970 Met

970 MET
Utility Metering with PIC Microcontrollers and the MCP3905 Energy Metering IC
2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
Slide
Class Agenda
Part I
MCP3905 Craig L. King, Analog & Mixed Signal Product Division
Part II
PIC MCU Energy Measurement, Gas/Water/Heat Meters Design, & AMR and Prepaid Meter Design Vidyadhar Vivekananda, India Design Center, Advanced Microcontroller Products Division
2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Class
Slide
Class Agenda-Part I
MCP3905 Energy metering
MCP3905 Functional Blocks Hands-on Exercises MCP3905 Operation and Calibration Hands On use of MCP3905 and PIC MCU in energy metering Current Sensing Discussion Demonstration Shunt Inductance zero compensation and Phase Shift Compensation
Slide
Agenda-Part II
Other Energy Meter solutions from Microchip
Stand Alone PIC MCU solution
Gas, Water and Heat Meter design with PIC MCU

Sensors and interfaces Battery Life: Low Power Requirement
Discussion on Metering Connectivity Demonstrate Water Meter reference design with PIC MCU
Slide
Class Agenda-Part I
MCP3905 Energy metering
MCP3905 Functional Blocks Hands-on Exercises MCP3905 Operation and Calibration Hands On use of MCP3905 and PIC MCU in energy metering Current Sensing Discussion Demonstration Shunt Inductance zero compensation and Phase Shift Compensation
Slide
The Problem to Solve

Mechanical Meter
Goals of Part I: 1) MCP3905 Operation, Eval, Board 2) Energy Metering Applications Information 3) Delta Sigma ADC
Class
Slide
Single Chip Solution MCP3905

V 1V2 G FC fout = VREF 2
Bipolar CH0+ CH0-
SINC3
HPF
Bipolar
CH1+ CH1-
SINC3
HPF
FOUT0 FOUT1 HFOUT

Digital to Frequency Converter
LPF
Slide
MCP3905 ADCs
Bipolar
CH0+ CH0-
PGA
SINC3
HPF
Bipolar
CH1+ CH1-
SINC3
HPF
FOUT0 FOUT1 HFOUT

LPF
Slide
ADC Resolution & Accuracy Calculation Example

Example: 20(100) Class 2 Meter
IEC Standard requires 2.5% Accuracy down to 5% of IB 1A to 100A (1:100 range) Assume Goal was 1% accuracy for 2.5% limit
1 (0.01) = 0.0001 100 Convert to Base 2

13.3 bits
Class
Slide
MCP3905 ADC Resolution

1:500 range with 0.1% accuracy (e.g. 200mA to 100A)
1 (0.001) = 0.000001 500
Convert to Base 2
18.9 bits
MCP3905 = 16-bit ADCs + Averaging Typical for Energy Metering ICs
Slide
10
MCP3905 ADC 2ND Order Modulator w/ 3RD Order SINC Filter 16-bit word, 15.7-bits Effective Number of Bits (ENOB) Over-samples at MCLK/4
(1 MHz for MCLK = 4 MHz)
Class
Slide
11
MCP3905 ADCs
Bipolar
CH0+ CH0-
PGA
SINC3
HPF
Bipolar
CH1+ CH1-
SINC3
HPF
FOUT0 FOUT1 HFOUT

LPF
Slide
12
ADC Representation
MCLK (4MHz)
Modulator
SINC Digital Filter
Example 1st Order Modulator
Class
Slide
13
The SINC Filter **

MCLK= 3.5879 MHz
-3dB
Normal Mode Rejection
0 dB -20 dB -40 dB
-60dB
-80 dB
-100 dB -120 dB 0 5 -3dB at 4kHz 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency (kHz)
Class
Slide
14
SINC Filter - All Frequencies

For higher frequencies, greater than 120dB rejection at all frequencies except, around multiples of the fSAMPLE
0dB
0
-20dB
2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0
-120dB
1 2 0 1 4 0 00000 1 246802 10
fSAMPLE (1 MHz)
2fSAMPLE
3fSAMPLE
Class
Slide
15
Energy Metering Bandwidth & MCP3905
Typical Signal Bandwidth -3dB
Noise
4kHz
fdata
1MHz
MCP3905 S
Class
Slide
16
MCP3905 Block Diagram

Bipolar CH1+ CH1-
PGA
SINC3
HPF
16-BIT ADC 2.4 Ultra Low Drift VREF Bipolar CH2+ CH2-
X
SINC3
HPF
16-BIT ADC
How is THIS computing power for energy metering application?

