Eton Computer & Abroad Study Consultancy Bagbajar-31, Kathmandu Ph 01-4265538, 9802031495 http://www.etonins.

com

9 10 8 12

13 1) ROM (Read only Memory) 2) CMOS (completry metal oxide semiconductor) 3) ATX Power Connector 4) North Bridge 5) Processor /CPU (center processing unit) 6) IDE Connector (Integrated Device Electronics) (39 pins) 7) Floppy Drive connector (34 pins) 8) South Bridge 9) RAM, Black (Random access memory) 10) AGP Slot, brown (Accelerated Graphic Port) 11) Super I/O 12) PCI Slot, White (peripheral component Interconnect) 13) ISA Slot, Black (Industry standard Associations)

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Eton Computer & Abroad Study Consultancy Bagbajar-31, Kathmandu Ph 01-4265538, 9802031495 http://www.etonins.com # Chipset CPU

VGA Port North Bridge AGP Slot Ports and Connector Expansion Keyboard Super I/O Mouse

VGA Port AGP Slot IDE Connector South Bridge ROM Parallel Port Serial port

Floppy Drive Connector

Communicate between two or more devices. Manufacturing company of chipset (Intel , chipset) Inside ROM there are all limitation of Devices and Rule of ROM were check by chipset and Control all Devices In the case of speed chipset will not work but in the case of size it will work how much were inbuilt for e.g. If computer supports 3ghz cpu but we put 5ghz cpu it will not work but in the case of RAM we put 8gb RAM computer support 4gb and 4Gb will colaps or not work in the computer North Bridge is Know as (MCH) Memory controller Hub because it control the RAM North Bridge Control Powerful Device such as (Graphic, Memory and CPU) and south Bridge also control by North Bridge so it is know as GMCH (Graphic memory control hub). South bridge control Input and output so that is also knowing as input/out put control hub. Super I/O control input out put legacy device. ## Bus

Eton Computer & Abroad Study Consultancy Bagbajar-31, Kathmandu Ph 01-4265538, 9802031495 http://www.etonins.com MSI Board 90 % color red Intel board high end (olive green) which is proprietor color of Intel Asus Board (Black) ECS (onion color) VIA (Dark Blue) In the term of computer BUS means a wire (way) were one source data can go through another distance A path or wire through which all data instruction commands are transmitted through one device to another or vice-versa. 1. External Data Bus :- These wires connects all the devices present in the computer (they are bi-directional 2. Address Bus :- These wires connects all the devices present in the computer and use only by the cpu to give commands or instruction to the hardware devices (they are one directional) 3. Back side Bus: - These wires connect all the hardware components present inside the CPU (They are bi-directional. 4. Front side Bus: - All the wires present between CPU, North Bridge and RAM are collectively known as front side BUS. Front side Bus CPU

Address Bus

North Bridge

RAM External data Bus

Serial ports

South Bridge

IDE

All Devices connect with external Data BUS and Address bus but Ram is not connect with external Data Bus and address bus but ram use special wire it has no name but some technician said it RAM bus .

Eton Computer & Abroad Study Consultancy Bagbajar-31, Kathmandu Ph 01-4265538, 9802031495 http://www.etonins.com

## Renaming start menu 1) Resource hacker 2) Open string table 37/38 (1033) (1033) 3) Compile script 4) Save as 5) C:\windows/*.exe 6) Regedit 7) H_L_M(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE) 8) Software >> Microsoft _window NT 9) Current version >> winlogon 10) Shell>>modify *.exe 11) Logoff

