course. You've decided to make a presentation on prevention of heart disease in PGCC students. List three important points you'd include in your presentation. For each point, explain why you think this information should be included.

The following are some examples of appropriate answers. Information from the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-disease-prevention/WO00041 "1. Don't smoke or use tobacco products

The nicotine in cigarette smoke makes your heart work harder by constricting blood vessels and increasing your heart rate and blood pressure. Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke replaces some of the oxygen in your blood. This increases your blood pressure by forcing your heart to work harder to supply enough oxygen. Women who smoke and take birth control pills are at greater risk of having a heart attack or stroke than are those who don't do either. Worse, this risk increases with age, especially over 35. The good news is that when you quit smoking, your risk of heart disease drops dramatically within just one year. And no matter how long or how much you smoked, you'll start reaping rewards as soon as you quit. 2. Get active

Regular physical activity helps prevent heart disease by increasing blood flow to your heart and strengthening your heart's contractions so that your heart pumps more blood with less effort. Physical activity also helps you control your weight and can reduce your chances of developing other conditions that may put a strain on your heart, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes. It also reduces stress, which may also be a factor in heart disease. Federal guidelines recommend that you get at least 30 to 60 minutes of moderately intense physical activity most days of the week. However, even shorter amounts offer heart benefits, so if you can't meet those guidelines, don't give up. And remember that things like gardening, housekeeping, taking the stairs and walking the dog all count toward your total. You don't have to exercise strenuously to achieve benefits, but you can see bigger benefits by increasing the intensity, duration and frequency of your workouts. 3. Eat a heart-healthy diet

Saturated fat and trans fat increase the risk of coronary artery disease by raising blood cholesterol levels. Major sources of saturated fat include beef, butter, cheese, milk, and coconut and palm oils. There's growing evidence that trans fat may be worse than saturated fat because unlike saturated fat, it both raises your LDL (bad) cholesterol and lowers your HDL (good) cholesterol. Sources of trans fat include deep-fried fast foods, bakery products, packaged snack foods, margarines and crackers. Heart-healthy eating isn't all about cutting back, though. Most people, for instance, need to add more fruits and vegetables to their diet - with a goal of five to 10 servings a day. Following a heart-healthy diet also means drinking alcohol only in moderation - no more than two drinks a day for men, one a day for women. At that moderate level, alcohol can have a protective effect on your heart. Above that, it becomes a health hazard. 4. Maintain a healthy weight

As you put on weight in adulthood, you gain mostly fatty tissue. This excess weight can lead to conditions that increase your chances of heart disease - high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes. Even small reductions in weight can be beneficial. Reducing your weight by just 10 percent can decrease your blood pressure, lower your blood cholesterol level and reduce your risk of diabetes. 5. Get regular health screenings

High blood pressure and high cholesterol can damage your cardiovascular system, including your heart, but without testing for them, you probably won't know whether you have these conditions. Regular screening can tell you what your numbers are and whether you need to take action. Blood pressure. Regular blood pressure screenings start in childhood. Adults should have their blood pressure checked at least every two years. You may need more frequent checks if your numbers aren't optimal or if you have other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Optimal blood pressure is less than 120/80 millimeters of mercury. Cholesterol levels. Adults should have their cholesterol measured at least once every five years. You may need more frequent testing if your numbers aren't optimal or if you have other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Some children may need their blood cholesterol tested if they have a strong family history of heart disease."

COOPERATIVE ACTIVITY 3-6: COMPARING SPECIFIC AND NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES

Match each function of the immune system with the most appropriate classification of its function. Questions may have more than one correct answer. If a question has more than one answer, include all the correct choices. Answers can be used more than once.

A. B. C. D. E. F.

BARRIER DEFENSES NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES SPECIFIC DEFENSES ANTIGEN ANTIBODY CLONE

G. H. I. J. K. L.

MACROPHAGE NATURAL KILLER CELL KILLER T CELL MHC PROTEINS MITOSIS MEIOSIS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

___A_ __ ___B_ __ ___C____ ___H,I___ ___A____ ___K____ ___G____ ___D,J __ ___F____ ___C____ ___E____

acidic pH of the skin natural killer cells are part of the _____ killer T cells are part of the ___ produces the protein perforin mucus and cilia in the respiratory passages type of cell division that produces armies of T cells surrounds and destroys foreign cells recognized as "self" or "foreign" by the immune system group of genetically identical cells memory cells are part of the _____ defensive protein formed by the specific immune response

COOPERATIVE ACTIVITY 3-7: REVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Rewrite these false statements to make them true statements. You must change the UNDERLINED text!!

1.

An antibody will attack any foreign invader it passes in the circulatory system.

only specific invader it is programmed to recognize

2.

Only B cells can become memory cells. Both B and T cells

3.

After a macrophage presents an antigen to the immune system, the number of T cells in the body will decrease. increase

4.

Pollen, dust, and animal fur are good examples of antibodies. antigens

5.

After an immune response is no longer needed, many helper T cells remain in reserve. memory cells

6.

Mast cells produce antibodies. Plasma cells

COOPERATIVE ACTIVITY 3-8: BLOOD TYPING

Mr. A. Orta was in an automobile accident and suffered a superficial head wound. In the emergency room he was stitched up and received a transfusion of AB+ blood, but surprisingly died almost immediately afterwards. His family filed a medical malpractice lawsuit against the hospital. In court, evidence was presented to show that Mr. Orta has B+ blood. You are the judge. Had medical malpractice occurred? If so, explain in detail what caused Mr. Orta's death.

A antigens from AB+ blood were detected as foreign and rejected, causing agglutination. Yes, malpractice has occurred.

Imagine that Mr. Orta was not involved in his fatal automobile accident. He is in good health and wants to donate blood to his wife, who is due to have surgery. Her blood type is AB+. Would she be harmed if she received a blood transfusion from her husband? Explain your answer in detail.

No. Mr. Orta has B and Rh antigens. His wife also has these same antigens. No rejection will occur.