FOUT0 FOUT1 HFOUT
Fixed Function DSP
LPF
Slide
17
Digital Processing HPF, Multiplier, and LPF i(t)=I*cos(t) , v(t)=V*cos(t) P(t) = V*I( 1 + COS (2t) )
Instantaneous Power or p (t)
Instantaneous Real Power or DC Average
V*I 2
0 (AGND)
CH0 or i (t)
CH1 or v (t)
Slide 18
Ideal Low Pass Filter

0 dB
-5 dB
-10 dB
-15 dB
-20 dB 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (Hz)
Slide
19
Low Pass Filter MCLK = 3.58 MHz *

0 dB
-5 dB
-10 dB
-15 dB
-20 dB 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (Hz)
Slide
20
Power Calculation Ripple i(t)=I*cos(t) , v(t)=V*cos(t) P(t) = V*I( 1 + COS (2t) )

Instantaneous Power or p (t)
Instantaneous Active Power or DC Average
V*I 2
0 (AGND)
CH0 or i (t)
CH1 or v (t)
Slide 21
MCP3905 - Active Power

Active (Real) Power, is DC component of Instantaneous power, or OUTPUT OF LPF
Bipolar CH0+ CH0-
PGA
SINC3
HPF
Bipolar
CH1+ CH1-
SINC3
HPF
FOUT0 FOUT1 HFOUT
Active Power
LPF
Instantaneous Power
Class
Slide
22
Active, Reactive, Total

Power Triangle & Beer Analogy
A) (V
Le a v i ng K To t a eg = l Pow er (V A)
Reactive Power (VAR)
er ow lP ota
KEG OF BEER
Active Power (W)
FOAM = Reactive Power (VAR) BEER = Active Power (W)

Slide
23
AC Power Quadrants
Reverse Forward
90
2 180
1 0
Lag (Inductive) Lead (Capacitive)
270
Measurement vs. Alarm
Class
Slide
24
AC Power Quadrants MCP3905

Reverse
90
Forward
MCP3905 Real Power Accuracy applies from 60 lag to 37 lead NEG pin logic indication for any reverse power (~ 85 degree)
2 180
1
60 37
270
Class
Slide
25
Power Measurement
Reverse
90
Forward Reactive Power (VAR)

(V A) ow er
MCP3905 - Part I
Specified measurement of Forward Active Power Alarm for Reverse Power
To
ta lP
180
Active Power (W)
PIC MCU - Part II

270
RMS measurement VA
Class
Slide
26
MCP3905
Bipolar
CH0+ CH0-
PGA
SINC3
HPF
Bipolar
CH1+ CH1-
SINC3
HPF
FOUT0 FOUT1 HFOUT

LPF
Slide
27
Digital-to-Frequency Converter Design

Meter Constants
100 imp/kWh, 1000 imp/kWh, 3200 imp/kWh, etc.
Meter Calibration Techniques Optical Typical Maximum Current Ranges

Energy 15653 kWh Current Power=
10(40)A Class 1 Meter 100 imp/kWh
Class
Slide
28
MCP3905 Output What should the frequency be? *
Class
Slide
29
P = VI = 3905 Output Frequency

Sources of Error
Shunt Tolerance, VREF Tolerance, Gain Matching HFC = 224.46 kHz (F2,F2,F0 = 0,1,1)
Class
Slide
30
MCP3905 Channel 0
Bipolar
CH0+ CH0-
PGA
SINC3
HPF
Bipolar
CH1+ CH1-
SINC3
HPF
FOUT0 FOUT1 HFOUT

LPF
Slide
31
Where should the CH0 Signal be? Consider Crest Factor
- 10(40) A Class 1 Meter - 220 Shunt
Typically IMAX VRMS should be at Full Scale Input Range

Slide
32
MCP3905 Channel 1
The remaining unknown
Bipolar CH0+ CH0-
PGA
SINC3
HPF
Bipolar
CH1+ CH1-
SINC3
HPF
FOUT0 FOUT1 HFOUT

LPF
Slide
33
Channel 1 Calibration Network

Hands on Exercise to Follow
VOUT = ?
Z4 VR6 VR2 VR1
VIN = 220V
CH1+ Z3
Z8
GND
Class
Slide
34
Class Agenda-Part I
Energy metering
MCP3905 Blocks Hands-on Exercises MCP3905 Operation and Calibration Hands On use of MCP3905 and PIC MCU in energy metering Current Sensing Discussion Demonstration Shunt Inductance zero compensation and Phase Shift Compensation
Slide
35
Hands On Material
MCP3905 Evaluation Board PICDEM LCD Evaluation Board ICD2 for in-circuit PIC MCU programming MCP3905 Data Sheet MCP3905 Application Note
Class
Slide
36
Hands-On Hardware: MCP3905 Evaluation System