Eton Computer & Abroad Study Consultancy Bagbajar-31, Kathmandu Ph 01-4265538, 9802031495 http://www.etonins.com ## PCI Slot: Developed by the Intel company and is white in color Data transfer rate is 33 MHz and is 32 bit wide Supports all type of card Self configured and support bus mastering. ## AGP Slot: - Modified version of PCI Slot Developed to support Graphic card only. Data transfer rate is 66 MHz and is 32 bit wide Brown in color and is directly connected to Northbridge in the motherboard ## PCI express: Developed modifying PCI slot which is developed to in built high end cards Directly controlled by the north bridge Use serial data sharing methods where every PCI-E slot is directly connected by a pair of sending and receiving wire. A pair of sending & receiving wire is know as lane and denoted by x(by) where each lane data transfer capacity is equal to 2.5 Gbps PCI-E slot is found in x1, x2, x4, x8, x16 and x32 formats where PCI-E x16 is focused for connecting graphics card on it. Supports bus mastering.

North Bridge

#system Resources The environment or the step built inside the pc for the devices to communicate with each other is known as system resources. Type 1) I/O address (Input / out put address):- Unique address provided to each hardware devices for receiving specified tasks from CPU. 2) IRQ (Internal Request Query) :- IRQ no ; 0 -24 special no are given to the devices e.g.:keyboard , hardisk ,cd rom 0 is Maxm focused 24 MinM Focused 1st signal is sent to Input/output Alterable programmable Interrupt controller (IOAPIC) chip before sending data to CPU by IRQ devices Certain Voltage is sent to the IOAPIC chip as signal thru interrupt wire. It is diff. for diff devices. IOAPIC passes only one signal at a time. 3) DMA (Direct Memory Access): A new path which is developed by chipset is called DMA which help for access memory. 4) Memory Address: - A device Where Ram is in built an Ram give address for CPU is known as memory address.

Eton Computer & Abroad Study Consultancy Bagbajar-31, Kathmandu Ph 01-4265538, 9802031495 http://www.etonins.com ## CPU (Central Processing Unit):Code Book (special program like Dictionary

NBC

CB

Clock Wire single wire (bell)

Register (where Cpu Work)

External Data Bus

In Particular time how CPU can work is know as clock cycle A Particular amount of charge that CPU can handle in a particular time is know as clock cycle A particular amount of charge that CPU can handle in a second is known as clock speed of that CPU. 3 GHz means CPU can handle 3 billion charge per second. ##Bios Setting: Start your computer >>press f2 (new computer) or Del (old computer). If there is gray color Bios that is award company. If there is Blue color Bois setting that is phenonix, AMI (American Megatrend Integrated) company. *** Main Tab Menu *** Hyper threading <enable> if CPU is heating disable it. processor speed( internal speed) , system Bus speed (external speed) , System memory speed (RAM speed)

Eton Computer & Abroad Study Consultancy Bagbajar-31, Kathmandu Ph 01-4265538, 9802031495 http://www.etonins.com If there are 3 memory slots in board we put 3 RAM then Dual channel will not support Dual channel were support in even Number. If we need Mother board number we have to enter in additional system information. *** Advanced Tab Menu *** ## Boot Configuration:System Fan Control means which is put in side of CPU Box. Num lock <on> CPU fan control <enable> lowest fan speed <slow> Max CPU value limit if we enable it and if we tweaking or over clocking will not load so we have to disable it. Display setup prompt if we "on" the setting then when we open computer we can see F2 or Del to Bios setting will appear. ## Peripheral Configuration: - we enable and disabled different kind of devices. If we "disable serial port, Parallel port then it will consume that other devices can IRQ Id. We can enable and disable front side audio port from here. ## Drive Configuration use Automatic Mode <enable> ATA/IDE mode <legacy> S.M.A.R.T <enable>:- Hard disk pre delay [0] mean how much second does S.M.A.R.T check hard disk. ## Event Logon configuration: - from here we can view event log we can see hardware problem details. ## Video Configuration: - we can see how much graphic card memory define in RAM and IGD (Integrated graphic Display) aperture size. Primary Video adaptor <auto> DVMT mode <DVMT> if we need space for graphic we can give it otherwise it is not necessary. ## Hardware Monitoring: - show all Details ## Chipset configuration: - It is not needed to use. ## Management configuration: - It improve the data transfer in networking ## USB Configuration USB port <enable>, USB 2.0 <enable>, USB legacy <enable> ECP (Enhanced Parallel Port) ASF (Alert standard formation) EPP (Enhanced parallel port) DVMT (Dynamic video memory technology) *** Power Tab Menu *** ## After Power failure: - when we work and light gone and if we enable here when light come pc will automatically open so we have to disable it <stay off>. ## Wake on LAN from s5:- If we <power on > here if there is networking. We can on the other pc from giving command. 7

