Choa Chu Kang ...~: /~.

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Coefficient Table ~ . ~~ ~:~. _ .. . ~ . ~~ ~:~. _ .. . ~ . ~~ ~:~. _ .. . ~ . ~~ ~:~. _ .. .



















Correction of compass
Coeff A & E are not reliable for merchant ship . .q:~.,
Coeff D - Corrn ~._e + ~~q. sphere move in
~._e ~~q. sphere move out
Coeff B & C - -.e:~q.~..~ ~._e~,-._~.~:q..: Coefficient ~ ~q. corrn ~.._ .
Why? 1) used a lot of magnets 2) will effect small error 3) other corrections are easier to do.
Deviation - E - ~._e~~q. + ~..|.. ,
Deviation - W - ~._e~~q. ~.~ ,
E
Coefficient B
Coefficient D
Coefficient C
Coefficient A
Coefficient E
E
W
W
W
W
W
E
W
Ely Course Dev E - ~._e~~q. + ~..|.. ,
Wly Course Dev W - ~._e~~q. + ~..|.. ,
Nly Course Dev E - ~._e~~q. + ~..|.. ,
Sly Course Dev W - ~._e~~q. + ~..|.. ,
NEly Course & SWly Course Dev E - ~._e~~q. + ~..|. . ,
SEly Course & NWly Course Dev W - ~._e~~q. + ~..|. . ,
Nly Course & Sly Course Dev E - ~._e~~q. + ~..|. . ,
Ely Course & Wly Course Dev W - ~._e~~q. + ~..|. . ,

E
E
E
Formula
Dev:
course
= A + B Sin Co + C Cos Co + D Sin 2Co + E Cos 2Co
What is Coefficient ? maximum deviation
Caused by one or more of ships forces acting at the compass.
Type of Deviation Constant Deviation ( A )
- Semi circular deviation ( B & C )
- Quadrantal deviation ( D & E )
Choa Chu Kang ...~: /~.~ Page 2 of 7
Coeff B ( Northern Hemisphere ) correction
P Force / Fore & Aft direction
B + ~._e~~ B - ~._e~~


Put Red Forward Put Blue Forward

Coeff C ( Northern Hemisphere ) correction
Q Force / Athwart direction
C + ~._e~~ C - ~._e~~


Put Red to Starboard Put Blue to Starboard

Coeff D ( Northern Hemisphere ) correction
R Force
D + ~._e~~ D - ~._e~~


Move sphere in Move sphere out


R
B
B
R
Choa Chu Kang ...~: /~.~ Page 3 of 7
Compass swing method - Analysis Method
Heading T.Course C.Brg C / E Var Dev: A B C D E
N 000 5W -5 -5 -5
NE 045 7W -7 -7
E 090 8W -8 -8 8
SE 135 9W -9 9
S 180 9W -9 9 -9
SW 225 8W -8 -8
W 270 5W -5 5 5
NW 315 4E 4 -4
-47 -3 4 -10 -1

8

2
2
4
4
-5.9 -1.5 2 -2.5 -0.25
A & E - are not reliable in Merchant ship. .q:~.,
D is biggest
Coff D ? Maximum quadrant deviation.
Why occur ? - caused by R force
How ? D + === Sphere move in
D - === Sphere move out
B & C - C is biggest / Why ? 1) used a lot of magnets 2) will effect small error 3) other corrections are easier to do.
Coff C ? make up 2 parts . Permanent C (PC) & Induced C (IC)
Why occur ? - caused by Q Force. Athwart ship component of ships permanent & induced magnetism.
How ? C + === Put Red to Starboard
C - === Put Blue to Starboard
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coff B ? make up 2 parts . Permanent B (PB) & Induced B (IB)
Why occur ? - caused by P Force . F & A component of ships permanent & induced magnetism.
How ? B + === Put Red Forward
B - === Put Blue Forward
Choa Chu Kang ...~: /~.~ Page 4 of 7
Heeling Error difference of compass bearing when ship is upright & when ship is heel .
Heeling Error cause by R force. occur when ship heel.
HE Heel , HE Cosine Course , HE Latitude
HE is corrected by VFI ( vertical forced instrument )
Formula HE = Cosine course X Heel
HE correction
1) VFI bring from store
2) Level using Rider
3) Obtain Reading
4) Multiply by Ships Multiplier
5) Reset using rider
6) Bring to ship
7) Remove compass & put compasss place
8) Ships Heading East or West
9) Any dip show , put permanent magnets in basket and adjust height until level.
------------------------------
VFI ( Vertical Forced Instrument )
Is dip needle, consist magnetic needle & knife edge support.
Needle graduated zero to 20.mounted on rider.
It is used to balance against the earths vertical force ( Z )
-----------------------------------------
Ships Multiplier ( SM )
Is difference between directional force at shore & directional force at ship.
( SM always 1 , assumed 0.9 )
------------------------------------------------------
Dip
Is angle between magnetic needle & horizontal.
Zero at equator & maximum at poles. It vary sine of latitude.
Choa Chu Kang ...~: /~.~ Page 5 of 7

VFI -1

VFI -2


VFI -3 VFI -4



VFI -5 VFI -6




Why Flinder Bar & Sphere should be place before correcting Heeling Error?
FB may posses some permanent magnet. Thus change magnetic field around compass position.
Sphere place athwart ships, so, partly corrected for Heeling Error.

Choa Chu Kang ...~: /~.~ Page 6 of 7
Compass swing method 1) Analysis Method 2) Tentative Method 3) Kelvin deflector Method
Before swing? 1) ship upright 2) lash movable thing 3) remove unnecessary tools near compass
4) correctors available 5) no ships , steel structures within 3 cable 6) identify suitable target.
When compass swing ?- newly installed, not reliable, after alteration or repair structure, after collision,fire.
After swing ? 1) record corrector position 2) lock cabin 3) keep spare correctors 4) produce dev: card
Analysis Method Correction 1



Correction 2 Correction 3 ( Ship heading East )



Correction 4 ( Ship Heading East ) Correction 5 ( Ship Heading South )





Choa Chu Kang ...~: /~.~ Page 7 of 7


Coeff A Real A + Apparent A
Real A - caused by unsymmetrical HIS lying F& A , Athwart ship. Not reliable in merchant ship.
If value found will be apparent A

Apparent A caused by
1) Observation error ( taking magnetic bearing )
2) Calculation error ( Hour Angle of celestial body )
3) Instruments mechanical error ( Lubber line not parallel to F&A line, N-S line of card is not parallel needle
system )