All systems have 220 shunt Daisy Chained Variable Load running off of a 220V supply
Variable Current, Voltage and PF Experiments will follow
To avoid shock please keep cover on when system is powered up! Class Hint: Keep one hand in your pocket to avoid electricity running through your chest and/or heart
Slide
37
Hands-On Hardware: MCP3905 Evaluation System to PICDEM LCD
- *To PICDEM - And LCD

Slide
38
Verify Working Hardware

JP5 to the LED position Do not connect PICDEM LCD board yet LED should blink when power is applied
Class
Slide
39
Load MPLAB Calibration Project Do not connect PICDEM LCD board yet Load and program .hex file Discuss the firmware
Class
Slide
40
Connect PICDEM LCD

Change JP5 to the OPTO position Now Connect PICDEM LCD board Feedback on LCD Verify working system on all
Class
Slide
41
Meter Calibration Exercise

10(40) A Class 1 Meter 220 Shunt 220V system. Meter Constant = 100 imp/kWh Use formula to determine Gain Setting, HFOUT Expected , V1 amplitude Use Mechanical Potentiometers
Energy 15653 kWh Current Power=
10(40)A Class 1 Meter 100 imp/kWh
Class
Slide
42
Meter Calibration Hands On

Goal: 100 imp/kWh is the intended meter constant Directions:
1) Select Appropriate G1,G0 settings 2) Select Appropriate F2,F1,F0 settings 3) Use potentiometer to calibrate FOUT frequency using PICDEM LCD feedback 2.5A is the calibration current supplied 220V is the line voltage
Slide
43
Power Factor
PF = 1 Purely Resistive Load PF = 0.5 lag Inductive Load (60) PF = 0.88 lead Capacitive Load (30)
Measurement Error Graphs for PF = + 0.5 AND PF = -0.5
I lags V by 60 I leads V by 30
t Inductive Load Capacitive Load
Class
Slide
44
Class Agenda-Part I
Energy metering
Power Theory Overview MCP3905 Blocks Hands-on Exercises MCP3905 Operation and Calibration Hands On use of MCP3905 and PIC MCU in energy metering Current Sensing Discussion Demonstration Shunt Inductance zero compensation and Phase Shift Compensation
Slide
45
Load MPLAB IDE kWh Display on LCD Load and program .hex file Discuss the firmware
Class
Slide
46
Class Agenda-Part I
Energy metering
Slide
47
The CT (Current Transformer)

Primary Current to Secondary Current with very low power consumption Low Cost Can handle Higher current than The Shunt Inductance Issues (Phase Shift) Saturation causes Problems (Hysteresis Accuracy)
Saturation from - >High Over-current Saturation from -> Large DC component
Slide
48
The Shunt
The Shunt is A SIMPLE RESISTOR typically from 100u to 500m Parasitic Inductance 1-5 nH Voltage drop across shunt is dependant on both the current AND the frequency Ultimately Limited by Self Heating Good Accuracy at Low Cost, simple to use Very popular
Class
Slide
49
Specifications From Data Sheet Manufacturer: Isabellenhutte Heusler Part Number: BKW-M-R0003-5.0
Resistance Tolerance Temperature Coefficient Temperature Range Load Capacity Internal Heat Resistance Inductance Stability
The Shunt
0.3 mOhm 5% 20ppm/K (20C to 60C) -55C to 140C 3 Watt < 10 K/W 3 nH Deviation < 0.5% after 2000 h
Class
Slide
50
CT vs. Shunt Tradeoffs

Summary Table
Class
Slide
51
Class Agenda-Part I
Energy metering
Slide
52
The Shunt Inductance: Two Problems Problem #1: Phase Shift

0.25 0.20 0.15
Phase Shift (degrees)
0.1 0.05
Example Phase Shift from 2nH Inductance in 200u Shunt

10 100
Frequency (Hz)
Class
Slide
53
Problem #2 Combination of certain R and L values (parasitic inductance) cancels the antialiasing filter! Anything around 1 MHz is a problem due to aliasing concerns Goal: Show how to compensate for this parasitic shunt Inductance using complex frequency analysis in Excel
Slide
54
A Simple RC Anti-aliasing Filter

The HIGH sampling rate of the DELTA SIGMA greatly relaxes any anti-aliasing filter requirements
Signal Bandwidth SINC Filter Fold back Signals Here could Alias
Noise
4 kHz
fdata
fS/2
1 MHz
fS
Class
Slide
55
What does the simple RC buy you? (other than cost)