Eton Computer & Abroad Study Consultancy Bagbajar-31, Kathmandu Ph 01-4265538, 9802031495 http://www.etonins.com ## ACPI suspend state :- we if choose <S1 state> then when our pc is in the time of stand by only ram got refresh current but <s3 state> is better it flow current both RAM and CPU. ###EIST: - This option is only in Intel Bios. If we <enable> it then when we are not using all devices in that time current will not flow in that device. ### Wake system from s5:- If we enable it then we can set date and in that time or date computer will open itself. *** Boot Tab Menu *** ## Boot menu type <normal> ## Boot Device priority: - means from which device we are going to boot. We can choose here. ## Hard drive order / CD rom order / removable drive order: - means if there is two hard disk or cd rom then we can choose from which we are going to boot. ## Boot to optical Devices: - If we <enable> it we can see cd/DVD rom option in Boot priority if we disable it we can't see this option. ## Zip emulation type: - In old generation computer there is zip drive and we have to install driver of it and if we have to make it bootable it then from here we can choose it. ## USB mass storage emulation type: - If we choose <auto> here then pen drive and external hard disk will support automatic. ## Boot USB devices first: - if we enable it computer will boot from USB devices. *** Exit Tab Menu *** ## Exit saving changes (F10), exit discarding changes (esc), Discard changes: - if we want to remove our changes we have done. It will not close our Bios. Load optimal Default: - If we want to bios which are set by factory. Save Custom Default: - if we want to make new bios which we have change. Load Optimal defaults: - means we can load bios which we had saved. *** Security Tab Menu *** Supervisor password: - It locks Bios. User password: - System lock password. ##Expansion card text: - if we <enable> it then there is extra Bios on some expansion card if there will some problem occur then it will so message. If we disable it will not show any message. ## Chassis Instruction: - if we <enable> it then post will show message chassis open. ## XD technology: - If our CPU is capable for data execution prevention then if we <enable>here. Then if our o.s is going to hack or if virus runs it will terminate it. ###BIOS JUMPER setting:1 2 3

1-2:- Normal 2-3:- Configuration No jumper: - Recovery 8

Eton Computer & Abroad Study Consultancy Bagbajar-31, Kathmandu Ph 01-4265538, 9802031495 http://www.etonins.com If we want to remove password from bios first jumper setting in configuration and then after in normal. ##Operating System:When Big company like yahoo Introduce software which is not release in market is know as "alpha version " .It is not for long time and only company staff use it and find defect and they remove defect thing and make it and make "Beta version" and it release in market and maximum beta version are free and when user use it and from market and they collect comment from market .Beta version may be run for 1 years to. And then after "full version" will release. Software 1) alpha version 2) beta version 3) full version ** freeware ** Shareware ** Payable ** Pirated **update **Patch/Fixer (for os there will be service pack) and for software there is update version Update of O.S is in "c:\windows\$$....$$ or click spunist.exe. Double click to uninstall. ## Microsoft windows xp professional installation: Basic Requirement 64mb of Ram 1.5 GB of free hard disk space Pentium II (233) MHz or higher CPU Microsoft windows xp installation folder = 1386 Microsoft windows xp installation file =winnt32.exe Microsoft windows xp destination folder =c:\windows Microsoft window xp produce key = K2KB2-BDBGV-KP686-D8T7X-HDMQ8 ### Partition :- The logical division of the hard disk is know as partition .It usually takes letter from A TO Z where A: and B: reserved for floppy drive . ## Partition types:1) primary partition 2) extended partition Previous time there was primary partition. There was no extended partition. We can make only 4 primary partition. Which takes drive letter? In extended partition it doesn't take drive letter and single extended partition in a hard disk and create logical drive to use extended partition and logical drive takes drive letter. *Low level format: - The process of creating file system inside a partition is known as low level format. ## Partition types:1) NTFS (New technology file system) 9

