Ch 26Properties of light Transverse-distortion is perpendicular to wave direction..Transverse-light goes through it..

Opaque-absorb light without reemitting it Books, desks, chairs, and people are opaque.A shadow is a region where light rays do not reach.If you are close to your own shadow the outline will be sharp because the sun is so far away. Either a large, far-away light source or a small, nearby light source will produce a sharp shadow. A large, nearby light source produces a somewhat blurry shadow. A total shadow is called an umbra and a partial shadow is called a penumbra. A penumbra appears where some of the light is blocked but where other light fills it in. A penumbra also occurs where light from a broad source is only partially blocked. A dramatic example of the umbra and penumbra occurs when the shadow of the moon falls on the earth during a solar eclipse. In a lunar eclipse the moon passes into the shadow of earthlonger wavelength-shorter frequencyre-longer wavelength. Ch27Color Complimentary colors-when two colors are added together to produce white. Red+blue=magentared+green=yellowblue+green=cyan.. magenta is the opposite of green; yellow is the opposite of blue; and cyan is the opposite of red. Now we add each of these colors to its opposite, get white. Magenta+green=white(red+blue+green), yellow+blue=white(red+green+blue), cyan+red=white(blue+green+red)blue glass only absorbs blue, the other colors go through it. Scattering of high frequency light causes a blue sky. The sunset sky is red because of the absence of high-frequency light that has been scattered beyond the horizon. A cloud is composed of water droplets of various sizes. The tiniest droplets scatter blue light, slightly larger ones scatter green light, and still larger ones scatter red light. The result is a white cloud. Subtractive primary colors- the three colors of absorbing pigments-magenta, yellow, and cyan-that when mixed in certain proportions, reflect any other color in the visible light part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Ch28Reflection and refraction N=c/v, n=3x10^8m/s/speed In the air things look further away, in water things look closerrefraction occurs when the average speed of light changes in going from one transparent medium to another. Dispersion-the separation of light into colors arranged according to frequency. Rainbow effect-for a rainbow to be seen, the sun must be shining in one part of the sky and water drops in a cloud or in falling rain must be present in the opposite part of the sky. When we turn our backs to the sun, we see the spectrum of colors in a bow. Colors of rainbows are dispersed from the sunlight by millions of tiny spherical water droplets that act like prisms.Total internal Reflection- the total reflection of light traveling within a denser medium when it strikes the boundary with a less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle. MAXIMUM ANGLE- anything beyond is total internal reflection. Paths of light in a diamond. Rays that strike the inner surface at angles greater than the critical angle are internally reflected and exit via refraction at the top surface. Ch29Light waves Diffraction-any bending of light by means other than reflection and refraction.the bending of light as it passes the edge of an object, creating a fuzzy edgepolarization of the light waves demonstrates that they are transverse..Polarization-the alignment of the transverse electric vibrations of electromagnetic radiation. Such waves of aligned vibrations are said to be polarized.

Ch30Light emission E=hf (excitation) h=6x10^-34J.s.(plancks constant) when atom goes to less excited statedecay-de-excite rapidly to a lower state by the emission of a photon fluorescence-the property of certain substances to absorb radiation of one frequency and to re-emit radiation of lower frequency. Occurs when an atom is boosted up to an excited state and loses its energy in two or more downward jumps to a lower energy state. Phosphorescence- type of light emission that is the same as fluorescence except for a delay between excitation and de-excitation, which provides an afterglow. Laser-Light Amplification by Stimulated Emmission of Radiation=optical instrument that produces a beam of coherent monochromatic light. Incandescenceglowing while at a high temperature Ch31 Light Quanta Quntam Theory Wavelength=h/momentum

Ch32atom and the quantum Atomic nucleus-positivly charged center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons and almost the entire mass of the atom, but only a tiny fraction of its volume. Electron- negative particle in the outer part of an atom. Ritz combination principle- the statement that the frequencies of some spectral lines of the elements are either the sums or the differences of the frequencies of two other lines. Quantum mechanics-the theory of the microworld based on wave functions and probabilities developed especially by Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrodinger. Schrodingers wave equation- a fundamental equation of quantum mechanics , which relates probability wave amplitudes to the forces acting on a system. Correspondence principle- The rule that a new theory must produce the same results as the old theory where the old theory is known to be valid. Ch33atomic nucleus and radioactivity x-ray- electromagnetic radiation of higher frequencies than ultraviolet ; emitted by electron transitions to the lowest energy states in atoms. Radioactivity-process of the atomic nucleus that results in the emission of energetic subatomic particles. Alpha Ray- a stream of alpha particles(helium nuclei) ejected by certain radioactive elements. Beta Ray- a stream of electrons(or positrons) emitted during the radioactive decay of certain nuclei. Gamma Ray- high frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by the nuclei of radioactive atoms. Rad- radiation absorbed dose. One rad=.01 J of energy absorbed per kilogram of tissue. nucleon- a nuclear proton or neutron; the collective name for either or both. rem-roetgen equivalent man quarks- the elementary constituent particles or building blocks of nuclear matter Strong force- force that attracts nucleons to each other within an atomic nucleus; a force that is very strong at close distances, and that greatly weakens as distance increases. Half-life The time required for half the atoms in a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay. Transmutation the conversion of an atomic nucleus of one element into an atomic nucleus of another element through a loss or gain in the number of protons. Carbon datingprocess of determining the time that has elapsed since death by measuring the radioactivity of the remaining carbon 14 atoms. Ch34nuclear fission and fusion Fusion- breaks apart, fission- fusesnuclear fission- the splitting of the nucleus of a heavy atom, such as uranium-235, into two smaller nuclei, accompanied by the release of much energy. Chain reaction- a self sustaining reaction in which the products of one reaction event stimulate further reaction events. Critical mass- the minimum mass of fissionable material in a reactor or nuclear bomb that will sustain a chain reaction. Breeder reactor- a fission reactor that is designed to breed more fissionable fuel than is put into it by converting nonfissionable isotopes to fissionable isotopes. Nuclear fusion- the combination of light atomic nuclei to form heavier nuclei, with the release of much energy. Thermonuclear fusion- nuclear fusion produced by high temperature.