The further out the 3 dB point, the less of a phase shift in 50-60 Hz range
0 Degrees Degrees -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M Frequency - Hz -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8 45 50 Frequency - Hz 55 B C
This is Important for Component Value Matching

A
Phase Response of RC Filter 4.8 kHz 3 dB point

A R=900,C=29.7 nF B R=1 k, C=33 nF C R=1.1 k, C=36.3 nF

Slide 56
Frequency Response of RC
Next lets add the shunt zero
0 -5
0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100

0.1 10 1000 100000 10000000 1E+09
-10 -15 -20
Frequency (Hz)
Phase (degree)
Slide
Mag(dB)
57
Frequency Response of RC + LR
Disaster arises around 1 MHz Need compensation with SECOND RC!
0 -5
Mag(dB)
-10 -15 -20 0.1 10 1000 100000 10000000
-10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35

1E+09
Frequency (Hz)
Slide
Phase (degree)
58
0 -5
Frequency Analysis of Reactive Circuits
- =IMDIV (IMSUM (s,(Rsh/Lsh)), IMSUM(s,(1/(R*C))))
Class
Slide
59
Frequency Analysis of Reactive Circuits
Voltages and Currents as Complex Numbers

ZR = R ZC = 1/jC ZL = jL
(s= j)
Class
Slide
60
Part I Review
Mechanical Meter
Goals of Part I: 1) MCP3905 Operation, Eval Board Usage 2) Energy Metering Applications Information 3) Delta Sigma Terminology & Understanding
Slide
61
Part I Review
Power Theory Fundamentals Energy Metering Basics MCP3905
Stand Alone Meter Operation Calibration & Frequency Output Over-sampling Anti-aliasing Filter Design
CT vs. Shunt
Shunt zero inductance Phase Adjustment
Slide 62
Class
Part I - MCP3905 References

Literature
MCP3905 Data Sheet AN994 IEC Compliant Energy Meter Design Using the MCP3905
Demo Boards
MCP3905 Energy Meter Reference Design MCP3905 Evaluation Board
Design Tools
FilterLab software Excel File RC Phase Compensation . xls
Slide
63
Part II Other Microchip Energy Meter Solution
Class
Slide
64
Single Chip Solution

Application note AN939
Voltage and current measurement through on board 10-bit ADC Two gain stages Compensation for non-simultaneous sampling Class 1 only Accuracy tested from 0.25A to 40A Software calibration and calibration tool Features: KWH, V, I, KVA display Can compute reverse power / tamper proof
Slide
65
Block Diagram
Measurement
Communication / Control
PIC16F873A
LCD Controller
Attenuator Voltage Line Current Neutral Current Ground Gain Selection Calibration Input Selection RS232 Port Selectable Gain Amplifier ADC LED Indicators
RTC
Calibration Mode
Class
Slide
66
Measurement Algorithm
When accumulated V x I 3600 x Fs x Kd2 = -------------------------- x 200 Kv x Ki
Class
Slide
67
Phase Calibration
Delay between Voltage and Current
Current Sample Point Voltage Sample Points
V t
Class
Slide
68
Other Features
Root Mean Square Calculation KVA = Vrms x Irms Max. Demand--RTC
Class
Slide
69
Calibration
Class
Slide
70
Flow Meters
Class
Slide
71
Flow Sensors
50
8 28
PD Coriolis Magnetic Ultrasonic Vortex MV DP
Class
Slide
72
Positive Displacement
One rotation for a known volume of fluid Volumetric Measurement
Flow rate to be calculated
Low to Medium flow rates Cost Effective
Class
Slide
73
PD-Pick up
Inductive Capacitive Magnetic
Reed Switch Hall Effect
Class
Slide
74
Turbine Type
Flow Rate Measurement
Volume to be calculated
Medium to High flow rates Complementary to PD
Class
Slide
75
Flow Utility Meter

PD or Turbine type used PD
AWWA specs. Less than 2 inches pipe size Less than 10 inches for gas
Turbine
More than 4 inches for pipe size for water More than 10 inches for gas
Class
Slide
76
Heat Meter
Precision Flow measurement Temperature Sensors: In & Out Temperature Calculator
Q = CV (Tin Tout) Q: Heat energy consumed in KWH C: Specific heat of the fluid V: Volume of fluid flown Tin and Tout are supply and return temp.
Class
Slide
77
Heat Meter Block Diagram