Eton Computer & Abroad Study Consultancy Bagbajar-31, Kathmandu Ph 01-4265538, 9802031495 http://www.etonins.com 2) FAT (file Allocated table) 3) FAT 16 and FAT32 When in our there is no low label format we can't put data. FAT 16 FAT 32 1) Can create 2 GB of 1) Partition size of 2TB partition. 2) cluster size 32 kb 2) use maximum 32kb of cluster size

NTFS 1) Partition size 16eb 2) Cluster 4kb. 3) has special feature like compression ,encryption , user security disk quota

Cluster is combination of 1 or more than 1 sector per track. If cluster size is maximum data wastage will be more. # Disk Management:RUN>>disk mgmt.msc # To hide drive disk management>>choose drive>>right click>>change drive letter and partition >>remove >>yes>>ok. #To show drive:disk management>>choose drive>>right click>>change drive letter and partition >>add >>ok. ##Mount partition: - we our drive is going to be full and In this condition we do mount. 1) run>>diskmgmt.msc>>right click>>new create partition >>next >>give size >> next >> choose mount in the following empty NTFS folder >> Browse >>c:\new folder. ## converting file system fat to ntfs (convert^drivename^/fs: ntfs) ##C0mpression:JPEG and WMV are already in compression format. NTFS compression can compression only up to 3% to 5% when we compression by ntfs we didn't need to extract files but when we use winrar, winzip, 7-zip, we have to extract it. to compress file in ntfs 1) Right click the folder>>advanced>>compress contents to save >>ok if we want to compress more than 50% right click>>sent to compress. ## User Creation By using account (control panel) and local user and group we create user control panel tools have (.cpl) extension. Administrator and guest a/c we cant delete it is Built-in. ## Groups:1) Administrator >>groups administrator :- user To make user as a administrator process :-

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Eton Computer & Abroad Study Consultancy Bagbajar-31, Kathmandu Ph 01-4265538, 9802031495 http://www.etonins.com Right click my computer >> Manage >> local user and groups>>administrators >> add >> type user name >> ok. 2) Backup operators: - To give a user to a Backup power like administrator we can make it in Backup operators groups. 3) Guests: - Cannot change in system file but can change in normal files. 4) Network configuration operators: - In the case of Networking can get power like administrator. 5) Power users: - Power users is 1 step down of administrator which can modify other user but cant modify administrator. 6) Remote desktop user: - It is totally based in networking if we add user in remote desktop user then we can manage other pc and in that time there will new fake user create in HELP SERVICES GROUP. 7) Replicator: - is only used for server. E.g.:- Replicator means if there is 2000 client in a server at that time server becomes uncomfortable to handle those pc and they will manage primary (dc) domain control and secondary server. If there is some changes in primary server that have to change in secondary server also and if there is changes in secondary there should be change in primary server also . That process is known as Replication .It have its own time to update data. Sometimes there should be update data before the time and administrator can easily do that but if we make user in replicators group that user also can change the time too. 8) Users: - Users means which doesnt have advanced power like administrator and low power like guest. ## user security:Permission for administrator:1) Full control: - It can give access to other users. 2) Modify :- (R/W/del) but cant give permission to others user. 3) Write :- (r/w) 4) Read and execute :- (r/w) but cant installed software if there is software inside in the folder. 5) Read: - only can read if there is software we cant install but can copy from there. 6) Access denied: - user cant do anything.

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