Heat Meter Block Diagram
Inlet Temperature Outlet Temperature LCD Display
Fluid Volume
PIC18F6490
Class
Slide
78
Heat Meter
Precision flow meter For temperature measurement, the temperature is variable from 0~200 degree C To measure the temperature, it needs high resolution A/D converter Temperature error less than 0.3 degree C Matching error of two temperature sensor must be less than 0.1 degree C Pt1000 platinum resistor is usually used to measure temperature in matching pairs
Slide
79
Water Meter Demo
Class
Slide
80
Water Meter
Class
Slide
81
Water Meter
Class
Slide
82
Water Meter
3.6V Lithium Battery supply
Low Power, Sleep
Pulse count
PD type, Dual REED switch pick up
LCD interface Key press for different display Low Voltage detection Anti Damage functions Card Functions Supply Cut Off
Slide
83
Water Meter
Class
Slide
84
Water Meter
Demonstration of pulse count Demonstration of SLEEP / Wake up Demonstration of low voltage/anti damage functions Demonstration of card reading functions
Class
Slide
85
PIC Microcontrollers for Metering
Class
Slide
86
PIC MCUs for Utility Metering

LCD controller + 10-bit ADC
PIC16C923, PIC16C924, PIC16C925, PIC16C926
LCD controller + 10-bit ADC + nanoWatt

PIC16F913, PIC16F914, PIC16F916, PIC16F917, PIC18F6390, PIC18F8390, PIC18F6490, PIC18F8490
LCD controller + 12-bit ADC + nanoWatt

PIC18F6393, PIC18F8393, PIC18F6493, PIC18F8493
Slide
87
AN/Ref. Design
AN939 MCP3905 reference design Water Meter Reference design X10 application note ZigBee Application note
Class
Slide
88
Summary
Environment of operation
IEC Standard or local regulation
Performance & Accuracy

IEC Standard or local regulation Sensor and interface Power Consumption/Battery Life
Measurement Algorithm: MIPS Easy and quick Calibration during production LCD interface & NV Storage
Slide
89
Summary
Data Collection and Storage
Load profile in energy meter: EEPROM
Time Stamp: RTC Data Communication

IEC or other Standards or local regulation
AMR: Wired or Wireless Prepaid Meter

Smart Card interface & supply cutoff
Class
Slide
90

970 Met

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

970 Met

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

970 MET

2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Gas, Water and Heat Meter design with PIC MCU

The Problem to Solve

2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Single Chip Solution MCP3905

FOUT0 FOUT1 HFOUT

Digital to Frequency Converter

FOUT0 FOUT1 HFOUT

Digital to Frequency Converter

ADC Resolution & Accuracy Calculation Example

1 (0.01) = 0.0001 100 Convert to Base 2

2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

MCP3905 ADC Resolution

1 (0.001) = 0.000001 500

2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

FOUT0 FOUT1 HFOUT

Digital to Frequency Converter

SINC Digital Filter

Example 1st Order Modulator

2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

The SINC Filter **

Normal Mode Rejection

-100 dB -120 dB 0 5 -3dB at 4kHz 10 15 20 25 30

2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

SINC Filter - All Frequencies

2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Energy Metering Bandwidth & MCP3905

Typical Signal Bandwidth -3dB

2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

MCP3905 Block Diagram

How is THIS computing power for energy metering application?

Fixed Function DSP

Digital to Frequency Converter

Instantaneous Real Power or DC Average

Ideal Low Pass Filter

Normal Mode Rejection

-20 dB 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Low Pass Filter MCLK = 3.58 MHz *

Normal Mode Rejection

-20 dB 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Power Calculation Ripple i(t)=I*cos(t) , v(t)=V*cos(t) P(t) = V*I( 1 + COS (2t) )

Instantaneous Active Power or DC Average

MCP3905 - Active Power

FOUT0 FOUT1 HFOUT

Digital to Frequency Converter

2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Active, Reactive, Total

Active Power (W)

FOAM = Reactive Power (VAR) BEER = Active Power (W)

Lag (Inductive) Lead (Capacitive)

Measurement vs. Alarm

2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

AC Power Quadrants MCP3905

2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

Forward Reactive Power (VAR)

Active Power (W)

PIC MCU - Part II

2005 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

FOUT0 FOUT1 HFOUT

Digital to Frequency Converter

Digital-to-Frequency Converter Design

Meter Calibration Techniques Optical Typical Maximum Current Ranges

10(40)A Class 1 Meter 100 imp/kWh

Power Calculation Ripple i(t)=Icos(t) , v(t)=Vcos(t) P(t) = V*I( 1 + COS (2t) )